Air pollution worsens in winter as cold and dry air contains more pollutants. This makes it easy for pollutant air near the surface of the earth to rise and be lifted away.
As a result of the presence of compounds in the atmosphere that are hazardous to human health and the health of other living things, or that impair the climate or materials, air pollution is the contamination of the air.
It is known that cold air usually sinks and warm air usually rises. Most of the time, temperature decreases with elevation. This makes it easy for pollutant air near the surface of the earth to rise and be lifted away.
However, during winter, thermal inversions are more likely to happen. Because sunlight is weaker during this season, air near the earth’s surface may end up being cooler than the air above, causing the pollution-filled air near to earth's surface. Hence, Colder air traps more pollution.
It is also true that rain can wash away pollutants. But in the dry winter season, due to less humidity in the air, the chances of rainfall are generally lower. Hence, dry air contains more pollutants. Therefore, air pollution is worse in winter.
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Question 8 When a reaction is properly refluxing, where should you see the vapors from the heated mixture? O Vapors should be about 1/3 up the condenser height. No visible vapors should be formed. O Vapors should be escaping from the top of the condenser. Vapors should be contained to the reaction flask.
When a reaction is properly refluxing, vapors from the heated mixture should be Vapors should be escaping from the top of the condenser about 1/3 up the condenser height.
When a reaction is being refluxed, vapor should escape from the top of the condenser. It should be visible, rising approximately one-third of the way up the condenser. It is important to ensure that the vapor is contained within the reaction flask and that no visible vapors are formed outside of the flask.
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ionic compunds forming HELP!!
The formulas of the compounds that were shown are;
CaCl2
K2S
AlBr3
BeF2
MgS
What are ionic compounds?Ionic compounds are a type of chemical compound made up of ions, which are atoms or molecules that have a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons. In ionic compounds, positive ions (cations) are typically metal atoms, while negative ions (anions) are typically non-metal atoms. These ions are held together in a crystal lattice structure by strong electrostatic forces, forming a solid, crystalline substance.
Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points, and they are often soluble in water. They are also typically poor conductors of electricity in the solid state, but good conductors in the melted or dissolved state due to the movement of ions.
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Which particles constantly move around the center of an atom?
There is a nucleus at the center of an atom and inside the nucleus, there is protons and neutrons which constantly move around.
We all know that an atom is made up of three smaller particles, also knows as the electrons, protons and neutrons.
Electrons are the negatively charged particles that spin around the positive center of the atom in circles called energy levels. Its also know that their mass is so less its nearly zero. On the other hand, protons are positively charged whereas neutrons have no charge.
We know that protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of the atom which move around the center of an atom.
Therefore, we know the nucleus has an overall positive charge as it contains protons.
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how many moles of oxygen are formed when 58.6 g of kno3 decomposes according to the following reaction? the molar mass of kno3 is 101.11 g/mol.
As per balanced reaction 4 moles of potassium nitrate gives 5 moles of oxygen. So Here 0.724 moles of oxygen is formed
The balanced reaction for the decomposition of potassium nitrate is as follows
4KNO₃ -------------> 2K₂0 + 2N₂ + 5O₂
4 moles of potassium nitrate gives 5 moles of oxygen.
Molar mass of KNO₃ = 101.11 g/mol
Mass of KNO₃ decomposed = 58.6 g
Number of moles of KNO₃ = Mass of KNO₃/ molar mass of KNO₃
= 58.6 / 101.11 = 0.579 moles
Ratio of KNO₃ : O₂ = 4:5
4/5 = 0.579/x
x = 0.579 × 5/4 = 0.724 moles
So when 0.579 moles of potassium nitrate decomposes 0.724 moles of oxygen is formed.
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Would really appreciate the help
What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 0.53 mol of sodium hydroxide in enough water to make 7.92 L of solution?
The molarity of the solution is 0.067 moles per liter. To calculate the molarity of the solution, you first need to determine the number of moles in the solution.
What is molarity ?Molarity is a unit of measurement used to measure the concentration of a solution. It is defined as the amount of solute present in one liter of a solution. It is expressed as moles per liter (mol/L). In other words, molarity is the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution. This unit is commonly used in chemistry to describe the concentration of ions, molecules, or other substances dissolved in a solution. Molarity is also used to measure the strength of an acid or base, as molarity is directly proportional to the acidity or basicity of a solution. Molarity is an important concept in chemistry as it is used to calculate the amount of a given substance present in a solution.
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what volume of a 0.50 m solution of hcl would just neutralize 290 ml of a solution containing 4.7 g of ba(oh)2 ? express your answer in milliliters to two significant figures.
140 mL of 0.50 m solution of hcl would just neutralize 290 ml of a solution containing 4.7 g of ba(oh)2.
To solve this problem, we can use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2):
2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2H2O
From the equation, we can see that two moles of HCl are required to react with one mole of Ba(OH)2.
First, we need to calculate the number of moles of Ba(OH)2 in the given volume of solution:
molar mass of Ba(OH)2 = 137.33 g/mol
number of moles of Ba(OH)2 = mass / molar mass = 4.7 g / 137.33 g/mol = 0.0342 mol
Next, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the number of moles of HCl required:
2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2
number of moles of HCl = 2 x 0.0342 mol = 0.0684 mol
Finally, we can use the definition of molarity to calculate the volume of the 0.50 M HCl solution required to provide 0.0684 moles of HCl:
molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution
volume of solution = moles of solute / molarity = 0.0684 mol / 0.50 mol/L = 0.137 L
Since the volume of the HCl solution is expressed in liters, we need to convert to milliliters:
0.137 L x 1000 mL/L = 137 mL
Therefore, 137 mL of the 0.50 M HCl solution would be required to neutralize 290 mL of the Ba(OH)2 solution. Rounded to two significant figures, the answer is 140 mL.
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M→ Mt + e The reaction represents
M → Mt + e The reaction represents oxidation reaction.The loss of electron is called as oxidation.
What do you mean by an oxidation ?When it was discovered that the substance loses electrons when oxidized, the meaning was expanded to include other reactions in which electrons are lost, regardless of whether oxygen is involved.
Because any loss of electrons by one substance must be followed by an increase in electrons by another, oxidation and reduction always occur concurrently.
The reaction that the equation M ⇒ Mt + e- represents it is oxidation. M has lost an electron, and is the reducing agent in this equation.
Thus, this equation represents oxidation reaction.
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Solar panels convert light energy from sunlight into electrical energy. What material is most likely used in solar
panels, and why?
Silicon. With silicon accounting for over 95% of the modules supplied today, silicon is by far the most prevalent semiconductor material used in solar cells.
What is Solar Energy?Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that is captured by a variety of technologies, including solar architecture, solar thermal energy, and solar power to produce electricity.
Simply said, solar energy is the heat and light emitted by the sun. Several methods exist for utilizing the energy that the sun provides: Using photovoltaic cells, sunlight may be converted into power. solar thermal technique, in which hot water or steam is produced using solar energy.
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If it is in group _______ or group ________, the element ____________________________or is a ____________________________________________, then the compound is ionic.
If it is in group 1 or group 7 (or any group higher than 7), the element is a metal or is a non-metal, then the compound is ionic.
What is ionic ?Ionic chemistry is the study of how atoms and molecules interact with each other through the transfer of electrons. It involves the transfer of ions, which are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost an electron. These ions interact with each other to form ionic compounds, which are composed of ionic bonds. These bonds are formed by the attraction between the positive and negative charges of the ions.
This is because ions form when atoms of a metal lose electrons to a non-metal in order to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. Group 1 elements tend to lose one electron, while group 7 elements tend to gain seven electrons.
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What is the area of science that studies tiny particles like atoms?
Quantum mechanics is the study of atoms and incredibly tiny particles that are even smaller.
In quantum mechanics, another branch of physics, atomic and subatomic particles are investigated. The primary field of science that deals with the study of atoms and molecules is chemistry. By utilizing their knowledge of atoms, chemists create molecules that resemble drugs. A distinction is established between atomic physics, which studies the atom as a system made up of a nucleus and electrons, and nuclear physics, which explores nuclear reactions and special properties of atomic nuclei. Three subatomic particles make up matter: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The only subatomic particles that have electrical charges are protons and electrons, with protons having a positive charge and electrons having a negative charge.
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a solution contains 0.254 moles of nacl in 250 g of water. how many grams of solute are present, and what is the mass percent (m/m) of the solution?
The Mass percent (m/m) = (14.85/264.85) x 100 = 5.59 %.
What is Mass?Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is often measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). Mass is related to weight, which is the measure of the force of gravity on an object. While weight can change depending on the gravitational pull of the planet or object it is on, mass remains the same.
The number of moles of solute present can be calculated from the given information.
Number of moles = 0.254 moles
The mass of the solute can be calculated using the formula:
Mass of solute = Number of moles x Molecular mass
Molecular mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol
Therefore, Mass of solute = 0.254 x 58.44 = 14.85 g
The mass percent (m/m) of the solution can be calculated using the formula:
Mass percent (m/m) = (Mass of solute/Total mass of solution) x 100
Total mass of solution = Mass of water + Mass of solute
= 250 g + 14.85 g
= 264.85 g
Therefore, Mass percent (m/m) = (14.85/264.85) x 100 = 5.59 %
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Calculate the density of a sample of 1. 00 mole of NH3 at 793mmHg and -9. 00 C
The density of the NH₃ sample is 0,82 gram/liter. The formula that can be used to calculate the density of a sample of NH₃ is D = [tex]\frac{M.P}{R.T}[/tex].
Density is the mass unit volume of a material substance. To find the density of NH₃ you can use the following steps:
Step 1: Convert temperature to kelvin and convert temperature to atm.
R = -9° C = (273,15 - 9 ) = 264,15 K
P = 793mmHg × 1/760 mmHg/atm = 1,043 atm
Step 2: Make a formula for calculating density with the ideal gas rules.
Ideal gas law ⇒ P × V = n × R × T
Density ⇒ D = mass ÷ V
P × V = n × R × T
P × V = [tex]\frac{mass . R . T}{M}[/tex]
P × M = [tex]\frac{mass . R . T}{V}[/tex] ................. enter the formula to find the density
P × M = D × R × T
D × R × T = P × M
D = [tex]\frac{M.P}{R.T}[/tex]
Step 3: Substitute the known data into the formula
D = [tex]\frac{M.P}{R.T}[/tex]
D = [tex]\frac{17,034 g/mol x 1,043 atm}{0,0821 Latm/mol.K x 264,15 K}[/tex]
D = 0,82 gram/liter
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g13. how will you distinguish the reactants from the product using mass spectroscopy? be specific with the molecular ion peaks (2 points)
Mass spectrometry distinguishes reactants from products by comparing their molecular ion peaks based on molecular weight.
Mass spectrometry can be utilized to recognize reactants from items in a substance response by dissecting the sub-atomic particle pinnacles of the mixtures. The sub-atomic particle pinnacle of a compound addresses the mass-to-charge proportion (m/z) of the particle that is framed when the compound is ionized.
By looking at the sub-atomic particle pinnacles of the beginning materials with those of the items, one can recognize the interesting sub-atomic particle pinnacle of the beginning materials and the items, separately. This takes into account the reactants and items to be recognized and distinguished in view of their sub-atomic weight. By looking at the mass spectra of the reactants and items, one can decide the degree of the response and the character of the items framed.
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sodium hydroxide is extremely soluble in water. at a certain temperature, a saturated solution contains 569 g naoh(s) per liter of solution. calculate the molarity of this saturated naoh(aq) solution.
The molarity of this saturated naoh(aq) solution 0.0142 M.The molarity (M) of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
To find the molarity of a saturated NaOH solution with a concentration of 569 g/L, we need to first calculate the number of moles of NaOH present in one liter of the solution.
The molar mass of NaOH is 40.00 g/mol, so the number of moles of NaOH present in 569 g (or 0.569 kg) is:
moles of NaOH = (0.569 kg) / (40.00 g/mol) = 0.0142 mol
Therefore, the molarity of the saturated NaOH solution is:
Molarity = moles of NaOH / volume of solution in liters
Since we know that the volume of the saturated solution is 1 liter, we can substitute the values:
Molarity = 0.0142 mol / 1 L = 0.0142 M
So the molarity of the saturated NaOH solution is 0.0142 M.
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____Al + ____ZnCl2 --> ____AlCl3 + ____Zn What numbers are needed to balance? Use the following format: 1, 1, 1
Answer:
1 Al + 2 ZnCl2 -> 2 AlCl3 + 1 Zn
Explanation:
The equation needs to be balanced so that there is an equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. To balance this equation, the coefficients 1, 2, 2, and 1 need to be placed in front of Al, ZnCl2, AlCl3, and Zn, respectively:
1 Al + 2 ZnCl2 -> 2 AlCl3 + 1 Zn
This means that for every 1 atom of aluminum, there are 2 atoms of zinc chloride, which react to form 2 atoms of aluminum chloride and 1 atom of zinc.
ALLEN
sodium bicarbonate (pka ~6.3) is added to a mixture of benzoic acid, phenol, and naphthalene. which compounds end up in the aqueous layer?
Benzoic acid and phenol will end up in the aqueous layer as their corresponding sodium salts.
When sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) is added to a mixture of benzoic acid, phenol, and naphthalene, the compounds that end up in the aqueous layer depend on their acid-base properties and their solubility in water.
Benzoic acid and phenol are both acidic compounds and will react with the basic sodium bicarbonate to form their respective sodium salts, which are more water-soluble than the corresponding acids. Naphthalene is a non-polar compound and is not expected to react with NaHCO₃.
The reactions with NaHCO₃ can be represented as follows:
Benzoic acid + NaHCO₃ → Na benzoate + CO₂ + H₂O
Phenol + NaHCO₃ → Na phenolate + CO₂ + H₂O
Both Na benzoate and Na phenolate are more water-soluble than their respective acids and will dissolve in the aqueous layer. Therefore, benzoic acid and phenol will end up in the aqueous layer as their corresponding sodium salts.
Naphthalene, on the other hand, is not expected to dissolve significantly in water and will remain in the organic layer.
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which statement about ionic compounds is incorrect? group of answer choices ionic compounds include table salt, calcium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. ionic solids dissolved in water dissociate to form ions. ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals. ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons by metals and nonmetals. ionic compounds are held together by the attraction between positive and negative ions
The statement that is incorrect about ionic compounds is: "ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons by metals and nonmetals."
Ionic bonds are not formed by the sharing of electrons, but rather by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal. The metal loses one or more electrons to form a positive ion (cation), and the nonmetal gains those electrons to form a negative ion (anion). The attraction between these opposite charges forms the ionic bond and holds the ionic compound together.
All the other statements are correct:
Ionic compounds include table salt (NaCl), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
Ions are formed when ionic solids dissolve in water.
Between metals and nonmetals, ionic bonds form.
The attraction of positive and negative ions holds ionic compounds together.
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Select the gas with the highest average kinetic energy per mole at 298 K. a. carbon dioxide. b. all have the same kinetic energy. c. hydrogen. d. water.
The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas, and all gases have the same average kinetic energy at the same temperature.
The temperature of a substance is defined as the average kinetic energy of all of its atoms or molecules. A substance's particles do not all have the same kinetic energy.
The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is measured by temperature. It is a typical particle's kinetic energy. Thermal equilibrium occurs when two substances have the same temperature.
The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas, and all gases have the same average kinetic energy at the same temperature.
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How much gas (in moles) is in a 20 L container with a pressure of 2 atm at a temperature of 400k?
Answer: What grade is this for because anything 10 and above my brother can solve
Explanation:
What kind of reaction is demonstrated in the picture below?
A) Combustio
B) Decomposition
C) Replacement
D) Synthesis
Answer: C; Replacement
Explanation: In chemistry there is an activity series which shows that some elements are allowed to replace the space of others. This is the scenario represented in this picture.
Significant figures are important because they indicatea. the accuracy of the conversion factorb. the accuracy of the measurementc. the number of digits on a calculator =d. the precision of measuremente. the number of measurements
Significant figures are important because they indicate the precision of measurement. In scientific measurement, number of significant figures in a measurement is a way to communicate the precision or degree of uncertainty associated with that measurement.
The more significant figures a measurement has, the more precise the measurement is considered to be. Significant figures also help ensure that calculations and conversions are carried out with the appropriate degree of precision and avoid the appearance of false precision in the results.
When performing calculations, it is important to consider the number of significant figures in each number and to round the final result to the appropriate number of significant figures. This helps to ensure that the result is not reported with a degree of precision that is not supported by the data.
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Why do linear and trigonal planar molecules look the same in 2-dimensional drawings and in three dimensions?? NEED ANSWER PLS
Answer:
Because they have the same arrangement of atoms in space. Both have a straight line or a flat triangular arrangement of atoms, respectively, with bond angles of 180° and 120° respectively. In 2-dimensional drawings, it is not possible to see the differences in the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, so both linear and trigonal planar molecules appear as a straight line or a flat triangle. However, in three dimensions, it is possible to see the differences in the arrangement of the bonds and the orientation of the molecule in space, allowing us to distinguish between linear and trigonal planar molecules.
Explanation:
Tell me if you still confuse
ALLEN
Are the three main groups of elements metals nonmetals and semiconductors?
In contrast, metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are the three primary categories of elements. Metalloids often lie between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table, hence the phrase "semi-conductors."
Elements are the fundamental constituents of matter. They are pure chemicals that cannot be chemically divided into more basic substances. The periodic table contains 118 known elements, each of which has a distinct atomic number, chemical symbol, and set of physical and chemical properties. The periodic table arranges the elements according to their atomic makeup and electron configurations. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are the three primary categories of elements. Metals are typically ductile and malleable materials that transfer heat and electricity well. Nonmetals are not malleable or ductile and often perform poorly as heat and electrical conductors. The characteristics of metalloids fall in between those of metals and nonmetals.
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What are metalloids, and why are they sometimes referred to as semiconductors?
Select the statement which does NOT apply to an ideal gas.
A. There are no attractive forces between the gas molecules.
B. There are strong repulsive forces between the gas molecules.
C. The volume occupied by the molecules is negligible compared to the container volume.
D. The gas behaves according to the ideal gas equation.
B. The gas molecules are strongly attracted to one another. The ideal gas law states that an ideal gas has no intermolecular forces, hence this assertion does not apply to ideal gases.
A theoretical concept known as an ideal gas is used in thermodynamics to describe a gas' behaviour under specific circumstances. When a gas's behaviour can be explained by the ideal gas law, which states that a gas's pressure, volume, and temperature are all proportionate to one another, the gas is said to be an ideal gas. The ideal gas rule is based on the premise that a gas is made up of a lot of tiny, non-interacting particles that take up a lot more space than the particles do. Although all gases in actuality depart somewhat from their idealised behaviour, the ideal gas law nonetheless serves as a reasonable approximation for a variety of uses.
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Sponed If 10cm³of hydrogen gas were sparked with 20cm³ of oxygen. calculate the volume(s) of residual gas (es) after cooling
The volume of the residual gas, which is oxygen, would be 15cm³.
Volume ratio of gasesHydrogen and oxygen gas react to form water according to the following chemical equation:
[tex]2H_2 + O_2 -- > 2H_2O[/tex]
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen to water formed is 2:1:1.
Considering the volume ratio, 10cm³of hydrogen gas should require cm³5cm³ of oxygen gas while 5cm³ of water would be formed.
In other words, the remaining volume of oxygen would be:
20 - 5 = 15 cm³
In summary, the volume of the residual oxygen would be 15cm³.
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which of th following are greenhouse gases? carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbon
Answer: chlorofluorocarbon
Explanation:
chlorofluorocarbon
Answer:
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are greenhouse gases. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are also considered greenhouse gases, but they are now largely banned due to their damaging effects on the ozone layer.
Explanation:
I’ll give brainliest if you can explain as well pls
) A gas occupies 22.2 L at a pressure of 760 mmHg. Find the new
volume if the pressure is reduced to 120 mmHg?
When the pressure is lowered to 120 mmHg, the gas's new volume is 140.33 L.
Which laws apply to gas?Charle's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac law are the three gas laws that make up the combined gas law, commonly referred to as a general gas equation. For a certain amount of gas, the law illustrates the relationship between temperature, volume, and pressure.
(P1xV1)/T1 = (P2xV2)/T2
where:
P1 = initial pressure = 760 mmHg
V1 = initial volume = 22.2 L
P2 = final pressure = 120 mmHg
V2 = final volume (unknown)
T1 = initial temperature (not given, but assumed constant)
T2 = final temperature (not given, but assumed constant)
We can solve for V2 by rearranging the equation as follows:
V2 = (P1xV1xT2)/(P2xT1)
T2/T1 = 1 since it is assumed that the temperature is constant, which allows us to simplify the equation to:
V2 = (P1 x V1) / P2
replacing the specified values:
V2 = (760 mmHg x 22.2 L) / 120 mmHg = 140.33 L
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how many grams of iodine must be dissolved in 725 ml of carbon disulfide to produce a 0.236 m solution
Grams of iodine must be dissolved in 725 ml of carbon disulfide to produce a 0.236 m solution is 0.015.
Molality = moles of solute / mass of solvent (kg) .................(i)
Here molality of I2 solution = 0.236
Density of solvent [CS2] = 1.262 g/ml
Volume of sovent [CS2] = 725 mL
Mass of solvent = Density * Volume = 1.262 * 725 = 914.95 g / 1000g = 0.91495 kg
Formula (i) can also be written as moles of solute = Molality * mass of solvent = 0.236 * 0.91495 = 0.2159282
Moles of solute = mass / Molecular mass
mass of Iodine = moles * molecular mass = 0.2159282 * 253.8089 = 54.8044989 g = 54.80 kg
Calculation of Mole fraction21.7% C2H5OH aqueous solution by mass means 21.7 g of C2H5OH is present in 100 g of solution
Molar mass of C2H5OH = 46 g /molMole fraction , Xn = moles of component / Total moles in solution
No. of moles of C2H5OH = mass / molar mass = 21.7 / 46 = 0.4717
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g / mol
Mass of H2O in solution = 100 - 21.7 = 78.3 g
No. of moles of H2O = mass / molar mass = 78.3 / 18 = 4.35
Mole fraction , Xn = moles of component / Total moles in solution
= ns / (ns + nsolvent )
= 0.4717 / ( 0.4717 + 4.35 )
= 0.4717 / 4.8217
= 0. 0978
Mole fraction of 0.863 molal urea , CO(NH2)2This means 0.863 moles of urea is present in 1000 g of H2O
Number of moles of urea = 0.863 moles
Number of moles of water = mass / Molar mass = 1000 / 18 = 55.55
Mole fraction , Xn = moles of component / Total moles in solution
= ns / (ns + nsolvent )
= 0.863 / (0.863 + 55.55)
= 0.015.
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what occurs when an atom of chlorine and an atom of hydrogen become a molecule of hydrogen chloride?
When an atom of chlorine and an atom of hydrogen become a molecule of hydrogen chloride a chemical bond is formed and energy is released.
Chemical Bonding refers to the conformation of a chemical bond between two or further tittles, motes, or ions to give rise to a chemical emulsion. These chemical bonds are what keep the tittles together in the influencing emulsion.
During the bond conformation, when reactant tittles come closer to form chemical bonds, the energy is relased to minimize the aversion between the tittles.
Since the system tends to release energy when a chemical bond is established, the enthalpy change in this script will be negative.
In the implicit energy wind during the conformation of a chemical bond, the energy is negative at equilibrium distance which indicates that energy is released during the conformation of a bond.
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