In selecting recombinant bacteria, cells are chosen that are resistant to a specific antibiotic, The antibiotic resistance gene is encoded on the donor insert.
What is antibiotic?Antibiotics refer to a class of antibacterial substances that act against bacteria.This is the main type of antibacterial agent used to fight bacteria. These drugs usually inhibit the formation of the bacterial cell wall or its cellular contents. Bacteriostatic agents prevent the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections in humans and animals caused by bacteria by either killing them or making it difficult for them to grow and multiply. Vancomycin 3.0 is one of the most powerful antibiotics ever developed. Used to treat conditions such as meningitis, endocarditis, joint infections, bloodstream infections, and skin infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.To learn more about antibiotic from the given link :
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for na -k pump, a) is it a primary or a secondary active transport system? b) how many na get transported out? how many k get transport in? c) how much energy is involved in one cycle of the transport? d) what is the main function of the pump?
Na-K pump is a primary active transport system that transports 3 Na⁺ outside the cell and 2 K⁺ inside the cell. In one cycle a ATP is required through which 3 Na⁺ and 2 K⁺ are moved. The main function of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump is to maintain the osmotic balance as well as the membrane potential of the cells.
Osmotic balance is defined as the balance of salt and water inside the body. The phenomenon is also known by the name osmoregulation. Electrolytes play an essential role in the maintenance of osmotic balance.
Membrane potential is the difference in the voltage between the inside and the outside of the cell. The membrane potential is at rest when the inside of the cell is negative as compared to the outside.
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What will happen when the ribosome shifts one codon further on the mrna, assuming the next codon is not a stop codon? select all that apply.
Answer:
The tRNA that is shown in the A site in the figure above will be ejected from the ribosome. A new tRNA will bind to the ribosome.
Explanation:
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You would like to decrease the number of times a student sharpens her pencil during class. However, you do not want to completely eliminate this behavior. Which type of reinforcement program makes the most sense?.
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL) is the reinforcement program.
What is DRL?
The DRL's primary objective is to improve other drivers' visibility of your car. DRLs are frequently manufactured using LED lights rather than halogen headlight bulbs because they are not intended to illuminate the road. LED DRLs emit a bright white light, are energy-efficient, and have a long lifespan.
Differential reinforcement of alternate behavior, differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior, differential reinforcement of other behavior, and differential reinforcement of low rates are the four categories that have received the most research.
Differential reinforcement comes in four main forms:
Differential Reinforcement of Compatibility (DRI)Differential reinforcement for different types of behavior (DRA)Differential reinforcement for different actions (DRO)Low Rate Differential Reinforcement (DRL).To learn more about DRL refer to:
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A cube cut from a potato is placed in a beaker of distilled water. The potato cells have a relatively high concentration of starch and a relatively low concentration of water. The diagram represents the water and starch molecules in and around one of the potato cells in contact with the water in the beaker.
Which row in the chart correctly describes what would be expected to occur in the potato cells, with regard to both the starch and water molecules?
According to the given statement the potato cells will gain volume as water enters the cell.
What are starch molecules?A polysaccharide, such as starch, is produced when a series of glucose molecules are bonded together to form a longer polymer. In starch, there are two varieties of polysaccharides: Amylose is a glucose linear molecule. a branched chain chain of glucose termed amylopectin. Long chains of coupled sugar molecules make up the structure of starch. The primary purpose of starch in plants is to aid with energy storage.
Where are the starch molecules?In addition to such glycogen in the liver as the cassava plant's roots, the potato tuber, the stem pith of tapioca, and the seeds with corn, wheat, and rice, starch is also stored in plastids in the granule form.
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During sustained skeletal muscle contraction, can you think of three places in which true fatigue might occur?.
During sustained skeletal muscle contraction, fatigue may occur anywhere there is an origin or insertion of the muscle, so the ends as well as the bulk or center of the muscle because it is either stretched or completely contracted, and then wherever the area is bearing.
Skeletal muscle is one of the human body's three major muscle tissues. Each skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of muscle fibers connected by connective tissue sheaths. Fasciculi are individual bundles of muscle fibers in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is found all over the body and is connected to bones by tendons.
Sarcomeres, the functional units of muscle tissue, make up skeleton muscle tissue. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction describes how muscle contraction occurs when sarcomeres shorten and thick and thin filaments slide past each other. When an action potential travels along the nerves to the muscles, it causes a muscle contraction.
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a cell biologist determines that diploid cells from a particular species of grasshopper contain 200 picograms of dna per cell during the g2 stage of interphase. based on this finding, how many picograms of dna should be present in a single cell from this species during metaphase i of meiosis?
There are 8 picograms of DNA that should be present in a single cell from this species during metaphase I of meiosis.
At the end of mitosis, the two daughter cells are exact copies of the original cell. Each daughter cell has 30 chromosomes. At the end of meiosis II, each cell has half the original number of chromosomes, or 15. The chromatids double but the number of chromosomes remains the same.
G2 has 12 chromosomes and 24 chromatids. There are 46 chromosomes in metaphase, each composed of two sister chromatids that align with the metaphase plate. Then, during anaphase, these chromatids are separated and attracted to opposite poles of the cell. This segregation gives rise to 92 separate chromatids within the cell considered 92 chromosomes.
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how are amino acids similar to carbohydrates and lipids? multiple choice question. they are all the same kilocalories/gram. they all contain nitrogen. they all contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. they are not essential in the diet.
Amino acids are similar to carbohydrates and lipids as they all contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Amino acids are the organic compounds involved in the synthesis of proteins. The basic structure of amino acids is composed of an amino group, a carboxylic group, a hydrogen atom and a variable R group all bonded with a common α-carbon atom.
Lipids are the organic molecules that consists of fats and oils. The general structure of lipid is composed of a glycerol backbone, with 2 long fatty acid chains attached to each hydroxyl group and a terminal hydroxyl group attached to phosphate group.
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which of the following provides a means of distinguishing worm-like organisms that belong to the phyla platyhelminthes (flatworms) and annelida (earthworms)? group of answer choices a segmented body body symmetry a marine habitat the presence or absence of a pharynx
The main difference between flatworms and earthworms is that flatworms have a flat body while earthworms have a cylindrical body. Additionally, flatworms are unsegmented while earthworms are segmented.
There are several ways to distinguish between worm-like organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Annelida (earthworms). One way is to look at the body symmetry. Platyhelminthes have bilateral symmetry, while Annelida have segmented bodies with metameric symmetry. Another way to tell them apart is by looking at the habitat. Platyhelminthes are mostly found in freshwater habitats, while Annelida are mostly found in terrestrial habitats. Finally, another way to distinguish between these two phyla is by looking at the presence or absence of a pharynx. Platyhelminthes do not have a pharynx, while Annelida do.
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Describe a common group behavior and explain how it increases survival chances for individuals within the group.
it is for my science class
Answer:Group behavior, also known as collective behavior, can increase the chances for a species to survive and reproduce because they can rely on each other to accomplish behaviors that are crucial for their survival, such as hunting, migrating, and breeding.
Explanation:According to ethologists, social species highly depend on the members of their own group for survival. One perfect example is the case of schooling fish. These small species of fish gather in a whole large group and navigate long distances while looking for food. Researchers from Princeton University discovered that their orientation capabilities increased when more individuals joined the group, making them more responsive to the environment.Moreover, there have been numerous sources of evidence that demonstrate that orcas (killer whales), which are extremely social creatures, create large pods of around 20 to 30 individuals and 'plan' strategies to hunt. Also, older females swim along younger individuals to teach them hunting skills that are crucial for their survival.In addition, herbivores, like zebras, are usually found in large groups because it lowers the possibilities of being individually targeted by apex predators, such as lions.Recently, researchers have also discovered that migrating species often rely on each other to improve their migrating capabilities by producing or generating social cues that allow them to improve their orientation or in cases when environmental conditions get tough (Source).In conclusion, these lines of evidence show that social organisms who travel in groups rely on all members to carry out important behaviors that, without them, would provoke an important decline in their populations because they wouldn't be able to reproduce or feed individually as successfully as they would with the 'help' of the members of the group.
A common group behavior is social grooming in primates, which involves the use of touch and grooming to strengthen social bonds within the group. Social grooming is important for a number of reasons, including reducing stress, preventing conflict, and strengthening social bonds.
How social grooming increases survival chances for individuals within the group?One way social grooming increases survival chances for individuals within the group is by promoting cooperation and social support. In many primate groups, individuals that are well-groomed and have strong social bonds are more likely to receive help from others when they need it, such as during fights or when they are sick or injured.
Social grooming also helps to reduce stress and anxiety, which can improve overall health and well-being.
Another way social grooming increases survival chances is by promoting group cohesion and reducing the risk of group fragmentation. When individuals in a group have strong social bonds, they are more likely to work together and cooperate, which can improve the group's chances of finding food and avoiding predators.
Social grooming also helps to prevent conflict by reducing tension and aggression within the group, which can help to maintain group stability and cohesion.
Overall, social grooming is an important group behavior that helps to promote social bonds, cooperation, and group cohesion, all of which can improve survival chances for individuals within the group.
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Which marsupial almost never drinks water, has humanlike fingerprints, and loves to eat eucalyptus?.
The koala is a marsupial that almost never drinks water and has humanlike fingerprints. It is native to Australia and loves to eat eucalyptus. Koalas are nocturnal animals and spend most of their time sleeping in trees.
Koala are very good climbers and can stay in one place for hours. Koalas are very quiet animals and the only sound they make is a loud snore.Koalas are often referred to as "koala bears" due to their bear-like appearance, but they are not actually related to bears. Koalas are shy and solitary animals that spend most of their time in the trees. They are nocturnal creatures that sleep for up to 20 hours each day.
Koalas are proficient climbers and can leap up to 3 m (9.8 ft) from one tree to another. They have strong claws that enable them to grip onto tree branches. Koalas have a slow metabolism and can live for up to 20 years in the wild.
The main threats to koalas include habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as predators such as dogs and foxes. Koalas are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List.
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a person's blood pressure falls. which of the answer choices would you expect to occur? select all that apply.
A person's blood pressure may fall for a variety of reasons. Some common causes include dehydration, low blood sugar, and blood loss. If a person's blood pressure falls, they may experience dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting.
When a person's blood pressure falls, the person's heart rate will usually increase in order to compensate for the lower blood pressure. The person may also feel dizzy or lightheaded due to the reduced blood flow to the brain. The person's skin may become clammy due to the reduced blood flow to the extremities. Shock is also a common example of blood pressure to drop. A person's heart rate would likely increase if their blood pressure fell.
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A. The person's heart rate will increase.
B. The person's blood vessels will constrict.
C. The person will feel dizzy or lightheaded.
D. The person will feel more alert.
E. The person's breathing will become shallow.
F. The person's skin will become clammy.
What unusually biodiverse island is home to the dragon blood tree, which appears to bleed when cut?.
Biodiverse island that is home to the dragon blood tree which appears to bleed when cut is : Socotra.
What happens when dragon blood tree is cut?When the dragon blood tree is cut, it releases a red sap or resin, that is known as dragon blood. If you cut this tree then the red resin will seep out, giving an impression of bleeding
The dragon blood tree has an unique appearance, with an upturned, densely packed crown having the shape of an umbrella. This species is named after its dark red resin, which is known as dragon's blood.
Even if the branch break, blood starts coming out of them, which is a dark red liquid that just appears like blood.
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which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?select all that apply.which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?select all that apply.random fertilizationcytokinesiscrossing overindependent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis
Most genetic variation occurs due to random fertilization, crossing over, and independent assortment in meiosis.
What is genetic variation?Crossing over is the mechanism that causes the most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms.
New allele combinations are produced via independent assortment crossover occurs when two non-sister chromatids exchange specific DNA segments, and random fertilization improves genetic variety.
Therefore due to the independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis crossing over and random fertilization creates the most genetic variation.
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A researcher determined that a strain of e. Coli is producing a shortened version of a protein required for glucose metabolism. What type of mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein?.
A researcher determined that a strain of E. coli is producing a shortened version of a protein required for glucose metabolism. This is a nonsense mutation that could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein.
What is a "nonsense mutation"?There are mutations that have no effect on the protein and mutations that have a negative impact on the protein. Here is the mutation that changes the protein into a shorter one in E. coli because of premature termination, and this happens when a base is mutated in such a way that codes for the termination codon .
Hence, this is a condition of nonsense mutation, where, due to premature mutation, the shorter protein is formed.
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Describe the logic that you need to apply to test whether two trees show the same relationship among extant taxa or not.
Result for an image Describe the reasoning you must use to determine whether two trees display the same relationship between current taxa.On a phylogenetic tree, terminal taxa that are more closely related are connected by shallower nodes .
In comparison to taxa whose most recent common ancestor is older, those with a more recent common ancestor are more closely related. On the phylogeny shown above, for instance, the triangle and oval taxa are separated from one another while the circle and triangle taxa are close to one another.Reading a family tree is similar to comprehending a phylogeny. The ancestral bloodline is symbolized by the tree's root, while its offspring are shown by the branches' points. You advance through time as you move from the root to the tips.
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When there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries, which tissue of the heart is affected first?.
Narrowed arteries can obstruct blood flow to your heart muscle and the rest of your body, narrowed arteries can lead to chest pain. CAD can weaken the heart muscle over time.
The heart muscle receives blood from the coronary arteries. The heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood in order to operate, just like all other bodily components do. Blood that lacks oxygen must also be transported away. Outside of the heart, the coronary arteries encircle the organ. Coronary artery disease may cause coronary blood flow to be decreased. As a result, there will be a greater extraction of oxygen from the coronary blood and less oxygen in the veins. Angina and tissue hypoxia result from this
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A cell undergoing meiosis experiences a problem with its microtubules, such that proper separation of the paired chromosomes carrying alleles q and q does not occur during anaphase i. What is the most likely effect on the four daughter cells?.
The maximum probable effect at the 4 daughter cells is as follows i.e., all 4 daughter cells could have a complete chromosome set besides daughter cells could have one greater chromosome that carries the Q or q allele, and the alternative daughter cells could be lacking the chromosome that carries the Q or q allele.
Likewise, bizarre separation can arise in meiosis while homologous pairs fail to split for the duration of anaphase I. This additionally outcomes in daughter cells with extraordinary numbers of chromosomes. The phenomenon of unequal separation in meiosis is known as nondisjunction. In the primary nuclear division, homologous chromosomes segregate (reductional mobileular division), and withinside the 2nd one, sister chromatids segregate (equational mobileular division).
As such, every daughter mobileular includes 1/2 of the quantity of the parental genetic material. q = frequency of the recessive allele withinside the population. p2 = percent of homozygous dominant individuals.= percent of homozygous recessive individuals. 2pq = percent of heterozygous individuals
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Julia did an experiment to study the solubility of two substances. She poured 100 mL of water at 20 °C into each of two beakers labeled A and B. She put 50 g of Substance A in the beaker labeled A and 50 g of Substance B in the beaker labeled B. The solution in both beakers was stirred for 1 minute. The amount of substance left undissolved in the beakers was weighed. The experiment was repeated for different temperatures of water and the observations were recorded as shown.
Part 1: Which substance has a higher solubility?
Part 2: Explain your answer for Part 1. (8 points)
B is more soluble than A, which is less soluble. Mass of undissolved substance of substance A is more than Substance B at every temperature
What is Solubility ?One of the key factors in achieving the optimum drug concentration in the systemic circulation for the desired (expected) pharmacological response is solubility, the phenomenon of solute dissolving in solvent to produce a homogeneous system. The main issue in developing formulations for novel chemical entities as well as for generic development is low water solubility. Over 40% of the NCEs (new chemical entities) created by the pharmaceutical sector are essentially water insoluble. A significant difficulty for formulation scientists is solubility. Any drug that is to be absorbed must be present in solution at the absorption site.Particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactants, complexation, and other techniques are used to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs.Learn more about Solubility refer to :
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what is blood preassure ?
Answer:
the pressure of blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
a photoautotrophic unicellular organism with a shell made of silica is most likely a(n) .
A photoautotrophic unicellular organism with a shell made of silica is most likely a Diatom.
Diatoms are algae that live in houses made of glass. They are the only organism on the planet with cell walls composed of transparent, opaline
silica. Diatom cell walls are ornamented by intricate and striking patterns of silica.Diatoms have light-absorbing molecules that collect energy from the sun and turn it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
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in endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is , which is replaced by bone.
Using the theories of tissue, we got that Cartilage is the precursor connective tissue which is replaced by bone in endochondral ossification.
Endochondral ossification is the process by which embryonic cartilaginous model of most bones contributes to the longitudinal growth and is gradually replaced by the bone. During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes proliferate, undergo the hypertrophy and die; the cartilage extracellular matrix they construct is then invaded by the blood vessels, osteoclasts, the bone marrow cells and osteoblasts, the last of which deposit bone on the remnants of cartilage matrix.
Hence, in endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is` Cartilage , which is replaced by bone.
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Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. What is the result of the association between birds and ants?.
Some birds follow transferring swarms of military ants in the tropics. because the ants march alongside the forest ground hunting bugs and small vertebrates birds observe and pick off any bugs or small vertebrates that fly or leap out of the way of the ants is commensalism.
Ant-following birds benefit from the relationship by way of staying just in advance of the ants and taking pictures of prey animals that can be disturbed by the ants. even as early studies advised that the birds foraging may in turn advantage the ants, it's miles possible that the birds do away with prey that the ants would capture.
Ant followers are birds that feed by following swarms of military ants and take prey flushed by way of the one's ants. The pleasant-acknowledged ant-fans are 18 species of antbird inside the circle of relatives Thamnophilidae, however other families of birds may additionally observe ants, such as thrushes, chats, ant-tanagers, cuckoos, motmots, and woodcreepers.
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10. The Bacteria, Escherichia coli, also called E. coli Some strains of these Bacteria cause diseases. Which term BEST describes these Organisms? (SC. L.14.6) A B. Mutagens Pathogens C Genetic Factors D. Viruses
Disease causing strains of E. coli are considered as pathogens.
What is E. coli?
E. coli, also known as Escherichia Coli, is a bacterium. It is mostly found in intestines of humans and animals. Not all e. coli are pathogenic, but those that are can cause severe food poisoning.
The most common way the pathogenic e. coli is contracted is through consumption of contaminated food items like undercooked ground beef and vegetables that have been exposed to contaminated water/ food.
Symptoms include diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting.
Therefore, the strains of e. coli that cause diseases are considered pathogens.
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Suppose that for a certain gene, nearly 100 percent of the normal level of expression is required to produce the normal phenotype. Based on this requirement, one could predict that a _________ mutation would be _________.
Based on this requirement, one could predict that a loss of function mutation would be dominant.
What is mutation?
Mutations are changes that occur in DNA sequence, due to mistakes during replication or environmental factors. Mutations may lead to changes in proteins that are translated by DNA. The cells can usually identify any damage caused by mutations and immediately repair it.
Mutations are sudden modifications in an organism’s traits that are also heritable. Recessive genes are usually produced by mutations.
Mutations often lead to genetic variation in species. Successive generations receive positive mutations.
Mutations mostly occur due to internal causes such as some mistake during DNA replication. All mutations of these kind lead to evolution.
External mutations are usually due to the DNA being exposed to some chemicals or radiations, causing breakdown of DNA.
Therefore, one could predict that a loss of function mutation would be dominant.
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why are the vast majority of staphylococcus aureus isolates penicillin-resistant? group of answer choices they produce staphylokinase they produce coagulase they have loosely organized polysaccharide slime layers that protect their cell walls they have a coating of protein a they produce beta-lactamase
the vast majority of staphylococcus aureus isolates are penicillin-resistant because they produce beta-lactamase.
Penicillins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that were originally isolated from P. chrysogenum and P. rubens molds. Using deep tank fermentation and subsequent purification, P. chrysogenum produces the majority of clinically used penicillins.
The β-lactamase-encoding gene blaZ plays a role in staphylococcal penicillin resistance. When staphylococci are exposed to β-lactam antibiotics, this mostly extracellular enzyme hydrolyzes the ring of the β-lactam, rendering it inactive. The antirepressor blaR1 and the repressor blaI, two adjacent regulatory genes, control blaZ.
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g which fossil provides an example of controlled biomineralization? before the appearance of complex animal life in the fossil record
An organic matrix or soluble biomolecules, combined with locally generated biological conditions, enable the crystallization of minerals and regulate their morphologies and sites of nucleation during a process known as biomineralization.
The discovery which dates to around 809 million years ago is the earliest example of an organism directing the process of biomineralization, in which minerals are formed.
Living things create minerals through a process called biomineralization, which is frequently used to harden already-existing tissues. The production of bone, teeth and animal exoskeletons depends critically on natural biomineralization processes, about which a great deal of knowledge has been gained in recent years.
When the metabolic activity of microbes creates chemical conditions that are conducive to the mineral formation, biologically induced mineralization takes place.
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describe how the concentric receptive fields of lateral geniculate nucleus cells produce bar-shaped receptive fields in the primary visual cortex.
Trough optic radiation the concentric receptive fields of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells produce bar-shaped receptive fields in the primary visual cortex.
The LGN receives information directly from the ascending retinal ganglion cells via the visual pathway and from the reticular activation system. Neurons in the LGN send their axons through light emission, a direct pathway to the primary visual cortex.
The lateral geniculate nucleus is a multi-layered structure that receives input from both eyes to create a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield. The basic pattern of her LGN in primates consists of four layers, two in each eye.
This concentric receptive fields is commonly known as the center surround organization. The term was originally coined by Kufler (1953). Central retinal ganglion cells respond to bright spots surrounded by a dark background, like stars in a dark sky.
The visual cortex is the major cortical region of the brain that receives, integrates, and processes visual information relayed by the retina. It is located in the occipital lobe of the primary cerebral cortex at the very back of the brain.
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What is one effect of relying on natural income? *
• A. decreased affluence
O B. degradation of natural resources
O C. a less sustainable society
•
D. a reduced ecological footprint
O E. fewer resources for future generations
One result of reliance on natural income is the degradation of natural resources. The commodities and services that nature provides to sustain human well-being, such as food, water, and clean air.
What consequences do natural resources have?The management of natural resources is connected to other socioeconomic and environmental problems. The degradation of productive land, water scarcity, waste production, toxic contamination, and biodiversity loss in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems are only a few of the direct environmental effects of resource use.
What is the economic impact of the degradation of natural resources?The natural resources play a significant role in a country's economic growth. If consumption patterns are not changed, growing social, political, and economic pressures will result in irreversible climate change and reduced economic growth.
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8
Use the model to answer questions 8 and 9.
For this question, choose THREE answers. Which of the following statements correctly describe the models?
Both processes take place in eukaryotic cells
Both processes produce identical daughter cells
Both processes involve no replication
Both processes involve separation of chromosomes
Both processes involve copying the DNA
The three statements that depict the diagram are Both processes produce identical daughter cells, both processes involve the separation of chromosomes, and both processes involve copying the DNA.
What happens in equational cell division?
There are two types of cell division: equational, in which the daughter cell has the same genetic content as the parent, and reductional, in which the genetic content of the daughter cell is half that of the parent. The diagram explains binary fission and mitosis, where both produce similar cells by segregation of chromosomes.
hence, The three statements that depict the diagram are Both processes produce identical daughter cells, both processes involve the separation of chromosomes, and both processes involve copying the DNA.
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True or false? for a signal transduction pathway to be activated, hormones must be present in the bloodstream at very high concentrations.
For a signal transduction pathway to be activated, hormones must be present in the bloodstream at very high concentrations. This is False.
The process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response is known as signal transduction. The binding of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell that trigger events inside the cell to elicit a response is referred to as the signal transduction pathway. The response can then change the metabolism, shape, and gene expression of the cell.
Signal transduction (also known as cell signaling) is the transmission of molecular signals from the outside of a cell to the inside. To ensure an appropriate response, signals received by cells must be effectively transmitted into the cell. Cell-surface receptors initiate this step.
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