Because the sodium potassium pump operates via an active transport mechanism,
ATP is required for it to function. Active transport is best shown by the sodium potassium pump.
There are numerous binding sites on the sodium potassium pump. 3. Na+ binding sites and two K+ binding sites •
After binding of three Na+ ions to the carrier protein, an ATP is split, releasing a phosphate group. This phosphate attaches to the outside of the carrier protein, causing it to change shape.
• Protein shape changes result in the release of three Na+ ions into the interstitial fluid.
• When two potassium ions bind within the carrier protein, the shape changes again. One additional phosphate group is released here.
• Finally, the potassium molecule K+ ions are discharged into the environment.
• Finally, potassium ions (K+ ions) are discharged into the cytosol. The carrier returns to its original form, completing the cycle.
Thus, for every 3Na+ ions that leave the cell, 2K+ ions enter.
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Full Question :
Label Each Step With The Appropriate Description. Potassium Ions Released Into Cytosol. Inter Cyton Plasma Membrane ATP Dinding
in africa and other parts of the world, malaria parasites can cause deadly illness. individuals who are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia have some resistance to the malaria infection. this is known as
In Africa and other parts of the world, parasites of malaria can cause deadly disease. Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia possess some resistance to the malaria infection. This is known as heterozygote advantage.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease caused due change in one amino acid in the gene sequence of hemoglobin. This results in change of the shape of RBCs from oval to sickle-shaped. Such cells also have shorter life span than usual.
Heterozygote is the condition where a gene possess two alternating alleles. This can have various phenotypic effects as per the expression of the gene. In this condition only one allele may express its effect, both may express together or none of the may be able to express themselves effectively.
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an ecological pyramid is a represnetion of the distribuiton of organim in an ecosystme based on their trophic levle. what level has the greatet nubmer of organism and the greatest biomass in terrestrial ecosystems and most aquatic ecosystems
Description. An energy pyramid, also known as a trophic or ecological pyramid, is a graphical depiction of the energy found within the trophic layers of an ecosystem.
The bottom and greatest level of the pyramid is the producers and contains the highest quantity of energy.
A biomass pyramid is the depiction of total live biomass or organic matter present at different trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Biomass is estimated as the mass of live creatures present at each trophic level in a given sample size. Calories per unit area or dry weight in grams are two ways to see it.
graphical illustration of an ecological pyramid, also known as a trophic pyramid, Estonian pyramid, energy pyramid, or occasionally a food pyramid, is used to illustrate the biomass or bio-productivity at each trophic level in a particular ecosystem
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for the pedigree chart, the dominant trait is indicated by h, and individuals displaying that dominant phenotype are filled in. what is the likelihood that individual iii-6 could have children with the dominant phenotype?
A pedigree chart is a flowchart or diagrammatic depiction that shows the incidence and appearance, or phenotypes, of a certain gene or organism across time, along with its predecessors.
In the F-1 generation, there is one afflicted parent, and in the F-2 generation, there are two affected people. Therefore, as we previously mentioned, for a dominant trait to exist, one parent must be afflicted, or a kid with a dominant trait must have one affected parent. Examine the relationships between people in the F-2 generation right now. In the F-3 generation, which is likewise a dominant characteristic, you can observe unaffected parents having unaffected kids starting from the left. You can observe that in the other two associations, there are roughly equal numbers of afflicted boys and females, which suggests an autosomal inheritance.
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expalain the importance of managing water transport across the cell membrane
Water movement across cell membranes is necessary for cellular integrity, but it can cause problems.
What is cell membrane?The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and serves to separate the cell's interior from the outside environment. The cell membrane is build up of a semipermeable lipid bilayer. The cell membrane controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell.Water moves across cell membranes via diffusion and osmosis. The total solute concentrations and the permeabilities of the solutes relative to water determine the effective osmolality of a biological fluid.A small difference in solute concentration causes a large osmotic pressure gradient across the cell membrane, and animal cell membranes cannot withstand any significant pressure gradient.Without water, cell membranes will indeed lack structure, and cells will be unable to put important molecules within the cell and harmful molecules outside the cell.To learn more about cell membrane refer to :
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6. mendel documented a particulate mechanism through his experiments with garden pea. what are advantages of using peas?
Gregor Mendel explains his research with peas that demonstrated how genetics is passed down in distinct components.
People have long been aware of the similarities between parents and children, in both animal and plant families as well as in human families. Gregor Johann Mendel established the field of heredity research.
Peas are a wonderful source of zinc, antioxidants like vitamin C and E, and other nutrients that support a healthy immune system. Other vitamins and nutrients, such vitamins A and B and cholesterol, help to lessen inflammation and lower your risk of developing chronic illnesses like diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis.
If you believe that peas are a lowly, common vegetable, you must be mistaken! These tiny diamonds, about the size of a bead, pack a powerful nutritional and medicinal punch.
Peas are a member of the legume food category. Plants called legumes produce pods that contain seeds or beans. Lentils, soybeans, chickpeas, and all varieties of beans are additional items that belong to the family of legumes.
You can choose between three types of peas:
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What are the interests and conflicts that you see between the Lacks family, Johns Hopkins, the biotech firms selling HeLa, and the general scientific community? Given what you have read so far, how would you resolve those conflicts?
Answer:
There are several interests and conflicts that can be identified between the Lacks family, Johns Hopkins, the biotech firms selling HeLa, and the general scientific community.
The Lacks family has a strong interest in protecting the privacy and dignity of Henrietta Lacks, and in ensuring that her cells are not used for commercial or other purposes without their consent.
Johns Hopkins has an interest in protecting its reputation and in ensuring that it adheres to ethical standards in its research practices.
The biotech firms selling HeLa have an interest in maximizing their profits and in protecting their intellectual property rights.
The general scientific community has an interest in advancing knowledge and in ensuring that research is conducted ethically and in accordance with best practices.
One possible way to resolve these conflicts would be to establish a clear framework for informed consent and benefit sharing, in which research institutions, biotech firms, and other stakeholders involved in the use of HeLa cells are required to obtain explicit consent from the Lacks family, and to share a portion of the benefits arising from the use of these cells with the family. This could be done through the establishment of a trust or other legal mechanism, which could be overseen by an independent body or group of experts.
Additionally, efforts could be made to increase transparency and dialogue between the different parties involved, including through the establishment of regular meetings and communication channels, and through the development of education and outreach programs to raise awareness about the ethical issues surrounding the use of HeLa cells
Explanation:
ethanol (drinking alcohol) is an inhibitor of adh. therefore, a person consuming a couple of mixed drinks should excrete group of answer choices less water because adh promotes reabsorption. more water because adh normally promotes reabsorption. more water and the alcohol due to the adh inhibition. ketone bodies formed from the alcohol. the alcohol because adh cannot degrade it.
A person consuming a couple of mixed drinks should excrete more water and the alcohol due to the ADH inhibition.
ADH refers to antidiuretic hormone. It is released from the pituitary gland present in the brain. Its secretion is important because it regulates the amount of water in the body. Chronic alcohol consumption accelerates ADH-related alcohol metabolism to a limited extent. Alcohol predominantly reduces the release of ADH in the body, which results in more urine production and lesser water retention in the body. All caffeinated products have similar effects on ADH as alcohol. Water retention by the body is important because it is important for the flow of electrolytes and maintains the osmotic balance in the body. Hormones secretion and many cellular activities depend upon water, hence proper secretion of ADH is necessary.
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increases in insulin increase co2 production in liver and brain but not adipose tissue true or false?
The correct answer is false. Insulin speeds up glucose transport across cell membranes and promotes glycogen synthesis and slows down glycogen breakdown.
Adipokines, proinflammatory substances, and free fatty acids are released by adipose tissue, an endocrine organ that affects both glucose and lipid metabolism. These substances reduce muscle ATP synthesis and glucose metabolism, encourage the synthesis of harmful lipid metabolites, and change insulin signaling. Insulin affects adipose tissue in two ways: 1) by increasing glucose absorption and triglyceride synthesis, and 2) by reducing triglyceride hydrolysis and the release of FFA and glycerol into the bloodstream. Elevated plasma FFA levels have been demonstrated to impair muscle insulin signaling, promote hepatic gluconeogenesis, and impair glucose-stimulated insulin response. Adipose tissue insulin resistance, which is the impaired suppression of lipolysis in the presence of high insulin levels, has been linked to glucose intolerance.
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An example of a latent viral infection is
An example of a latent viral infection is a) cold sores.
In the field of science, a latent viral infection can be described as such a kind of infection in which the virus stays inside the host organism without causing noticeable symptoms in the beginning. Noticeable symptoms appear during the latent phase when the viral has invaded and multiplied using the host machinery.
An example of latent viral infection are cold sores that only occur later when the Herpes Simplex Virus invades the body of the host. Cold sores are not noticed in the body of the person unless there is a trigger force such as stress.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
An example of a latent viral infection is
a) cold sores
b) mumps
c) smallpox
d) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
e) influenza
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The positively charged particle in an atom is called a A. neutron. B. ion. C. proton. D. electron
The positively charged particle in an atom is called (c) proton.
The atom is composed of three fundamental particles: the electron, the neutron, and the proton. The nucleus of an atom is where you'll find the proton density. This is a very small but dense region that can be found in the middle of the atom. The proton possesses a positive charge of one, which is denoted by the symbol (+1), as well as a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu), which is equivalent to approximately 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg. Protons and neutrons make up most of an atom's mass. So option C is the right one.
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phospholipids in a bilayer are capable of all of the following types of movements except: a. flip-flop b. inversion c. flexion d. rotation e. lateral diffusion
Phospholipids in a bilayer are capable of all of the following types of movements except inversion and flexion.
So, the correct options are B &C.
The phospholipids in the lipid bilayer can move either radially, laterally, or transversely between the bilayers so that the membrane's fluid structure results from lateral movement. Although they do so much less frequently than lateral diffusion, phospholipids can flip-flop. No flip-flopping is possible with proteins. Larger molecules diffuse more slowly across lipid bilayers than small molecules, regardless of their polarity.
The flip-flopping of phospholipids across the bilayer is made possible by the dynamic behavior of hydrophobic single-membrane-spanning proteins, which results in brief defects in the lipid-helix interface. The surface of the bilayer allows individual lipid molecules to freely diffuse laterally. Flip-flop diffusion of phospholipid from one monolayer to the next is the motion type found least frequently in biological membranes.
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Cell adjust its environment using homeostasis regulation is that’s true or false
Explanation:
Homeostasis refers to stability, balance, or equilibrium within a cell or the body. It is an organism’s ability to keep a constant internal environment. Homeostasis is an important characteristic of living things. Keeping a stable internal environment requires constant adjustments as conditions change inside and outside the cell. The adjusting of systems within a cell is called homeostatic regulation. Because the internal and external environments of a cell are constantly changing, adjustments must be made continuously to stay at or near the set point (the normal level or range). Homeostasis can be thought of as a dynamic equilibrium rather than a constant, unchanging state.
"Dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago." This statement is an example of _____.
Answer:
simple et set ok be forst
which of the following processes does not involve redox reactions? select only one answer choice.
A. Glycolysis
B. The Citric Acid Cycle
C. Electron Transport Chain
D. All of the above involve redox reactions
E. Only B and C involve redox reactions
The above mentioned all involve redox reactions.
A is the best choice.
What is a redox reaction and an illustration?A redox reaction is when oxidation and reduction both occur simultaneously. CuO+H2→Cu+H2O. Example: While hydrogen is being oxidized to water in this reaction, copper oxide is being reduced to copper.
If there is a redox process, how do you know?Redox reactions are defined as those in which the oxidation number changes, showing both an increase and a drop in number. In the absence of this, the reaction is non-redox.
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the wings of birds and of bats are: a) homologous as both wings and forelimbs b) analogous as both wings and forelimbs c) homologous as wings and analogous as forelimbs d) analogous as wings and homologous as forelimbs
The bats and birds wings are b) analogous as both wings and forelimbs in both individuals.
Analogies are the end result of convergent evolution. Interestingly, aleven though fowl and bat wings are analogous as wings, as forelimbs they're analoguos. Birds and bats did now no longer inherit wings from a not unusualplace ancestor with wings, however they did inherit forelimbs from a not unusualplace ancestor with forelimbs.
Bat and fowl wings are examples of analogous structures. The wings of the bats are made from feathers that make bigger all alongside the arm. However, the wings of bats include flaps of pores and skin that reach among the bones of the hands however the wings of each organisms carry out the same characteristic of flying.
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improper reduction or immobilization of a fractured femur can result in which outcome after cast removal?
After cast removal, improper reduction or immobilization of a fractured femur can result in malalignment of the fracture, pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and decreased strength in the affected limb.
Improper reduction or immobilization of a fractured femur can result in malunion. Malunion is a condition where the fracture fragments heal in a position that is different from their original alignment, resulting in a deformity.
Step by step, the outcome of improper reduction or immobilization of a fractured femur is as follows:
1. The fracture fragments fail to heal in the correct alignment due to improper reduction or immobilization of the fractured femur.
2. As a result, the fracture fragments heal in a position that is different from their original alignment.
3. This creates a deformity in the bone, which is known as malunion.
4. After cast removal, the patient may experience pain, stiffness, or deformity at the fracture site due to the malunion.
5. In some cases, the patient may require additional surgery to correct the deformity caused by the malunion.
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What are the three characteristics of division coniferophyta.
Explanation:
※The three characteristics of division coniferophyta are:☞They are non-flowering plants due to their lack of ovary wall.☞They have needle like leaves which help to conserve against water loss in plant.☞Their reproductive structures and seeds are grown from cones.Coniferophyta, or the Conifers, is a classification of vascular plants that comprise trees, shrubs, and other plants with scale- or needle-like leaves and seeds that are often enclosed in a cone or strobilus. Coniferophyta has a number of important traits, including:
Woody structure: Coniferophyta are known for their woody structures, which have thick, sturdy stems and branches that support the plant. Some conifer species are shrubs or smaller plants, but many conifer species are trees.
Leaves that resemble needles or scales: Conifers have leaves that are typically thin and elongated and either resemble needles or scales. Scale-like leaves are smaller and more rounded, whereas needle-like leaves are long and pointed.
Seeds encased in a cone or strobilus: Conifers reproduce by producing seeds that are enclosed in a woody structure called a cone or strobilus, which is a cone-shaped structure. Usually developed at the ends of the plant's branches, the cone or strobilus grows and releases its seeds once it has dried out.
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Which of the following is true of RNA processing? (A) Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus. (B) Nucleotides are added at both ends of the RNA. (C) Ribozymes may function in the addition of a 5 ' cap. (D) RNA splicing adds a poly-A tail to the mRNA.
Before mRNA exits the nucleus, exons are removed.
The process of splicing involves cutting off certain RNA transcript segments (introns), then joining the remaining segments (exons) back together. Some genes have the ability to alternate splice, which produces several matured mRNA molecules from a single beginning transcript. Splicing, a process by which internal non-coding portions (introns) are eliminated and coding regions (exons) are combined to form functional mRNAs for exportation to the cytoplasm, is often required for maturation. The process by which the initial transcripts from a gene assumes its mature form is collectively referred to as "RNA processing." Transcripts from nuclear histone genes get a 5′ cap structure very quickly once RNA polymerase II starts to synthesize them.
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the alleles of the i gene determine the abo blood groups. the ab blood group is an example of interaction between a multiple allelic series with the following alleles: ia, ib and i alleles. a woman with type b blood has a child with type a blood. she is unsure of who the father is among two young men she has known. one of them is type a and the other is type o. what can be concluded concerning the paternity of this child?
A woman with type B blood has a child with type A blood then the Father has blood type A.
Human blood is determined by codominant alleles. IA, IB, and i are the three distinct alleles. The IA and IB alleles are codominant, while the i allele is recessive.
Type A and Type B individuals can be either homozygous (IAIA or IBIB, respectively) or heterozygous (IAi or IBi, respectively) for the blood group. Type AB and Type O are the other possible human phenotypes.
A child can be born to a parent with the A blood type and another with the B blood type. It is possible to have a child with either the A, B, or AB blood type if one parent has A and the other has AB. It is possible to have a child with either the A or O blood type if one parent has A blood and the other has O blood.
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Inducible and repressible systems are similar in that ______a. In both systems the regulatory molecules function by binding the operator.b. both systems block transcription through the presence of regulatory protein.c. both systems usually control biosynthetic pathways. d. both systems usually control catabolic pathways.e. both systems are unique to prokaryotes.
Both genomes have contiguous groups of functionally linked genes. Additionally, both operons share common regulatory components that control the regulation of their genes.
Inducible and repressible systems: what are they?Some operons are inducible, which means that a specific tiny molecule can activate them. Others are repressible, which means they are switched on by default, and can be turned off by a single molecule.
What distinguishes repressible operons from inducible operons?Normal transcription of an inducible operon does not occur. To activate transcription, an inducer molecule must either activate the activator protein in a positive inducible operon or inactivate the repressor protein in a negative inducible operon.
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an emg (electromyogram) measures electrical activity
When a nerve stimulates a muscle, electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle's reaction or electrical activity.
What is measured by an EMG, or electromyogram?An examination of the muscles and the nerve cells that govern them using electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic procedure (motor neurons). Results from EMG tests may show issues with nerve function, muscle function, or nerve-to-muscle signal transmission.
What does an EMG measure?Term in this set (14) The electromyography (EMG) measures what? The somatic motor neuron that causes a muscle to contract is measured by the EMG, which measures overall voltage changes between two electrodes.
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q4. identify which statement is false [0.5pts] a. eukaryotic genomes are larger than prokaryotic genomes. b. within eukaryotes, genome size is a reliable predictor of phenotypic complexity. c. eukaryotes have lower gene densities than prokaryotes. d. most eukaryotic dna does not code for protein.
The eukaryotes have lower gene densities than prokaryotes' statement is false.
Prokaryotic genomes have substantially greater gene densities than eukaryotic genomes, which is defined as the number of genes per million base pairs (also known as a megabase, or Mb). The human genome has 12–15 genes per megabyte or genes.
Compared to prokaryotes, the gene density of eukaryotic nuclear genomes is typically low, but certain eukaryotic lineages (including numerous parasites and endosymbionts) have independently evolved extremely compacted gene-dense genomes.
Prokaryotes are simpler organisms, hence their gene density is larger. Gene density has an inverse relationship with complexity. Eukaryotes, which are more complex organisms, have lower gene densities than prokaryotes, which are simpler organisms.
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Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________. a. epiphyseal plate b. perichondrium c. periosteum d. medullary cavity
Option A: The epiphyseal plate's activity causes bones to lengthen.
The growth plate sometimes referred to as the epiphyseal plate, is found at the tip of long bones in between the metaphyses and epiphyses.
In the developing bodies of youngsters and adolescents, the hyaline cartilage that makes up the epiphyseal plate ossifies to form new bone. After puberty, the epiphyseal growth plate shuts.
This often happens around the ages of 13 and 15 for girls and between 15 and 17 for boys. A person who sustains an injury to their growth plates while the long bone is still forming runs the risk of experiencing issues with that bone's growth and development, including the possibility that the wounded bone will cease growing.
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Directions: Below are the significant events that occur during cell division. Identify which stages of Meiosis through Meiosis Il, including the interphase the following events occur; Write your answer in CAPITAL LETTERS_ Homologous chromosomes separate from each other 2. Crossing-over occurs 3. Individual chromatids move to each end of the cell; Two haploid daughter cells are formed_ Cells undergo round of DNA replication Homologous chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell: 7. Four haploid daughter cells are formed 8. Spindle fibers pull homologous pairs to ends of the cell: Nuclear membrane reappears and the chromosomes decondense_ 10. The cell initially grows
Interphase, more precisely the G phase of interphase, comes before it. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase are the same number and order of phases in Meiosis I and II, respectively. From each parent cell, each generate two daughter cells.
What meiotic stage is interphase?The G1, S, and G2 phases of the interphase, which comes before meiosis, resemble those that precede mitosis in many ways. The first interphase phase, commonly known as the G1 phase or first gap phase, is primarily concerned with cell proliferation.
Why are meiosis I and IL separated?One diploid parent cell initiates meiosis, which results in four haploid daughter cells.
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A general characteristic of epithelial tissues is that ____. a. numerous blood vessels are present. b. cells are spaced apart. c. cells readily divide. d. there is much extracellular matrix between cells. e. they contain collagenous fibers.
c. cells readily divide, In order for epithelial tissue to perform its protective role of the body as well as its internal organs, injured or destroyed cells must be quickly replaced.
Which of the following describes epithelial tissue?covers the free body surfaces, contains different glands but no blood vessels, and is attached with connective tissue by the a basement membrane.
What are the epithelial tissue's four characteristics?Despite the fact that epithelial tissue comes in a variety of forms, all epithelial tissue shares the same five characteristics: cellularity, polarity, connection, vascularity, & regeneration.
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nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called central plexuses. autonomic plexuses. somatic plexuses. autonomic ganglia. somatic ganglia.
Central plexuses are the name for nerve networks with sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that all travel to the same structur automobile plexuses.
What is the term for a sympathetic and parasympathetic network?Involuntary physiological activities including heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, and sexual arousal are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, a part of the peripheral nervous system. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric are its three physically separate divisions.
Can a nerve have both parasympathetic and sympathetic functions?Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate several target areas (eg the heart, the iris muscle, some salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract and pelvic organs).
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se the drop-down menus to complete each statement. during the third trimester, the fetus rapidly gains weight.
The third trimester is a continuation of fetal development. Your infant will begin to open his or her eyes, put on weight, and get ready to be delivered.
What takes place during a pregnancy's third trimester?Your fetus' size and weight continue to increase during the third trimester. The lungs are still developing, and the fetus is moving toward a head-down position. The fetus is roughly 19 to 21 inches long and weighs 6 to 9 pounds on average at the end of the third trimester.
What causes a third-trimester weight gain that is rapid?During the third trimester, many women will gain weight quickly. This is because, according to the Office on Women's Health (OWH), the fetus typically gains the most weight during this time.
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the inducible operon regulates pathways and repressible operon regulates pathways. a) glycolysis.......krebs cycle b) substrate level......oxidative phosphorylation c) anabolic.....catabolic d) catabolic....anabolic e) endergonic....exergonic
This metabolic pathway is utilized both when catabolism is present and as an anabolic cellular principle. Access: Function Citric Acid Synthesis.
What do a repressible operon and an inducible operon mean?Some operons can be activated by the presence of a specific tiny molecule, a property known as induction. Others are repressible, which means that while they are on by default, a little molecule has the ability to turn them off.
What is regulated by repressible operons?E. coli's trp operon regulates the manufacture of tryptophan in cells from its first precursor chorismic acid. The genes for five proteins, which are needed to make three enzymes, are found in this operon.
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which statement describes how wastes are eliminated from cells? responses waste particles are eliminated by the process of diffusion as they move from areas of high to low concentration. waste particles are eliminated by the process of diffusion as they move from areas of high to low concentration. waste particles are eliminated by the process of diffusion as they move from areas of low to high concentration. waste particles are eliminated by the process of diffusion as they move from areas of low to high concentration. all waste particles are eliminated by the process of osmosis as they move from areas of high to low concentration. all waste particles are eliminated by the process of osmosis as they move from areas of high to low concentration. all waste particles are eliminated by the process of osmosis as they move from areas of low to high concentration. all waste particles are eliminated by the process of osmosis as they move from areas of low to high concentration.
As they travel from areas of high to low concentration, waste particles are removed via the process of diffusion.
How are waste products removed from cells?Exocytosis is the process by which a lysosome discharges cellular waste when it encounters garbage it cannot reuse by joining with the cell membrane. The lysosome's essential function in cellular health and sickness has come into greater focus for biologists over the past ten years.
How do cells take in nutrients and get rid of waste?Summary. Cells receive oxygen and nutrients from the circulatory system, while waste is removed. Different sides of the heart pump blood that is oxygenated and blood that is not. Among the different blood vessel kinds are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
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Photorespiration occurs mainly in? A CAM plants_ B. C3 plants C4 plants_ all of the answer choices_ Wihich statement NOT trule abou: photosystems? Elactone are transfered along thc membranc fom natosustam Phatos ystom Electton; tha reactinn center molecula Are excited hy Absorhed wolar enerjy and Are pasred alona acrertar maleciile Each phatosystem conlalns numerous plgmont mcleculos that actas antennas capturo Iighl: Photosyslem cniains raaclinn canter Molecula thalidses elertrans *hich Arethen raainati Dy alactons " Iiom Waten Which of the following pairs is correct? C4 plants stoma that contain chlorophyll B. CAM plants epidermal cells that contain chlorophyll CC3 plants bundle sheath cells contain chlorophyll C4 plants bundle sheath cells contain chlorophyll Which process reduces molecular oxygen to water? A. the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C.the electron transport system D.fermentation
Photorespiration occurs mainly in C3 plants and C4 plants.
What is Photorespiration?
Photorespiration (also called the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C2 cycle) refers to the process of plant metabolism in which the enzyme RuBisCO supplies oxygen to RuBP, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis. The desired reaction is the addition of carbon dioxide to RuBP (carboxylation), a key step in the Calvin-Benson cycle, but about 25% of RuBisCO reactions add oxygen to RuBP instead (oxygenation), where creates unused artifacts. It could be a Calvin-Benson cycle. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis and may reduce the photosynthetic output of C3 plants by 25%. Photorespiration involves a complex network of enzymatic reactions that exchange metabolites between chloroplasts, leaf peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
The oxygenation reaction of RuBisCO is a wasteful process as 3-phosphoglycerate is produced at a slower rate and at a higher metabolic cost compared to the activity of RuBP carboxylase. As the photorespiratory carbon cycle ultimately leads to the formation of G3P, approximately 25% of the photorespiratory carbon is released as CO2 and nitrogen as ammonia. Ammonia must be detoxified at a significant cost to cells. Photorespiration also has a direct cost of ATP and NAD(P)H.
Therefore, Photorespiration occurs mainly in C3 plants and C4 plants.
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