Answer:
a. transcription unit -------------------> The section of the DNA strand to be copied into messenger RNA
b. RNA polymerase -------------------> The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA
c. termination signal -------------------> The DNA code that stops the transcription process
d. uracil -------------------> The base that replace thymine in RNA molecules
e. promotor -------------------> The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied
f. introns -------------------> The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing
g. exons -------------------> The parts of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein
Explanation:
Transcription unit:
Transcription unit is a short sequence of DNA that is transcribed into RNA. The transcription unit contains the promoter and the coding region for one or more genes. The coding region can be any length, but it must contain enough information to code for a protein. Transcription units are often called genes because they encode proteins; however, they do not necessarily encode all of the same proteins in an organism. For example, some bacteria have only one gene encoding a protein involved in nitrogen metabolism while humans have many different genes encoding similar proteins involved in this process.
RNA polymerase:
The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA is called an RNA polymerase. The process begins with an initiation step, in which a specific sequence on the template DNA binds to a specific site on the core protein (called RPA). Once bound, the initiator tRNA molecule forms a ternary complex with RPA and ribosomal subunits. This ternary complex then moves along by sliding along microtubules until it reaches its active site where it can bind to mRNA molecules and initiate their synthesis.
Termination signal:
The termination signal is a short sequence of nucleotides that signals to stop transcription and start translation. It is found at the end of most genes, but not all. It acts as an inhibitor of DNA replication and transcription. The term "terminal" means the end, or final stage, of something. Termination signals are used in many different organisms to control the growth and development of cells during embryonic development, including plants and animals. They are also used by bacteria to regulate gene expression (the process by which genes make proteins). In eukaryotes (organisms with complex multicellular structures), they can be found on chromosomes or at specific sites called promoters where they act as molecular switches
Uracil:
The base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules is uracil. The chemical formula of uracil is C(5H)-U-N(1). The chemical name for uracil is 5-methyluracil. The base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules is uracil. Uracil is a derivative of uric acid, which is a breakdown product of purines, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The enzyme that synthesizes uracil from its precursor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) uses energy from glucose to reduce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ADP-ribose, an intermediate in the synthesis of nucleotides. This reaction takes place on ribosomes, small organelles within cells that are responsible for protein synthesis.
Promoter:
In other words, we want to copy a piece of DNA that is located upstream from where it is being copied. The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied is a region of DNA that includes the nucleotides (A, T, C and G) that are used in the replication process. This is also called the 'promoter' or 'core promoter'. The core promoter has been defined as follows: "The sequence of nucleotides immediately 5' of ATG [the start codon] which initiates transcription."
Introns:
The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing is called introns. Introns are short sequences of DNA found within the genes of eukaryotic organisms. The function of introns has been a source of much speculation and controversy, but their removal from messenger RNAs (mRNAs) seems to be essential for the proper functioning of cells. In fact, it has been suggested that the removal of introns may be one reason why many viruses have evolved to encode their own mRNA molecules with the same information as host mRNAs.
Exons:
Exon is the part of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein. exon, intron and promoter are all parts of mRNA. The exon codes for a specific amino acid in a protein. Mutation or deletion of an exon can cause disease or produce abnormal proteins (e.g., cystic fibrosis).
Which variable should be changed in an experiment to test the best conditions for bacteria to grow? the type of bacteria used the length of time that the bacteria are left alone the size of the original colony of bacteria the material that the bacteria feed upon
An experiment to test the best conditions for bacteria to grow is the material that the bacteria feed upon. Option D.
Antibacterial hand soap with different concentrations. Dependent variable bacterial growth as measured by the diameter of the zone of inhibition. Exposing Petri dishes to different temperatures can skew the level of bacterial growth they inhabit. Plant height is the dependent variable that responds to changes in the independent variable.
Sunlight is the controlling variable because each plant is exposed to the same amount of sunlight. It is the dependent variable because it measures the amount of plant growth. The dependent variable depends on the independent variable. How much plants grow depends on how much sun they receive. A continuous increase in temperature from a minimum value increases the rate of bacterial growth because the rate of metabolic reactions increases with increasing temperature.
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In one paragraph, explain why caucasians are more lactose persistent (tolerant) than the rest of the group of people in the world.
Answer:
Caucasians are more lactose persistent because they come from a long line of people who have been able to adapt to the lactose in milk. They have a mutation in their DNA that allows them to break down the lactose into glucose and galactose, which are then used for energy by the body.
the mammary glands secrete milk in response to circulating oxytocin. a suckling baby feeding on this milk stimulates additional oxytocin release. these related events are an example of .
More suckling produces increased prolactin, which leads to more lactation. This is a positive feedback system as the product (milk) produces more suckling and hormone.
What is the feedback mechanism?A physiological control system in a living organism that works to return the body to its normal internal condition, also known as homeostasis, is called a feedback mechanism. In the natural world, feedback mechanisms can be discovered in a wide range of ecosystems and different kinds of animals.
A positive feedback mechanism is responsible for controlling the production and secretion of oxytocin. In this mechanism, the release of the hormone induces an action that stimulates more of the hormone's own release. Oxytocin is released, for instance, when the contractions of the uterus begin during labor and delivery of a baby.
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What type of mutation has occurred in the following example?
A.) deletion mutation
B.) germ-cell mutation
C.) insertion mutation
Use the screenshot to answer this question. Which letter choice is correct? A, B, or C?
The type of mutation that has occurred in the example is insertion mutation. So the correct option is C.
What is a insertion mutation?This type of mutation is one that will involve the addition of nucleotides in a segment of DNA, they can be either one or a complete part of a chromosome. In the image it can be seen that there is an insertion of "A" in the mutated sequence, which gives us an indication that the mutation that was generated is the insertion one.
This mutation can be dangerous since it can change the encoding of some type of amino acid, thus affecting the formation of a certain protein, which can make it abnormal or useless for its purpose. And if we are lucky, the mutation will not occur in an exon, which will not alter the coding of amino acids.
Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is C. insertion mutation.
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During the end reaction of the electron transport chain, oxygen becomes ________.
During the end reaction of the electron transport chain, oxygen becomes water.
What is the electron transport chain?The electron trаnsport chаin is а series of proteins аnd orgаnic molecules found in the inner membrаne of the mitochondriа. Electrons аre pаssed from one member of the trаnsport chаin to аnother in а series of redox reаctions. Energy releаsed in these reаctions is cаptured аs а proton grаdient, which is then used to mаke АTP in а process cаlled chemiosmosis. Together, the electron trаnsport chаin аnd chemiosmosis mаke up oxidаtive phosphorylаtion.
Аt the end of the electron trаnsport chаin, electrons аre trаnsferred to moleculаr oxygen, which splits in hаlf аnd tаkes up [tex]H^{+}[/tex] to form wаter.
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help me asp please thank you
Answer:
girls often going to puberty fastertha boys?How have freshwater and saltwater fish adapted to deal with osmosis in their respective environments? (site 1).
Answer:Water for Replacement
Explanation:
Salt water fish are perfectly adapted to their salty environment and need osmosis to live. The replacement fluid taken on to replace the lost water is desalinated by a process known as diffusion. Diffusion allows fish to live in a state of constant osmosis.
earths population continues to grow daily. which of the following statements best illustrates a possible consequence of such rapid growth?
The statement that describes that Earth's population is growing daily and it's possible consequence is that people will begin using fossil fuels less.
Population is outlined as all nationals gift in, or quickly absent from a rustic, and aliens for good settled in a very country. This indicator shows the quantity of individuals that sometimes sleep in a region. Growth rates are the annual changes in population ensuing from births, deaths and internet migration throughout the year.
Fossil fuels are made up of moldering plants and animals. These fuels are found within the Earth's crust and contain carbon and chemical element, which might be burned for energy. Coal, oil, and fossil fuel are samples of fossil fuels.
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Earths population continues to grow daily. which of the following statements best illustrates a possible consequence of such rapid growth?
More oxygen will be available in the atmosphere.
Competition for natural resources will increase.
More land will be available for human habitation.
People will begin using fossil fuels less.
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Which situation best illustrates the role of businesses in the circular flow of goods?.
The situation which best illustrates the role of businesses in the circular flow of goods is by a company designs a new line of laptops.
What is company?
A group of people can come together to legally form a corporation to do business and run a commercial or industrial venture. Depending on its jurisdiction's corporate legislation, a corporation may be set up in a variety of ways for tax and financial liability reasons.
Therefore, The situation which best illustrates the role of businesses in the circular flow of goods is by a company designs a new line of laptops.
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Can you explain why int he end the burning paper lifted off?
Answer:
Combustion.
Explanation:
For example, when paper is burned oxygen from the air combines with carbon and hydrogen in the paper turning some of it into carbon dioxide and water vapor, which waft away with carbon particulates in the smoke.
Brain waves that are lowest in frequency and highest in amplitude are called _____________ waves.
The brain waves that exhibit the lowest frequency, as well as highest amplitude, are called Theta waves.
In an electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, a wave represents any kind of brain activity that is registered in the form of a wave. These waves are of distinct kinds. Theta waves exhibit a frequency of four to seven waves per second. These types of waves with the lowest frequency depict slow activity in the brain but also have the strongest signal due to the highest amplitude.
The other brain waves include Alpha waves, Beta waves, etc. The Alpha waves have a frequency of about 8 to 13 waves per second.
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The roosevelt corollary was theodore roosevelt’s addition to the monroe doctrine; it stated that.
The corollary asserted that not only were the countries of the Western Hemisphere closed to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had a duty to maintain law and order and safeguard people's lives and property there.
What did this quiz on the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine serve to accomplish?The Roosevelt Corollary was a significant addition to the Monroe Doctrine since it communicated with countries in Europe and Latin America. It said that the United States would not put up with European meddling in the region and that it would police the area to keep things peaceful.
What was the Monroe Doctrine and how did the Roosevelt Corollary build upon it?In contrast to the Monroe Doctrine, which said that European nations should avoid Latin America, the Roosevelt Corollary went a step further and stated that the United States had the authority to use military action against those nations to prevent European nations from entering.
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Portions of eukaryotic mrna sequence that are removed during rna processing are ________.
Portions of eukaryotic mrna sequence that are removed during rna processing are INTRONS.
This section is referred to as INTRON. A split gene’s intron is a section of the pre-RNA transcript that is typically deleted for destruction during RNA processing. A non-coding, intervening section of the primary transcript known as an intron is not required for genetic coding.A genetic problem can be corrected and an organism’s physical and chemical conditions can be improved through the high-tech method of genome editing, which allows scientists to replace, add, and delete DNA sequences in living things including bacteria, animals, plants, and others.The process of transcription can be described as the rewriting of information from a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) into a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) using the enzyme RNA polymerase.Following the transcription of an RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule from a eukaryotic gene, intron-containing regions are excised, and the exons that remain are spliced together to create an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence.
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What is homeostasis?
acute tubular necrosis (atn) is the most common cause of intrinsic renal failure. what are the most common causes of ischemic atn? select all that apply.
ATN is frequently caused by a lack of oxygen and blood to the renal tissues. It might also occur if a harmful substance destroys the renal cells.
What sets the kidney apart from the renal?While renal is an adjective, kidney is a noun. The two terms don't form a tautology. The word renal has a Latin root (ren). The words meaning kidneys in Spanish, Italian, & French are extremely similar to the English "renal" (rein).
What are renal problems?Rarely do kidneys lose their capacity to filter and clean blood. This could lead to the buildup of hazardous waste levels. This is renal failure (or kidney failure). If untreated, this may be fatal.
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the age of viability is the time when the fetus: group of answer choices might survive outside the uterus has developed all of its major organs begins to move will be born without defects
Age of viability refers to the age between 22 and 26 weeks at which a fetus can survive in the event of a premature birth.
What is age of viability?
Fetal viability is the ability of a human fetus to survive outside uterus
Medical viability is considered to be between 23 and 24 weeks gestational ageViability depends upon factors such as birth weight, gestational age, and availability of advanced medical care.Gestational age is major determining factor in whether a baby will be viable, since the longer a fetus spends in the womb, more fully developed it is when it enters the world.learn more about fetal viability at ... - Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/28177967
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A characteristic of hormones and enzymes that allows them to work effectively with other organic molecules is their.
Their specific shape is the characteristic of hormones and enzymes that allows them to work effectively with other organic molecules.
What are hormones and enzymes?
Enzymes:
Enzymes are catalysts for reactions that occur. They speed up the rate of reactions without undergoing any changes themselves.Most enzymes are proteins. Enzymes retain their chemical makeup even after use, which is why they can be reused.External factors such as temperature, pH levels, etc affect the regulation of enzymes acutely. Enzymes are produced by Exocrine glands. ( salivary glands, gastric glands)Examples are protease, amylase, and lipase, etc.Hormones:
Hormones are messengers that trigger many functions in our body. Hormones can be proteins, amino acids and even steroids. The chemical composition of hormones changes after use, hence they may or may not be reused.Hormones are not affected by external factors as acutely as enzymes.Hormones are produced by Endocrine glands. ( thyroid and pituitary glands)Examples are Melatonin, Insulin etc.Therefore, their specific shape is the characteristic of hormones and enzymes that allows them to work effectively with other organic molecules.
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Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?.
what traits do modern humans have? group of answer choices a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin thicker postcranial bones than archaic homo sapiens large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex
The answer is a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small brow ridges.
What is a modern human?
Homo sapiens that are physically compatible with the variety of phenotypes observed in modern humans are referred to as early modern humans or anatomically modern humans to separate them from extinct archaic human species. Modern people are typically distinguished from older humans in terms of anatomy by having lighter-built skeletons.
Many of the physical and behavioural traits that modern humans have evolved share some similarities with other early human species, though not to the same extent.
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Coactivation is a phenomenon in which contraction of an agonist muscle leads to _______ in the antagonist muscle.
It occurs when the agonist muscle contracts while the antagonist muscle relaxes.
What exactly is coactivation a phenomenon?When the agonist and antagonist muscles (also known as synergist muscles) around a joint contract at the same time to maintain joint stability, this is known as muscular coactivation. Since two muscle groups are contracting at once, it is sometimes referred to as muscle cotraction.
Exactly why is coactivation required?According to our findings, coactivation of the antagonist is essential for the ligaments to maintain joint stability, balance the pressure distribution across the articular surface, and control the mechanical impedance of the joint.
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What causes low enzyme activity?.
Answer:
sub-optimal conditions
Explanation:
Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, and concentration. Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a substrate.
Mendelian inheritance does not apply to the inheritance of alleles that result in incomplete dominance and codominance. Explain why this is so.
Mendelian inheritance does not apply to the inheritance of alleles that result in incomplete dominance and codominance because the phenotypic ratio in mendelian inheritance corresponds to cases of complete dominance.
What is the genetic phenomenon of complete dominance?The genetic phenomenon of complete dominance makes reference to the process in which only one allele or gene variant is expressed in some loci for heterozygous individuals, thereby masking the expression of another allele called the recessive allele.
Mendel described the phenomenon of complete dominance in pea plants because they produce a proportion of 3:1 ratio in a hybrid cross for a single locus.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the genetic phenomenon of complete dominance is described by Mendel in his experiments, while other genetic phenomena of allelic interaction such as in the case of incomplete dominance or codominance were not investigated by him.
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what is the main piece of evidence that shows the moon and Earth used to be connected
Answer: Moon Rocks
Explanation if needed :) - most compelling evidence is the 382 kilograms of Moon rocks brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions.
he division of a bacterial cell occurs as the: multiple choice chromosomes are pulled toward the ends of the cell. cell wall develops cracks around the equator of the cell. actin and microtubules constrict the cytoplasm. new membrane and cell wall materials begin to grow and form a septum.
The division of a bacterial cell occurs as the chromosomes are pulled toward the ends of the cell (option A).
What is cell division?Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two cells. All living organisms are capable of undergoing cell division.
Bacteria grow and reproduce by the process of binary fission. A bacterial cell begins to divide when the number of its cellular components reaches a critical mass.
The DNA must first be replicated and then allocated into the daughter cells. The cytoplasmic contents must also be divided to give both new cells the machinery to sustain life.
In bacterial cells specifically, the genome consists of a single, circular DNA chromosome; therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. The circular double-stranded DNA molecule makes up the bacterial chromosome, which then segregates into the opposite sides of the cell.
Therefore, it can be said that the pulling of chromosomes towards the end of the cell begins the process of cell division in bacteria.
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a specific type of point mutation called a(n) mutation is a base substitution that changes a single amino acid in a polypeptide sequence.
Missense mutation is specific type of point mutation called a(n) mutation is a base substitution that changes a single amino acid in a polypeptide sequence.
A missense mutation is a DNA change that end up at different amino acids being encoded at a particular position in the resulting protein.
When a genetic alteration occurs in single base pair it substitute and alters the genetic code in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid at that position. This alteration in mutation is termed as missense mutation .
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Choose the combination of factors that creates snow. Record the description of the factors in the Student Guide. Relative Humidity low Air Temperature' cold Air Pressure low
Warm temperatures, high pressure, and high humidity. Reason: I hope this was helpful!
Is 80% humidity too high?The recommended indoor humidity range, according to experts, for comfort and avoiding negative health impacts is between 35 or 60 percent. It's more likely that you'll develop certain health problems if you spend time in a house or workplace where the humidity is more than 60%.
What humidity level is uncomfortable?Dry and pleasant conditions are less than and equal to 55. getting "sticky" with humid evenings between the ages of 55 and 65. higher than that or equivalent to 65: The air is humid and starting to feel oppressive.
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Which two properties of glucokinase explain why it is an ideal glucose sensor capable of stimulating insulin release from the pancreas?.
Two properties of glucokinase are its functions as the beta cell's glucose sensor by controlling the rate of glucose entry into the glycolytic pathway and subsequent metabolism.
It is well capable of insulin stimulation release from the pancreas. Particularly in the postprandial phase, glucose kinase is crucial for the liver's ability to store glucose as glycogen. High glucokinase activity is essential for postprandial glucose phosphorylation, metabolic signal synthesis in glucose-induced insulin secretion in beta cells, and the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver.
Glucokinase is referred to as the "glucose sensor of the beta-cell" due to its strict control over the release of insulin. As a result, early in the disease, hyperinsulinemia may be brought on by excessive glycolysis, which can be reduced to restore the normal stimulus-secretion coupling.
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Explain what happens to the cell cycle if both alleles of the gene encoding p53 are mutated.
The tumour suppressor gene p53 serves as a crucial cell cycle regulator. It is a recessive gene. If only one p53 allele is altered, the p53 gene will continue to operate and, if there are sufficient gene changes in the cell, apoptosis (programmed cell death) will occur.
Even with large mutations, cancer will develop if two p53 alleles are mutated because the cell will not get the signal to apoptose.The result is apoptosis, in which the cell kills itself. Multicellular organisms can undergo the programmed cell death process known as apoptosis. It is a tightly managed and regulated process that benefits an organism at different stages of its life cycle.An essential regulator of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the protein p53. To ensure that every cell in our body has healthy DNA, p53 aids in the death of damaged or cells with damaged DNA.Because p53 is a strong regulator of the cell cycle, p53 mutations lead to the development of cancer.By activating p21, which in turn inhibits G1 cyclin CDK and prevents the cell from entering the S phase or synthesis phase, p53 kills the injured cells.
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how are synthetic products made from petroleum different from synthetic products made from plants and animals
A synthetic substance is one that has been created through a chemical reaction that took place in a lab or factory using a natural material.
Can plants be used to create synthetic goods?All kinds of natural resources can be chemically altered or modified by humans to create synthetic items. Plants and animals, as well as metals, minerals, and other naturally occurring resources on Earth, can be used to create synthetic items.
What distinguishes Class 8 natural and synthetic fibers?Natural fibers are those that are produced utilizing only organic raw materials, including plants and animals. The fibers produced through chemical synthesis are known as synthetic fibers.
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parental gametes always contain the dominant alyou are a cat breeder who suspects that the genes controlling paw color and fur length are linked, with white paws and short fur being dominant. to test this, you have developed a pure-breeding line of white pawed, short fur cats, and another pure-breeding line of dark pawed, long fur cats. what cross should you do to test whether the genes are linked?eles for linked genes. true false
To test for linkage in the paw color and fur length genes of the cat, the two pure-breeding lines must be crossed with each other to produce the F1 generation. And then test cross must be performed with the F1 progeny to know about the genetic information.
Linkage is the phenomenon that describes the distance between two genes in a chromosome. If the distance between two genes is less than 50 centimorgan the genes are said to be linked and they inherit together, otherwise if the distance is equal to or more than 50 centimorgan they are not linked.
Test cross is the type of cross where the genotype of an individual can be detected by making it cross with a homozygous recessive individual.
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