Muscle cells that are not exercised get atrophied or shrink in size. Lou Gehrig's disease affects nervous tissue but also causes muscle atrophy. The nerve cell that must be affected to cause this muscle-wasting condition is motor neuron.
Lou Gehrig's disease is also known by the name Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, the nerve cells break down causing the weakening of muscles. The actual cause of the disease is unknown. The disease cannot be treated permanently.
Muscle wasting is actually the weakening of muscles. This weakening could be due to shrinkage or loss of muscle. The consequences are the loss of strength as well as ability of movement. If not treated timely and accurately, it can even lead to adverse conditions like heart failure, sepsis, etc.
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Identify the characteristics of stomata. Select all that apply.
Stomata take in large amounts of oxygen for photosynthesis.
Stomata release water vapor and oxygen from the plant.
Stomata are located mostly on the undersides of leaves.
Stomata will close when the carbon dioxide level in the leaf decreases.
Stomata take in large amounts of oxygen for photosynthesis, release water vapor and oxygen from the plant. it is located mostly on the undersides of leaves and close when the carbon dioxide level in the leaf decreases. Thus all options for stomata are correct.
What is stomata ?Stomata are the small openings present on the epidermis surface of leaves, it play an important role both in gaseous exchange and photosynthesis and controlled by transpiration rate by opening and closing.
It consist of small pores which is called as stoma surrounded by a pair of guard cells and they may open and close according to the turgidity of guard cells.
The pore is surrounded by cell wall which is tough and flexible and the shape of guard cells differs in both monocots and dicots, and these Guard cells are bean-shaped and contain chloroplasts.
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If the blood in your body ha the ame water concentration a the cell of your body, your body i in a tate of
When the concentration of water is same in the blood as that the cells of the body, then the condition is the body is isotonic.
Isotonic is the state of equilibrium where the concentration of solvent in the cell is the same as that of the solution it is placed in. Therefore, no net movement of solute occurs in direction.
Blood is the liquid essential for the transportation of substances across the whole body. The substances transported are gases, nutrients, food, and also waste materials are removed. Blood appears red in color due to the presence of a red colored pigment called hemoglobin. The transportation of oxygen is primarily due to hemoglobin.
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Justify your choice by writing a hypothesis to explain how it has stopped the algae from making atp, nadph and sugars. You will be able to revise your hypothesis as you do more experiments.
The Great Barrier Reef, also known as GBR, is the world's biggest coral reef and is home to numerous corals and marine life. Diuron is mostly to blame for the GBR water's ability to prevent algal formation.
The GBR contains the uncontrollable insecticide diuron. Diuron is extremely harmful, persistent, and has a long range. Diuron prevents the electron transport, which disrupts photosystem II. A significant membrane protein complex called PSII is essential for oxygenic photosynthesis. Therefore, any disruption of PSII will disrupt the synthesis of ATP and NADPH.
However, the following effects of paraquat and high temperatures on algae may occur:
In addition to being a herbicide, paraquat is hazardous to living things. Paraquat exposure caused serious cell damage and hindered cell development.
One of the main global challenges is extreme heat. All creatures, whether terrestrial or aquatic, are under risk as a result of global warming.
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Along with the nervous system, the ___ system coordinates the various activities of body parts.
When in a complex with ________, the cap protein binds to the cap site and ________ the expression of the lac operon.
There is a binding site for a protein called the catabolite activator protein upstream of the promoter (CAP).
What is mechanism of binding of CAP protein ?The binding of the CAP protein bends the DNA and facilitates RNA polymerase attachment, which dramatically improves transcription of the lac operon.
With the help of bound CAP, RNA polymerase may bind to the lac operon promoter. If lactose is available, the operator will release the lac repressor (by binding of allolactose).This makes it possible for RNA polymerase to continue transcription of the operon on the DNA. Catabolite activator protein is required for RNA polymerase to start transcription of the lac operon should attach to CAMP.The lactose (lac) operon promoter is positively regulated by the catabolite gene activator-cyclic AMP complex (CAP), which binds to DNA 61.5 bp upstream of the transcription start point.Learn more about CAP protein here:
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Which do the green tanks in the picture below represent?
Answer:
The right answer is C.
Explanation:
An antibody is a complex glycoprotein used by the immune system to specifically detect and neutralize pathogens. The antibodies are secreted by cells derived from B lymphocytes: the plasma cells.
So if we want to shematize the immune reaction, the tanks represent the plasma cells and the canons represent the antibodies.
in what way does rna polymerase differ from dna polymerase? rna polymerase does not require a primer, unlike dna polymerase. dna polymerase does not require a primer, unlike rna polymerase. dna polymerase is processive, but rna polymerase is not. rna polymerase is p
RNA polymerase does not require a primer, unlike DNA polymerase. This property differs RNA polymerase from DNA polymerase. So, the correct option is (A).
What is RNA polymerase?
RNA Polymerase is an intermediary and multi-unit enzyme which synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA, this process is called transcription. This is the first step of RNA's genetic information transcription which precedes translation, it is the process of decoding RNA into proteins.
RNA polymerase enzyme is a large complex made up of multiple subunits.
1.The prokaryotic form of RNA polymerase
It has four subunits which transcribe all types of RNA.
2. The eukaryotic form of RNA polymerase
It have eight or more subunits which facilitate the attachment and processing of DNA throughout transcription.
RNA polymerase doesn't require primer for the process like DNA polymerase.
There are three steps in transcription which involves
InitiationElongationTerminationThus, RNA polymerase does not require a primer, unlike DNA polymerase. This property differs RNA polymerase from DNA polymerase. So, the correct option is (A).
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If an action potential lasts from the beginning of the rising phase to the point of maximal undershoot, what is the maximum frequency at which a neuron could fire action potentials? assume that the neuron can fire only one action potential at a time and that the refractory period following the action potential is equal in length to the action potential.
the maximum frequency at which a neuron could fire action potentials is 220 events per second (Hz)
The action potential is an electrical activity explosion caused by a depolarizing current. This means that a stimulus causes the resting potential to move toward 0 mV. A neuron will fire an action potential when the depolarization reaches about -55 mV.
Normal neuronal firing occurs as a communication between neurons via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. To better understand this process, it is necessary to first understand the components of a neuron, which include the soma, dendrites, and axons.
When a nerve impulse (the way neurons communicate with one another) is sent from a cell body, the sodium channels in the cell membrane open, allowing positive sodium cells to enter the cell. An action potential will fire when the cell reaches a certain threshold, sending the electrical signal down the axon.
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If crossing over occurs between two chromatids on a single pair of homologous chromosomes, how many gametes will have a recombinant chromosome?.
If crossing over occurs between two chromatids on a single pair of homologous chromosomes, 2 of the 4 gametes will have a recombinant chromosome.
Crossing over can be described as the phenomenon through which alleles are shuffled or exchanged between homologous chromatids during the process of meiosis.
If such a scenario arises that out of the 4 chromatids of homologous chromosomes, 2 are involved in crossing over, then only 2 out of the 4 gametes formed will have a recombinant chromosome. This is because the other two chromatids of the homologous chromosomes were not involved in the crossing-over process.
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When conducting a population sampling study, on the second capture attempt, we count _______ captured individuals.
A. BOTH the tagged and total number of
B. ONLY the untagged
C. ONLY the tagged
D. ONLY the total number of
When conducting a population sampling study, on the second capture attempt, we count BOTH the tagged and total number of captured individuals.
So, option A is correct.
What is population?Population is typically described as the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world.
There are some population characteristics such as size, spatial distribution, age structure, or birth rate and death rates which change over time. These characteristics can help scientists or governments make decisions concerning its citizens.
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histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a surfactant. bronchodilator. bronchoconstrictor. vasodilator. vasoconstrictor.
Histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a surfactant bronchoconstrictor.
What is the main function of surfactant in the film of moisture on the surface of the alveoli?It is established that pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension at the air–water interface in the alveoli, thereby preventing collapse of these structures at end-expiration. In this manner, surfactant reduces the work associated with breathing.
What is the surfactant in the lungs What is its role explain how it works?Surfactant-specific proteins facilitate the arrangement of phospholipids in the lining layer, thereby optimizing surface-tension-reducing capacity. This important function prevents alveolar and airway collapse at end-expiration and thus allows cyclic ventilation of the lungs.
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If two strains of true-breeding plants that have different alleles for a certain character are crossed, their progeny are called.
The F1 generation is created when two true-breeding plant strains with differing alleles for a particular trait are crossed.
A plant is said to be true-breeding if it consistently produces offspring with the same phenotype after self-fertilization and is homozygous for the trait under consideration.
Filial 1, or F1, is the term used to describe the first generation of seeds, plants, or animals created by mating two very unlike parental species. In general, a variety of gene interactions determine how people, animals, and plants behave.
Peas from the paternal generation, or F1 generation, are grown after fertilization and contain the genetic material for the first generation of offspring. When Mendel planted these peas, he discovered an intriguing fact: all of the pea pods they produced were green.
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What is the allele for blue eyes?.
Answer:
Bb or BB
Explanation:
As the blue eyes are dominant it will be represented with a capital letter
The ___ of amino acids in the chain and the ____ of the chain determine what kind of protein it will be.
The sequence of amino acids in the chain and the folding of the chain determine what kind of protein it will be.
Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins, There are total 22 amino acids that are involved in protein formation inside the living body. Out of these a few can be synthesized efficiently inside the body and are therefore called non-essential amino acids. Rest are called the essential amino acids and are obtained through diet.
Proteins are the polymers of amino acids. The linear chain sequence of amino acids is the determinant of the protein functioning and also decides how the protein will fold so that it can perform its function properly.
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What causes high sex drive in females?.
Your sex drive can change along with the levels of the sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone as they fluctuate over the course of your lifetime.
What is estrogen?Before and during ovulation, estrogen levels rise in women, increasing sexual desire, and sexual desire in females is only influenced by estrogen levels.
An excessive sex drive, also known as hypersexual disorder, is characterized by obsessive thoughts about sex, and a need to engage in sexual activity.
Therefore, estrogen is responsible for high sex drive in females.
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Filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases when glomerular filtration rate.
When glomerular filtration rate increases, the flow of filtrate through the tubule increases.
Urine production starts with glomerular filtration. It is the procedure your kidneys utilize to filter extra fluid and waste from your blood into the kidney's urine-collecting tubules, allowing your body to discard them. When GFR rises, the sodium concentration in the filtrate rises; when GFR falls, it will fall. Increase the flow rate to release more Na+ into the urine. Hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure both affect the GFR. Under normal conditions, hydrostatic pressure is much higher and filtration takes place.
Hence, glomerular filtration rate increases flow of renal tubules.
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in rats, the allele for long whiskers is dominant to the allele for short whiskers. at another gene locus, a dominant allele produces whiskers and the recessive allele produces a rat with no whiskers. the alleles at these 2 gene loci assort independently. two rats that are heterozygous at both gene loci are crossed. what percentage of the offspring do you expect will have whiskers?
Rats, the allele for long whiskers is dominant to the allele for short whiskers. at another gene locus, a dominant allele produces whiskers and the recessive allele produces a rat with no whiskers. the alleles at these 2 gene loci assort independently. 25
Dominant refers to the connection among versions of a gene. individuals get hold of variations of each gene, called alleles, from each parent. If the alleles of a gene are distinctive, one allele might be expressed; it's miles the dominant gene. The effect of the alternative allele, called recessive, is masked.
The maximum commonplace interplay among alleles is a dominant/recessive relationship. An allele of a gene is stated to be dominant while it correctly overrules the alternative (recessive) allele. Eye shade and blood organizations are each examples of dominant/recessive gene relationships.
A dominant allele is one so that it will be extra overpowering than any other allele and a recessive allele is an allele that can be overpowered through a dominant allele. Dominant alleles are represented by way of capital letters and recessive alleles are represented by way of lowercase letters.
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researchers look for segments of chromosomes, larger than genes, that are similar in arrangement between distant species. such segments may reveal relatedness and chromosome rearrangements that have happened in the evolutionary past. what are such segments identified by?
Researchers look for segments of chromosomes, larger than genes, which are similar within the arrangement between remote species: Homology, such segments recognized.
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with components or all the genetic fabric of an organism. In maximum chromosomes the very long skinny DNA fibers are lined with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the maximum critical of these proteins are the histones.
A shape found within the nucleus of a cellular. A chromosome is made of proteins and DNA organized into genes. every mobile commonly consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes.Chromosomes are structures discovered inside the middle (nucleus) of cells that deliver long portions of DNA. DNA is the fabric that holds genes. it's miles the building block of the human body. Chromosomes additionally include proteins that assist DNA in existing in the right form.
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Damage to which branch of the spinal nerve is likely to have an effect on the muscles of the limbs?.
Damage to branch of the spinal nerve that is likely to have an effect on the muscles of the limbs is : anterior ramus
What is the function of anterior ramus?The anterior ramus carries motor fibers that emerge from an anterior horn neuron and pass along ventral root, join the mixed spinal nerve and then pass down to the anterior ramus.
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve is damaged or cut then it would cut off the pathway of motor information from the spinal cord to the spinal nerve. Hence, whatever effectors that spinal nerve controlled would not work and it would be paralyzed.
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Helpppp plsss
The Paris agreement of 2015 was an international treaty to limit climate change, decrease greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, and spend money to develop alternative energy sources.
how does the pris agreement illustrate hows groups of people can work together to change how humand impact the enviornment
The Paris Agreement outlines an international framework for preventing severe climate change by keeping global temperature to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to keep it to 1.5°C.
What are the 2015 Paris Agreement's objectives on climate change?The main goal of the Paris Agreement is to strengthen the global response to the threat posed by climate change by limiting the rise in global temperature this century to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to further limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.The Paris Agreement outlines an international framework for preventing severe climate change by keeping global temperature to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to keep it to 1.5°C. Additionally, it seeks to bolster nations' capacity to combat the effects of climate change and aid them in their endeavors.To learn more about Paris Agreement refer to:
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. which of the following does not occur? radially symmetrical diploblast diploblastic eucoelomate protostomic coelomate bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome
The one that does not occur is diploblastic eucoelomate. So the correct option is B. diploblastic eucoelomate.
What is diploblastic eucoelomate?Eucoelomate diploblastic beings are those whose blastula will have two embryonic leaves, that is, they will have only one interconnected cavity within their body that will be connected by a mouth and an anus. This central cavity will be called a coelom.
That cavity will be covered by a layer called peritoneum that will cover the entire cavity. These organisms will not have a head or a central nervous system.
Within these beings we will find coelenteros and sponges.
Therefore, we can confirm that the one that does not occur is diploblastic eucoelomate. So the correct option is B. diploblastic eucoelomate.
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Compare the hardness of gypsum to an everyday substance.
Answer: Hardness is the opposition that materials offer to alterations such as penetration, abrasion, scratching, shearing, and permanent deformations among others. During the course of history, during the study and classification of minerals, there was a moment when it became pertinent to establish a method that would allow to discern the different degrees of hardness of rocks and minerals.
Explanation:
Gypsum can be scratched by a fingernail, glass, any coin, nail, or drill. Gypsum has a hardness equivalent to drywall or a chalkboard.
Describe the octet rule and how this is related to the formation of chemical bonds. Use your best grammar to write 2–4 sentences.
Thank you in advance to whom it may concern!
An atom continues to form bonds until an octet of electrons is made. This is known as octet rule by Lewis.
A solid association is attended while the atom is surrounded with the aid of eight electrons. This octet can be made up by very own electrons and a few electrons which might be shared. hence, an atom maintains to form bonds till an octet of electrons is made. that is referred to as octet rule via Lewis.
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the idea that foremost-organization elements generally tend to bond in this type of way that every atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same digital configuration as a noble fuel.
The Octet Rule associates uncommon chemical stability with the sharing or transfer of electrons that result in absolutely filled s and p digital shells. The preferred oxidation states of an detail or fee of an ion can normally be defined with the aid of balance conferred with the aid of a crammed electron shell.
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identify and describe one problem researchers may face in comparing living primates to fossil hominin species.
There are a number of problems that researchers face when comparing living primates to fossil hominin species. One of the biggest problems is that there is a lack of complete fossil records for many hominin species.
This means that researchers have to rely on fragmentary evidence to try to piece together an understanding of how these species lived and behaved.
Another problem is that the environment in which hominins lived was often very different from the environments in which living primates live today. This can make it difficult to directly compare the two. For example, a species of hominin that lived in a forested environment is likely to have behaved differently than a species of living primate that lives in an open savanna.
Finally, another problem that researchers face is that the fossil record is often biased towards certain types of hominins. For example, there are many more fossils of Homo sapiens than there are of other hominin species. This bias can make it difficult to get an accurate picture of the diversity of hominin species that once lived on Earth.
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In cells that cannot carry out fermentation, which products derived from glycolysis will accumulate under anaerobic conditions?.
Pyruvate + NADH is a glycolysis byproduct that builds up in anaerobic environments.
How is glycolysis maintained when there is no oxygen present?Anaerobic glycolysis is the dominant form of energy production in anaerobic environments and in cells without mitochondria. As NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ by lactate dehydrogenase, the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. For cells without mitochondria, such erythrocytes, this mechanism is a significant source of ATP.
What may anaerobic cells that consume glucose produce?
Some living things have the capacity to continuously transform energy even in the absence of oxygen. They go through glycolysis to produce ATP, which is followed by anaerobic fermentation.
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The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________.
The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as personality.
The enduring characteristics and patterns that drive individuals to consistently think, feel, and act in particular ways are referred to as personality traits. Our individuality is based on our personalities. Each person has a unique pattern of enduring, long-lasting characteristics as well as a way of interacting with other people and the world around them. It is believed that our personalities are long-lasting, stable, and difficult to alter. The Latin word persona is the origin of the word personality. A persona was an actor's mask in the ancient world. The theatrical mask was initially used to either represent or project a specific personality trait of a character, despite the common misconception that masks are used to conceal one's identity.
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Name two other organelles besides the mitochondria that contain dna and have a double membrane.
Nucleus and chloroplast are organelles that contain DNA and have a double membrane.
Mitochondria or the power house of the cell contains double membrane and have their own small genome . They also divide independently in the cell cycle by simple fusion .
Chloroplast is bounded by a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope, they also have third inner membrane called thylakoid membrane . These structure are double membrane and are believed to be originated when all the living thing had single membrane structure .
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what are the different slides catalog that are possible for examination?
Answer:
1) the common flat glass slide and 2) the depression or well slides. Well slides have a small well, or indentation, in the centre to hold a drop of water or liquid substance. They are more expensive and usually used without a cover slip.
Explanation:
identify one abiotic factor that is affecting the stability of the coral reef ecosystems and state how the factor identified is important to the coral reef ecosystems.
Ocean currents convey organisms from one to another abiotic aspect this is affecting the stability of the coral reef ecosystems and state how the aspect is identified as essential to the coral reef ecosystems.
In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-dwelling chemical and bodily components of the environment that affect dwelling organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Abiotic factors and the phenomena associated with them underpin biology as an entire.
An abiotic issue is a non-dwelling part of an atmosphere that shapes its environment. In a terrestrial ecosystem, examples would possibly encompass temperature, mild, and water. In a marine environment, abiotic elements would include salinity and ocean currents.
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The abiotic factor that is affecting the stability of the coral reef ecosystems and state how the factor identified as important to the coral reef ecosystems. The two abiotic conditions in the coral reef contribute.
An abiotic component is a non-residing part of an environment that shapes its surroundings. In a terrestrial environment, examples might include temperature, light, and water. In a marine ecosystem, abiotic elements could encompass salinity and ocean currents.
Abiotic factors are part of the ecosystem and can impact related living matters, but they may be not dwelling. The term “abiotic” comes from the foundation parts “a-” meaning “without,” and “bio,” meaning “life.” The living elements of the surroundings are called “biotic factors.”
Abiotic elements are the non-residing elements of the environment that have a major influence on living organisms. they are able to help decide things like how tall trees grow, wherein animals and flowers are determined, and why birds migrate. The maximum crucial abiotic elements consist of water, sunlight, oxygen, soil, and temperature.
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some segments of dna are involved in regulatory or structural functions, and some have no as-yet-known function. true false
It is true that some DNA segments are involved in regulatory or structural roles, while others are thought to have unknown functions.
Are genetically functional units made up of segments of DNA?Gene: The functional section of a gene is DNA. Humans contain close to 25,000 genes. The nucleotides adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine make up the short DNA segments that make up genes.
What are DNA fragments used for?The code for converting RNA into proteins, the chemical building blocks of the human body, is provided by genes, which are pieces of DNA found within a cell's chromosomes. Thus, a gene serves as a template. The characteristics and functionality of our cells, particularly the immune system, are governed by these proteins.
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