maxwell manufacturing issued $480,000, 12-year, 8% bonds at 107.00. what is the issue price of these bonds?

In contrast, the excess-supply of pesos will create an increased demand for South Korean won in the market for foreign-exchange.

When there is an increase in supply of Mexican pesos, the equilibrium in the market for Mexican pesos will shift to the right, meaning that the supply of pesos will exceed the demand for pesos.

This excess-supply of pesos will cause the value of the Mexican peso to decrease relative to the South Korean won. This means that there will be a depreciation in Mexican pesos in relation to South Korean won.

This increased demand will cause the value of South Korean won to appreciate relative to Mexican pesos.

Therefore, there will be an appreciation in South Korean won in relation to Mexican pesos.

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The triple constraints, also known as the scope triangle, are an essential concept in project management.

The triple constraints refer to three key elements that impact any project: time, cost, and scope. These elements are interdependent, and any change in one will impact the others. The scope triangle is often used to illustrate this concept, with each element represented at a corner of the triangle. The triangle is constrained, meaning that any adjustment to one corner will require a corresponding adjustment to the other two corners.

The importance of the triple constraints lies in their ability to help project managers plan, execute, and control projects effectively. By understanding the interdependent relationship between time, cost, and scope, project managers can make informed decisions about how to allocate resources, manage risks, and handle unexpected changes. For example, if a project is behind schedule, the project manager may need to adjust the scope or increase the cost in order to catch up. Similarly, if the scope of a project changes, the project manager may need to adjust the time or cost in order to maintain the overall balance of the project. Without an understanding of the triple constraints, project managers may find themselves in a situation where they are unable to meet project goals or deliverables. For instance, if a project is delayed due to unforeseen circumstances, the project manager may need to increase the budget to hire additional resources or extend the timeline. However, if the project manager has not factored in the triple constraints, they may not have the flexibility to adjust the project plan in response to changing circumstances. In summary, the triple constraints / scope triangle are an essential concept in project management. They help project managers understand the interdependent relationship between time, cost, and scope, and make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and manage risks. By taking these factors into account, project managers can increase the chances of delivering successful projects that meet stakeholder expectations.

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Cost center, meaning that the accounting department is primarily responsible for controlling and reducing costs within the company.

While the accounting department may not directly generate revenue, they do play a crucial role in managing financial resources and providing accurate financial information to other departments. In this sense, the accounting department could also be considered an asset center or a profit center, depending on how their contributions are measured and evaluated within the company.

A cost center is a department or unit within an organization that incurs expenses but does not generate profits directly. The accounting department focuses on tracking and managing the company's expenses, making it a cost center.

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a. To calculate the horizon value, we need to find the present value of all the free cash flows beyond Year 3 discounted back to Year 3. Since FCF is expected to grow at a constant rate of 10% after Year 3, we can use the Gordon growth model to calculate the horizon value.

The formula for the Gordon growth model is:

Horizon value = FCFn+1 / (WACC - g)

where:

FCFn+1 = Free cash flow in Year n+1

WACC = Weighted average cost of capital

g = Growth rate

Using the given values, we get:

Horizon value = $40 million / (16% - 10%) = $400 million

b. To calculate the current value of operations, we need to find the present value of all the free cash flows for Years 1-3 and the horizon value. the current value of operations for Dozier is $299.64 million.

The formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity is:

PV = FCF / (WACC - g)

where:

FCF = Free cash flow

WACC = Weighted average cost of capital

g = Growth rate

Using the given values, we get:

PV of FCF1-3 = -$20 million / [tex](1 + 16)^1[/tex] + $30 million / [tex](1 + 16)^2[/tex] + $40 million / [tex](1 + 16)^3[/tex]= $60.35 million

PV of horizon value = $400 million / [tex](1 + 16)^3[/tex] = $239.29 million

Current value of operations = PV of FCF1-3 + PV of horizon value = $60.35 million + $239.29 million = $299.64 million

Therefore, the current value of operations for Dozier is $299.64 million.

c. To find the intrinsic price per share, we need to subtract the market value of debt and marketable securities from the current value of operations and divide the result by the number of shares outstanding. the intrinsic price per share for Dozier Corporation is $18.96.

Market value of debt = $100 million

Market value of marketable securities = $10 million

Value of equity = Current value of operations - Market value of debt - Market value of marketable securities = $299.64 million - $100 million - $10 million = $189.64 million

Number of shares outstanding = 10 million

Intrinsic price per share = Value of equity / Number of shares outstanding = $189.64 million / 10 million = $18.96

Therefore, the intrinsic price per share for Dozier Corporation is $18.96.

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When seeking to achieve the best coverage of the target market, marketing executives will pay attention to "store density," the number of stores in a geographical area.

Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. Analyze the target market: Marketing executives will first identify and analyze the target market they want to reach, considering factors like demographics, psychographics, and purchasing behavior.
2. Determine the desired coverage: Based on the target market analysis, they will decide the extent of market coverage they want to achieve. This could be intensive (widespread distribution), selective (limited distribution), or exclusive (very limited distribution).
3. Assess store density: Marketing executives will examine the store density in the target geographical area. This means looking at the number of stores that currently exist and assessing their potential to reach the target market effectively.
4. Plan the distribution strategy: With the store density in mind, marketing executives will develop a distribution strategy that aims to achieve the desired coverage in the target market. This may involve expanding to new locations, partnering with different retailers, or focusing on specific channels.
5. Monitor and adjust: Lastly, marketing executives will continuously monitor the performance of their distribution strategy, making adjustments as needed to optimize their market coverage and achieve their overall marketing objectives.
By considering store density, marketing executives can ensure they are effectively reaching their target market and making the most of their marketing efforts.

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Productivity growth is considered to be the most important factor in the AD/AS model because it has a significant impact on both the short-term and long-term shifts of both the AD and AS curves.

In the short-term, productivity growth can lead to a shift in the AS curve. This is because an increase in productivity means that firms can produce more output using the same amount of inputs, which leads to a decrease in the cost of production. As a result, firms are able to offer more goods and services at a lower price, which shifts the AS curve to the right.

In the long-term, productivity growth can lead to a shift in the AD curve. This is because an increase in productivity leads to an increase in potential output, which means that the economy is capable of producing more goods and services.

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In a loan evaluation expert system, the explanation facility is responsible for providing the reasoning behind why an applicant was approved or rejected for a loan.

This component of the system helps to make the decision-making process more transparent and understandable for users. The explanation facility is often supported by meta-knowledge, which is a knowledge about the knowledge that the system possesses. This includes information about the rules, assumptions, and constraints that the system uses to make decisions. Finally, the inference engine is the component of the system that actually processes the data and makes the decisions based on the rules and criteria established by the system. Together, these components form a powerful tool for evaluating loan applications and making informed decisions about lending.

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Psychic rewards refer to the non-monetary benefits that an entrepreneur can receive from starting and running their own business. Option B,C,D

These rewards are often intangible and personal in nature, and can vary from person to person. Some common psychic rewards that entrepreneurs might receive include:

The pride of self-accomplishment: Starting and growing a successful business can be a challenging and rewarding experience. Many entrepreneurs feel a sense of pride and accomplishment from building something from scratch and seeing it thrive.

Being one's own boss: Many entrepreneurs are motivated by the desire to be in control of their own destiny. Being your own boss can provide a sense of autonomy and freedom that can be difficult to achieve in a traditional job.

Status within the community: Successful entrepreneurs are often seen as leaders and innovators within their communities. This can provide a sense of status and recognition that can be personally fulfilling.

While stock options are a potential financial reward that entrepreneurs might receive, they are not typically considered a psychic reward. Overall, the psychic rewards of entrepreneurship can be a powerful motivator for those looking to start their own business. So correct Option is B,C,D.

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False. The statement is incomplete and therefore, inaccurate. As a promotion technique, samples are often used for new products when trial will influence the diffusion of the product.

Providing samples of a new product can be an effective way to encourage potential customers to try the product and experience its benefits firsthand.

This can be particularly important for new or innovative products that customers may be hesitant to purchase without first trying. By providing samples, businesses can generate interest and excitement around their new product, and potentially accelerate its diffusion and adoption in the market.

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The transferee must have the authority to obtain cash from the assets or receivables. The transferor has no ownership or control over the receivables, and there is no buyback arrangement in place.

Receivables that have been sold, given, or otherwise transferred by the Debtor to an Eligible Transferee in conjunction with a Permitted Supply Chain Financing that is allowed under the Credit Agreement are referred to as Transferred Receivables.

Accounts, notes, and other receivables are the three main categories of receivables that are typically recognized. Receivables can either be retained until they are paid for, sold before being paid for, or never collected. Many companies extend credit to their clients; as a result, they have accounts receivable.

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Incremental or differential costs are relevant costs in making decisions.

Incremental or differential costs are the costs that change as a result of a particular decision or choice. They are the additional costs that arise from making one choice instead of another.

Incremental costs are critical in decision-making because they represent the costs that will be directly affected by a particular decision, and therefore, must be considered in evaluating whether a decision is financially viable.

For example, if a business is deciding whether to add a new product line, it must consider the incremental costs of producing the new product, such as the cost of raw materials, labor, and marketing.

By evaluating these incremental costs, the business can determine whether the potential revenue from the new product line will be sufficient to cover the added costs and generate a profit.

In contrast, sunk costs, such as the cost of equipment already purchased or salaries paid to employees, are not incremental costs because they are already incurred and cannot be recovered.

Therefore, incremental costs are the most relevant costs in decision-making, as they represent the costs that will change based on a particular choice and help businesses make informed and profitable decisions.

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In Monopolistic Competition there is only one seller for a specific good.  False

In pure competition, you can sell all you want at the specified price. True

In Oligopoly, there are many sellers all selling the same good at the same price. True

In a monopoly, you can sell all you would like at the market price. True

In Monopoly, there is only one seller for a specific good or service, which gives the seller complete control over the price and supply. The lack of competition allows the monopolist to set prices at a level that maximizes their profits.

This is in contrast to Monopolistic Competition and Pure Competition, where there are multiple sellers and prices are determined by supply and demand in the market. In Oligopoly, a few large firms dominate the market and may engage in non-price competition such as advertising or product differentiation, as well as price competition.

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In terms of performance measures important to marketing managers, unique visitors are a crucial metric to assess the effectiveness of marketing efforts. Unique visitors refer to the number of distinct individuals who visit a website during a specific time period, regardless of how many times they visit the site. This metric helps marketing managers to:

1. Evaluate the reach of their marketing campaigns: Unique visitors indicate the number of people exposed to marketing messages, allowing managers to gauge the overall impact of their campaigns.

2. Identify target audience segments: By analyzing unique visitor data, marketing managers can better understand which demographics are engaging with their content and tailor their strategies accordingly.

3. Optimize website content and design: Tracking unique visitors allows managers to identify which pages or sections of their website are the most popular and make data-driven improvements to enhance user experience.

4. Measure campaign effectiveness: Comparing unique visitor numbers before and after a marketing campaign helps managers determine the success of their strategies and make necessary adjustments for future campaigns.

In summary, unique visitors are a valuable performance measure for marketing managers as they provide insights into the reach and effectiveness of marketing campaigns, allowing for continuous improvement and better targeting of the audience.

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In the context of accrual accounting, the matching concept refers to the process of matching revenues with the associated expenses incurred in generating those revenues.

One type of account that is matched is revenue accounts with corresponding expense accounts. For example, if a company sells products, the revenue from those sales will be recognized in a revenue account, while the cost of goods sold (COGS) will be recognized in an expense account. The revenue and COGS accounts will be matched to ensure that the expenses related to generating that revenue are recognized in the same period.

In conclusion, when the matching concept is used in accrual accounting, revenue accounts are matched with corresponding expense accounts, prepaid expenses are matched with the period in which the expense is actually incurred, and accrued expenses are matched with the corresponding revenue in the same period.

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The federal reserve is responsible for maintaining economic stability through the control of monetary policy. One of the primary ways it does this is by adjusting the money supply and interest rates in the economy.

However, the federal reserve cannot target both the money supply and the interest rate simultaneously because it does not have complete control over both variables. The money supply is largely determined by the actions of banks and other financial institutions. When the federal reserve sets a target for the money supply, it can influence the actions of these institutions through changes in interest rates or reserve requirements, but it cannot guarantee that the money supply will be precisely what it wants. Similarly, the federal reserve can influence interest rates through changes in the money supply, but it cannot directly control them. Interest rates are also influenced by a variety of other factors, including inflation expectations, economic growth, and global financial conditions. The federal reserve can use its tools to influence interest rates, but it cannot dictate them outright.

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The decrease in oil production was caused by the hurricane, which damaged offshore drilling rigs and pipelines, leading to a decrease in the amount of oil available for sale in the market.

As a result, the supply curve shifted to the left, representing a decrease in the quantity of oil that producers were willing and able to sell at each price level. This led to higher prices for oil, assuming that demand remained constant. A change in supply is a shift in the entire supply curve, caused by a change in factors that influence production, such as changes in input costs, technology, or government policies.This is an example of a change in supply.

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LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) submittal templates are standardized documents that provide project teams with a framework to organize and present information required for LEED certification.

The templates help streamline the process by providing a consistent format for documenting project information, such as building design, construction practices, materials, and systems, and presenting it in a way that is easily understood by LEED reviewers.

Using LEED submittal templates can also help ensure that all necessary information is included and presented in a clear and concise manner, making it easier for project teams to track progress and identify areas where improvements can be made to meet LEED certification requirements. This ultimately helps project teams achieve their sustainability goals and earn recognition for their efforts in creating more environmentally friendly buildings.

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If an operation's manager is able to increase the number of guests served or increase the amount each guest buys, it can have a significant impact on the operation's success.

By increasing the number of guests served, the operation can generate more revenue and profits. This can also lead to an increase in customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth referrals, which can further increase business. Additionally, increasing the amount each guest buys can also lead to higher profits. By offering promotions or incentives, the manager can encourage customers to spend more money during their visit. This can also lead to repeat business as customers may be more likely to return to an operation where they feel they are getting a good value. Overall, the ability of an operation's manager to increase the number of guests served or increase the amount each guest buys can have a positive impact on the operation's profitability and long-term success.

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This correct option is Yes, With almost 14,800 company-owned and licensed locations in the United States, Starbucks maintains a sizable lead over direct domestic rivals, including Dunkin' Donuts (approaching 9,500 U.S. points of distribution), Caribou Coffee, and Peet's Coffee.

Starbucks is also known for its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. The company has implemented a number of initiatives aimed at reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, and it has also launched programs to support coffee farmers and promote ethical sourcing practices. Overall, Starbucks has become a cultural icon and a symbol of modern coffee culture.

Today, Starbucks has over 31,000 locations in 82 countries, making it one of the largest coffee chains in the world. The company offers a wide range of coffee drinks, including lattes, cappuccinos, and espressos, as well as teas, pastries, and sandwiches. In addition to its standard menu items, Starbucks also offers seasonal drinks and limited-time specials, which are often eagerly anticipated by customers.

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Addressing the increase in absenteeism at Creative Minds Inc. requires a long-term approach that focuses on improving communication, employee engagement, and workplace culture. By taking a proactive approach, Chwgg can help reduce absenteeism and improve employee morale, productivity, and retention.

Firstly, Chwgg should analyze the reasons behind the increase in absenteeism. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as employee dissatisfaction, poor working conditions, or lack of incentives. Once the root cause is identified, Chwgg can develop strategies to address the issue.

One approach could be to improve communication and engagement with employees. Chwgg could consider conducting surveys or focus groups to gather feedback from employees about their concerns and needs. This could help identify areas where improvements are needed and provide a basis for developing targeted solutions.

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If wealth-holders around the world decide to buy more United States dollars, the demand for the currency will increase. This increased demand for the dollar will make it more valuable compared to other currencies in international currency markets. Therefore, the exchange rate for the dollar will appreciate, meaning that it will be able to buy more units of foreign currencies than before.

This appreciation of the dollar can have both positive and negative impacts on the U.S. economy. On one hand, a stronger dollar can make U.S. assets, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, more attractive to foreign investors. This could result in an increase in foreign investment and capital inflows into the U.S., which could stimulate economic growth. On the other hand, a stronger dollar can make U.S. exports more expensive, reducing their competitiveness in foreign markets. This could result in a decrease in exports and a widening trade deficit.

Overall, the impact of a stronger dollar on the U.S. economy will depend on the extent to which the benefits of increased foreign investment outweigh the costs of decreased export competitiveness.

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Losing the sale and the customer is the most costly response to the firm when a customer is faced with a stockout. This is because not only does the firm lose the immediate sale, but they also lose potential future sales from that customer.

Losing the sale and the customer has a long-term negative impact on the firm's reputation and customer loyalty. The customer may choose to take their business elsewhere and share their negative experience with others, leading to lost potential customers. On the other hand, if the customer waits for the item to become available or purchases another item, the firm still has the opportunity to make a sale and maintain the customer's loyalty.

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If a national government increases deficit spending on goods and services, this will lead to an increase in the demand for loanable funds in the long run. This policy will most likely increase interest rates as the demand for loanable funds increases, making it more expensive for businesses and individuals to borrow money.

This could lead to a decrease in private investment as businesses may be deterred by higher interest rates, and it could also lead to a decrease in consumer spending as individuals may have less disposable income due to higher borrowing costs. Additionally, this policy could also lead to inflation if the increased government spending is not accompanied by corresponding increases in productivity or output. Overall, an increase in deficit spending can have both positive and negative effects on the economy, and its impact will depend on the specific circumstances and context in which it is implemented.
In response to your question, if a national government increased deficit spending on goods and services, leading to an increased demand for loanable funds in the long run, this policy would most likely result in the following changes in the country:

1. Higher interest rates: As the demand for loanable funds increases, the cost of borrowing (interest rates) will also increase. This makes it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow money.

2. Crowding out effect: Higher interest rates can discourage private investment, as businesses may find it less profitable to invest when borrowing costs are high. This is known as the crowding out effect.

3. Increased government debt: Deficit spending will increase the government's debt, which may lead to concerns about the country's financial stability and creditworthiness.

4. Potential inflation: If the increased government spending results in higher aggregate demand, it could lead to inflationary pressures in the economy.

5. Possible economic growth: If the deficit spending is used for productive investments, such as infrastructure projects, it could potentially stimulate economic growth in the long run.

In summary, increased deficit spending on goods and services can lead to higher interest rates, a crowding-out effect, increased government debt, potential inflation, and possible economic growth in the long run.

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The correct answer is d. wider talent pool.

Working in multiple geographies can provide an organization with access to a larger and more diverse talent pool. This allows the organization to attract and retain top talent from around the world, increasing the potential for innovation and creativity. It also enables the organization to better understand and respond to the needs of diverse customer segments. While legal context, standardization, and local adjustments may also be important factors in working across multiple geographies, they do not provide as direct of an organizational advantage as having access to a wider talent pool.

what is organization?

An organization is a social entity that is formed for a specific purpose, such as a business, non-profit, government agency, or educational institution. It is typically made up of individuals who work together in a coordinated and structured manner to achieve shared goals and objectives. An organization can range in size from a small team to a large corporation with many employees, and can be structured in a variety of ways, such as hierarchical, matrix, or flat. The key components of an organization include a defined mission and vision, goals and objectives, policies and procedures, and a formal structure that outlines roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships.

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The equivalent annual cost (EAC) of a tool is the annual cost that would provide the same present value as the initial cost of the tool plus the present value of all future costs associated with it. In this case, we have a polisher that costs $10,600 and will cost $20,600 per year to operate and maintain, with a lifespan of 5 years and a discount rate of 13%.

To calculate the EAC, we first need to determine the present value of all the future costs associated with the polisher. We can do this using the formula for present value:

PV = FV / (1 + r)^n

where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods.

Using this formula, we can calculate the present value of the annual costs for each year:

Year 1: PV = 20,600 / (1 + 0.13)^1 = $18,212.39
Year 2: PV = 20,600 / (1 + 0.13)^2 = $16,136.92
Year 3: PV = 20,600 / (1 + 0.13)^3 = $14,302.49
Year 4: PV = 20,600 / (1 + 0.13)^4 = $12,655.01
Year 5: PV = 20,600 / (1 + 0.13)^5 = $11,162.22

We then add up the present values of all the future costs and add them to the initial cost of the tool:

Total PV of future costs = $72,468.03
Total cost of tool = $10,600

EAC = (Total cost of tool + Total PV of future costs) / annuity factor

The annuity factor is calculated using the formula:

annuity factor = (1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r

where n is the number of periods and r is the discount rate.

Using these values, we can calculate the annuity factor:

annuity factor = (1 - (1 + 0.13)^-5) / 0.13 = 3.6969

Plugging this into the EAC formula, we get:

EAC = ($10,600 + $72,468.03) / 3.6969 = $26,930.69

Therefore, the equivalent annual cost of the polisher is $26,930.69. This means that if we wanted to purchase a new polisher every year for the next five years and cover all the associated costs, it would be equivalent to paying $26,930.69 per year.

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If the interest rate is higher in the united states than in the united kingdom, and if the forward rate of the british pound interest arbitrage for British investors, covered interest arbitrage might be advantageous.

A method of earning money that entails buying money in one place and selling it in another while using the disparities in interest rates between the two places.

A tax on international transactions was implemented in order to restrict the gains that could be derived from interest arbitrage and exchange-rate fluctuations. By taking advantage of the differential in interest rates between spot and forward contract markets, covered interest arbitrage is a technique for hedging interest rate risk in currency markets. This kind of arbitrage is challenging, but the profits for each trade are small.

Complete question:

if the interest rate is higher in the united states than in the united kingdom, and if the forward rate of the british pound (in u.s. dollars) is the same as the pound's spot rate, then?

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The future value ordinary annuity formula is [tex]FV = Pmt * [(1 + i)^n - 1] / i[/tex], where FV is the future value of the annuity, Pmt is the monthly payment, i is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.

In this case, if monthly payments are made for 30 years, the value for n would be 360 (30 years x 12 months). This means that the annuity will be paid for 360 months, or 30 years, before the future value is calculated.

It is important to note that the interest rate used in the formula should match the interest rate being earned on the annuity. Additionally, the formula assumes that payments are made at the end of each period (hence, the term "ordinary annuity").

Overall, the future value ordinary annuity formula is useful in calculating the future value of an annuity, which can help individuals plan for their financial future and determine the amount of money they need to save or invest to reach their financial goals.

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The answer is option A, which means that the purchase made by Jamie is considered a U.S. import and an Irish export.

This is because the jacket was made in Ireland and sold to a buyer in the United States, making it an export from Ireland and an import for the United States.

International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this case, the wool jacket made in Ireland is considered a product that is being exported from Ireland to the United States. When Jamie purchases the jacket, it becomes an import for the United States, which means that it is subject to customs duties and other trade regulations.

At the same time, the purchase also represents an export for Ireland, which means that it contributes to the country's economy and balance of trade. The export of goods and services is an essential component of economic growth, as it allows countries to specialize in the production of certain goods and services while importing others that are more efficiently produced elsewhere.

In summary, Jamie's purchase of a wool jacket made in Ireland is a U.S. import and an Irish export, making option A the correct answer. This highlights the importance of international trade and the role it plays in supporting economic growth and development.

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When designing a social media marketing campaign, the first step is to identify the target audience. Given statement was True

Identifying the target audience is a critical step when designing a social media marketing campaign. This involves determining who the campaign is intended to reach, what their demographics and characteristics are, and what their interests and behaviors are.

Identifying the target audience allows marketers to tailor their messaging, content, and tactics to reach the right people in the right places at the right time. Without a clear understanding of the target audience, social media marketing efforts may be wasted or may not effectively engage the desired audience.

Therefore, it is essential to identify the target audience before proceeding with the campaign planning and execution

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The term that describes a situation where a policyowner transfers a portion of his or her rights in an insurance policy to the hospital is "assignment". An assignment is a legal transfer of ownership of an insurance policy from the policyowner to another party, such as a hospital. In the context of health insurance, an assignment typically occurs when a hospital agrees to accept a patient's insurance policy as payment for services rendered.

When a policyowner assigns their insurance policy to a hospital, they transfer the right to receive payment for covered medical expenses directly to the hospital. This means that the hospital can bill the insurance company directly for the cost of services provided to the patient, rather than having to bill the patient and wait for them to submit a claim to the insurance company. Assignments can be partial or full, and can be temporary or permanent. In the context of health insurance, assignments are typically used to facilitate payment for expensive medical procedures, such as surgeries or hospital stays, by allowing hospitals to receive payment directly from insurance companies.

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