RNA analysis, which is an output of gene expression, and biochemical analysis, which measures a specific protein output, are two examples of ways that genetic testing can quantify the effects of genetic changes.
While RNA and DNA both contain bases that contain nitrogen and are connected by sugar-phosphate backbones, RNA and DNA differ from each other physically and functionally. DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded structurally. Thymine, also known as 5-methyl uracil, is a pyrimidine nucleobase found in DNA, whereas uracil is a distinct pyrimidine nucleobase found in RNA. However, studies have demonstrated that further RNA testing aids in overcoming DNA testing's limitations. Combining DNA and RNA tests can produce answers that are much more accurate and nuanced, especially when it comes to testing results that are currently unclear.
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Explain why the allantois and yolk sac are non-functional in a human foetus.
Answer: it is not functional in human
Explanation: The yolk sac is not functional in humans, but remains as a vestige reflecting our evolution from ancestral reptiles that relied on stored yolk for embryonic nutrition. Most mammalian eggs have little or no yolk, and nutrients are instead transferred from maternal to embryonic circulation via the placenta.
Which of the following best describes a product of cellular respiration that provides energy for a cell?
Answer:
Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by-products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
Explanation:
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What is an Example of Structural Adaptation for Reproduction with Plants?
Flexible Stems
Spines Development
Deep Root Systems
Ballistic Seed-Dispersal
Answer:
An example of structural adaptation for reproduction with plants is c. Deep root systems.
Deep root systems are a structural adaptation that allows plants to access water and nutrients from deeper layers of soil, increasing their chances of survival in dry or nutrient-poor environments. These deep roots also allow the plant to establish itself firmly in the soil, increasing its chances of reproducing successfully.
Option a. Flexible stems, b. Spines development and d. Ballistic seed-dispersal are not structural adaptations related to reproduction, but other strategies that plants use to survive in different environments. Flexible stems allow plants to bend and sway in the wind without breaking, spines development protect plants from herbivores and Ballistic seed-dispersal is a way for plants to scatter their seeds away from the parent plant.
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What was the most significant conclusion that Mendel drew from his experiment?.
The most important finding from Mendel's experiment is that traits are inherited as discrete units and not as a result of "blending."
He came to the conclusion that genes are transmitted in pairs and are inherited from each parent as separate entities. Mendel monitored the parental genes' segregation and the presence of dominant or recessive features in the children. He was aware of the numerical patterns that were passed down from one generation to the next.
Mendel created three inheritance laws that detailed the transmission of genetic features through pea plant breeding, long before anybody understood the existence of genes. Mendel's discovery considerably increased our knowledge of how genes are passed down and sparked the invention of fresh experimental techniques.
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the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is believed to be controlled by a group of closely related proteins known as
The cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is believed to be controlled by a group of closely related proteins referred to as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
These proteins are responsible for the timing of the cell cycle, determining when the cell should divide and when it should enter a quiescent state.
They are also responsible for making sure the cell progresses through the various stages of the cell cycle in the correct order. CDKs are activated by the binding of cyclins, which are proteins that are present in the cell at different times in the cycle.
The binding of cyclins to CDKs causes them to become active, which in turn triggers the cell to progress through the cycle. As the cell progresses through the cycle, the concentration of cyclins decrease, causing the CDKs to become inactive and the cell to enter a quiescent state.
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What makes a good scientific question is that it can be answered by direct observations or with scientific tools?.
A good scientific question must be measurable and objective. A scientific inquiry shouldn't be so open-ended that there are several variables and potential solutions. Scientific problems with a clear independent and dependent variable tend to be simpler to comprehend than those with a hazy definition.
A study employing observation, scientific instruments, or computer simulations should be able to help answer the questions because scientific inquiries should be observable and controllable. Empirical data obtained during a research, experimental, or technical process is used to support scientific conclusions. Scientific inquiries must be testable, which requires that they focus on particular things, creatures, or occurrences in the real world and can be resolved through experimentation by collecting and evaluating data.
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how does plant synthesise carbohydrate?
Answer:
The plants synthesize their carbohydrates from water, carbon dioxide and sunlight with the help of green pigment known as chlorophyll. This process of synthesis of food by the green plants from water, carbon dioxide and sunlight with the help of green pigment known as chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.
Plant synthesize carbohydrate by the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants are some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.
The carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are used to synthesize other components of food such as proteins and fats.
Carbohydrates are formed in green plants by photosynthesis, which is the chemical combination, or fixation, of carbon dioxide and water by utilization of energy from the absorption of visible light.
To store carbohydrates, plants take the glucose formed during photosynthesis and combine the carbohydrate with oxygen- a process called respiration- to release energy.
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what part of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord; processes, stores and responds to information from the peripheral nervous system
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
All of the body's components are connected by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and make up the peripheral nervous system. The nerve cell, or neuron, is the building block of the neurological system. There are around 100 billion neurons in the human brain.
A neuron has a cell body, which contains the cell nucleus, as well as distinct extensions known as axons and dendrites (pronounced AK-sonz) (pronounced DEN-drahytz). Nerves are collections of axons that are present throughout the body. Neurons can communicate even across great distances because of their axons and dendrites.
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__________ must be present for photosynthesis to take place in a plant
Answer:
Water, co2 and sunlight must be present for photosynthesis to take place in a plant.
Explanation:
Chloroplast must be present for photosynthesis to take place in a plant.
A chloroplast is a type of membrane- bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plants and algal cells. The photosynthesis pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight.
Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll. This traps the light energy needed to make photosynthesis happens. Plants produce chlorophyll by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplast inside plant cells. All green parts of a plant, include the green stems, green leaves and sepals- green color plastids.
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Where do fireflies get the energy storage molecules they need to do the activities required for reproduction?.
In living things, ATP is used to store mechanical energy. In the lantern of a firefly, unique cells create an enzyme that starts the chemical reaction that converts energy into light.
What are the components of energy storage molecules?Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are the three different types of molecules that store energy. There are two primary energy storage systems used by organisms. Co-chemical bonds are a method of energy storage in energy-rich compounds like glycogen and triglycerides.
How does the ATP energy of fireflies produce light?Perhaps the most well-known application of bioluminescence is the process through which fireflies emit light. Light is created when oxygen, calcium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the chemical luciferin mix with one another in the presence of the bioluminescent enzyme luciferase.
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A food worker is not sure when the dry storage area needs to be cleaned. What can be done to find out when to clean it?
A food worker is not sure when the dry storage area needs to be cleaned. Check the master cleaning schedule can be done to find out when to clean it.
Any person who prepares, serves, stores, delivers, or otherwise works with unpackaged food, food-contact surfaces, or food-equipment or utensils, as well as maintaining the cleanliness and sanitization of kitchen and dining spaces, is referred to as a "food worker"; Food workers include anyone who handles, prepares, serves, sells, or donates food for consumption, as well as anyone who handles the tools and equipment used in conjunction with it. A person who only handles food or drink in closed crates, cartons, bottles, packages, or other similar containers, in which no portion of the food or drink is exposed to contamination through such handling, is not included in the term when they work in establishments subject to this Health Ordinance.
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2. A mutation that is beneficial to the organism.
does not change the genotype
harms the organism
results in higher performance
is not noticeable
Positive mutations They result in novel protein variants that aid organisms in adjusting to environmental changes .In order for evolution to occur, beneficial mutations are required. They presumably will spread more widely as a result of the increased likelihood of an organism surviving or reproducing they provide.
Does an organism benefit or suffer harm from a mutation?The effects of mutation could be positive, negative, or neutral depending on the circumstance or region. Most non neutral mutations are detrimental. The impact of a mutant and the possibility that it will be damaging rise normally with the quantity of base pairs that are altered.
What kinds of mutations are beneficial?Several beneficial human mutations include the following Mutations guarding blood arteries against the dangerous fatty buildup called atherosclerosis in humans It has been demonstrated that genetic variations in red blood cells can provide up to 40% more protection against a dangerous form of malaria.
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what process allows a stomach cell and a skin cell to have specialized functions?
The process known as differentiation allows a a skin cell and a stomach cell have specialized functions.
Differentiation is a very crucial process by which the human body produces specialized cells from unspecialized cells which are required for performing different purposes. This is very important as it allows the cells to perform their respective specialized functions according to the requirement of the body.
For example, the cells of the skin protect the body and help it regulate temperature whereas the cells present in the stomach aid in the digestion of food. They're both cells of the body but they perform very different and specific location depending on their location and requirement.
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in an individual that is heterozygous for a particular trait, expression of the recessive allele is masked. True/False ?
True , in an individual that is heterozygous for a particular trait, expression of the recessive allele is masked.
In general , an organism is homozygous dominant, if it contains two copies of the same dominant allele, or homozygous recessive, if it contain two copies of the same recessive allele. on the other hand Heterozygous means that an organism is having two different alleles of a gene. so If we have alleles that is heterozygous recessive, these allele would be recessive and will not express itself. The person will only carry the allele.
When the alleles are heterozygous dominant, these allele would be dominant. and when a person is heterozygous for a specific gene, it means he is having two different versions of that gene.
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in which condition does the body turn against itself and mistakenly attack normal cells?
Who among the given scientist developed the theory of evolution by natural selection *?.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Key points:
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection in the mid-19th century.Darwin's theory was first presented in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species" and Wallace's ideas were presented in a joint paper read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London in 1858.The theory of evolution by natural selection states that species change over time through the process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring.This process leads to the gradual adaptation of populations to their environment over many generations.The theory of evolution by natural selection is considered one of the most important scientific theories of all time, as it provides a framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth and how it has changed over time.Learn more about the natural selection here:
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Which substances diffused through the membrane.
Answer:
Through phospholipid bilayers, gases, hydrophobic compounds, and tiny polar uncharged molecules can diffuse. Charged molecules and bigger polar molecules cannot.
Explanation:
Substances that can diffuse through a membrane are called "diffusible substances." These can include gases, small molecules, and ions. For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse through a cell membrane, and ions like sodium and potassium can also diffuse through ion channels in the membrane.
what organelle would be like a camera
The organelle which would be like a camera is referred to as a chloroplast.
What is a Chloroplast?This is referred to as a double membranous organelle which is present in plant cells. It contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which is used during the process of photosynthesis in which plants make their food amd are known as producers.
It is similar to a camera because it is responsible for the trapping of light energy from the sun which is then used to power the processes which are involved in photosynthesis and ios therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correc tchoice.
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Occurs when a scar is not strong enough to prevent the reopening of a wound, called?
An outwardly or internally reopened surgical scar is known as wound dehiscence. It is sometimes referred to as dehiscence.
A surgical complication called wound dehiscence occurs when an incision, or cut made during surgery, reopens. It is also known as wound separation, wound breakdown, and wound disruption. The margins of an incision have peeled apart in one or even more small spots, which is referred to as partial dehiscence. Dehiscence is a side effect of suture failure, tension-induced shear stresses, or fascial necrosis due to infection and/or ischemic (2). Evisceration is the uncontrollable exteriorization of internal organ contents through a surgical scar that has broken open outside the abdominal cavity. Numerous factors, including ageing, diabetes, infections, obesity, smoking, and poor nutrition, can contribute to wound dehiscence.
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If the human pancrea i not functional,
Name the hormone which i deficient
Name the dieae
Diabetes is a disease that people are likely to develop as a result of low insulin levels.
Which hormone is in charge of the pancreas?The primary hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are somatostatin, which inhibits the production of glucagon and insulin, and insulin and glucagon, which regulate the amount of glucose in the blood.
The pancreas secretes two main hormones, what are they?In addition to glucagon, which raises blood sugar, the pancreas also produces insulin, which lowers blood sugar. The effective operation of important organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys, depends on maintaining healthy blood sugar levels.
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Question:-
If the human pancrease is not functional
i]name the hormone which will be deficient
ii]name the disease the human is likely to suffer from
crossing-over allows for genetic exchange between...?
When discussing genetics and genomics, the term crossing over is used to describe the transfer of DNA between pair homologous chromosomes, one from each parent, that takes place during the meiotic development of sperm and egg cells.
Why do cells switch over during meiosis?When two gametes eventually unite during sexual reproduction, a process known as crossing over produces gametes which contain new gene combinations, maximizing the genetic variety of every offspring that emerges.
Which phrases best sum up crossing over?A sperm cell and an egg cell cross over to form a new cell. Chromosome pairs that link up cause crossing over to occur. A new cell that crosses over into the original cell is guaranteed to be identical. New gene combinations are formed on chromosomes as a result of crossing over.
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the region in a bacterial cell where dna is located is called the
The nucleoid is the area of a bacterial cell that contains genomic DNA. DNA is arranged into a nucleoid, is circular, unencased, and not covered by a nuclear membrane in prokaryotes like bacteria.
Where is the bacterial cell's DNA located?nucleoid The bacterial chromosome is the single circular molecule that houses the majority of bacteria's DNA. The nucleoid is an irregular structure made up of the chromosome, several proteins, and RNA molecules. The bacterial cell's cytoplasm contains this.
Where is the cell's DNA located?cell nucleus Although a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is referred to as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA), the majority of DNA is found in the cell nucleus (where it is referred to as nuclear DNA).
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Laboratory instruments are sterilized prior to reuse by __________.
Laboratory instruments are sterilized prior to reuse by autoclaving (steam autoclave).
An autoclave is a device used in industrial and scientific procedures that call for higher temperature and pressure in comparison to ambient temperature. Before surgery, autoclaves are used to sterilize the area. In the chemical sector, autoclaves are used to vulcanize rubber, cure coatings, and perform hydrothermal synthesis.
Industrial autoclaves are employed in a variety of industrial settings, particularly in the production of composite materials. Sterilization autoclaves are frequently employed in the fields of microbiology and mycology, medicine and the manufacture of prostheses, tattooing and body piercing, and burial rituals.
They are frequently referred to as retorts in the chemical and food sectors and vary in size and function based on the medium to be sterilized.
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explain the difference between how autotrophs and heterotrophs acquire energy
Autotrophs are organisms that are able to produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They use energy from the sun or inorganic molecules to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, respectively. This process is called photosynthesis in plants and algae, and chemosynthesis in certain bacteria.
Heterotrophs, on the other hand, are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain energy by consuming other organisms. This can be done through absorption, ingestion, or inhalation. Heterotrophs obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules that are produced by autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
How do autotrophic organisms obtain energy differently than heterotrophic organisms?Autotrophic organisms obtain energy by using energy from sources such as the sun or inorganic molecules to convert simple compounds into more complex ones, through processes such as photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Heterotrophic organisms, on the other hand, obtain energy by consuming other organisms and breaking down their organic compounds for energy.
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What does clams eat?.
Clams actually don't have very ravenous appetites, although they do consume everything like Phytoplanktons, Algae, and Zooplankton,
Clams consume the organic material their filtration system captures, including algae, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and other organisms. These mollusks devour both plants and animals, albeit in very modest quantities, like the majority of omnivores do. Their aquatic environments contain moving organic material.
Clams have a few distinct ways of locating and ingesting food. With the aid of a conical muscle that resembles a "foot," they can walk around somewhat. They can arrange themselves in the water more effectively so obtaining nutrients. Clams, unlike oysters, don't attach themselves to anything substantial; instead, they just search out an area that is rich in food and then dig down sufficiently to remain in place while they consume.
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Which of the following is a correct function of bile?
A. To emulsify proteins
B. To provide enzymes for the digestion of lipids
C. To neutralise the alkaline conditions of food entering the duodenum
D. To increase the surface area of lipids for digestion
Bile's job is to break down fats into little bits so that fat-digesting enzymes can access them.
What does bile emulsify do?Bile acids break down large lipid droplets into smaller ones during the emulsification process, increasing the surface area for digesting enzymes. The amphipathic nature of bile salts makes emulsification possible [1].Bile's role is to break down fats into smaller bits so that fat-digesting enzymes may access them.Large fat droplets are broken up into extremely little droplets by bile. More fat molecules can now be exposed to the enzymes that aid in digestion thanks to this process.Bile's job is to break down fats into little bits so that fat-digesting enzymes can access them.To learn more about Bile's refer to:
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Bile, a greenish-yellow fluid made up of cholesterol, bile salts, and waste products, is secreted by the liver cells to serve two main purposes: to transport waste. to cause the digestion of fats.
Which is the correct function of bile?The liver produces and secretes bile, which is a fluid that is then kept in the gallbladder for later use. Digestion is facilitated by bile. The digestive system can absorb fatty acids that are produced from the breakdown of fats. In the small intestine, bile is released and has two functions: it neutralizes the acid and creates the alkaline conditions required for proper small intestinal function.
In order to provide the lipase enzymes more surface area to work with, it emulsifies fat, breaking up large droplets of fat into numerous smaller droplets. via means of fat emulsification, helps in fat digestion. Taking in fat and vitamins that are fat-soluble. bilirubin and extra cholesterol are excreted. provides an alkaline fluid to the duodenum in order to balance the chyme's acidic pH.
Therefore the correct answer is option D. To increase the surface area of lipids for digestion .
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what type of cell undergoes meiosis gamete or somatic
Meiosis occurs in gamete cells, also known as sex cells. Gametes are cells that are responsible for sexual reproduction and include sperm in males and eggs (or ova) in females.
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?Mitosis and meiosis are both types of cell division, but they have different purposes. Mitosis is the process by which somatic cells (any cells in the body other than gametes) divide and produce two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is the way that cells reproduce to form new cells for growth and repair. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the process by which gamete cells (sex cells) divide to produce reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. This allows for genetic diversity in offspring.
Meiosis is the process by which these cells divide and form reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell, allowing for genetic diversity in offspring. Somatic cells, on the other hand, are any cells in the body other than gametes and they undergo mitosis to produce new cells for growth and repair.
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Can a snail get itself pregnant?.
Yes, a snail can get itself pregnant even without a mate, by storing the male gamete in their bodies.
The majority of freshwater snails reproduce by themselves. These snails, known as hermaphrodites, are capable of producing both sperm and eggs on their own without the assistance of another snail. However, some species, like apple snails, need both male and female snails to reproduce. For several months, females can keep male gamete in their bodies. As a result, female snails must wait months after mating with a male snail before they may fertilise their eggs. People believe it to be snails reproducing on their own.
Snail eggs are small and round. Eggs from snails are about 2-3 mm in size. Its structure is jelly-like. Many of the hundreds of eggs that are attached to one another are translucent. The many snail species lay their eggs in various locations. Aquarium plants and other substrates can both contain snail eggs that are attached. Some eggs are able to float above the water.
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***100 points***
The spores of a fern
grow...
A. on the rhizomes underground.
B. on the underside of the fronds.
C. on the cones they produce.
D. on the stem of the plant.
Answer:
B
This is because when these germinate they grow into small hearted plants grow Prothalli
contains muscle that controls the size of the pupil
The iris sphincter muscle is a muscle located in the colored part of the eye called the iris. It is also known as the pupillary sphincter or sphincter pupillae.
The sphincter muscle fibers are near the pupillary margin and slightly anterior to the iris' pigmented epithelium.
It surrounds the pupil of the iris and constricts it in bright light via the pupillary light reflex or during accommodation. The iris regulates the amount of light that reaches the retina at the back of the eye by controlling the diameter of the pupil.
It regulates the flow of aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal and controls accommodation for viewing objects at different distances. It also alters the shape of the lens within the eye, but not the size of the pupil, which is controlled by the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles.
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