If radiolabeled GTP is generated, one may treat a G protein-GDP complex with -[32P]ATP and find out. That it isn't means that the G protein, at least when using ATP as a phosphate donor, is unable to phosphorylate the bound GDP.
One may also demonstrate how, depending on the circumstances, bound, unlabeled GDP can be replaced by radiolabeled GTP. It is also possible to demonstrate that GTP is necessary for the activation of the G protein. The isolated subunit can also show that it has GTPase activity by demonstrating its capacity to convert GTP to GDP and Pi even in the absence of additional GDP.Phosphorylation in chemistry is the joining of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. This mechanism, as well as its opposite, dephosphorylation, are frequent in biology and may have evolved as a result of natural selection. Numerous enzymes are frequently activated (or deactivated) by protein phosphorylate .
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You bathe a skeletal muscle cell in the dihydropyridine receptor inhibitor, nifedipine, then stimulate the muscle cell at a voltage level sufficient to elicit contraction under control conditions. Based upon your knowledge of the mechanisms mediating skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following would you expect to take place? A. The skeletal muscle would not contract. B. The force generated and duration of contraction would be greater than control.
C. You would not see any difference between experimental and control conditions.
The right answer is the force generated and duration of contraction would be greater than control. Thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments glide past one another to cause muscle contraction.
Cross-bridges that protrude from myosin filaments and engage in periodic interactions with actin filaments when ATP is hydrolyzed are usually thought to be the driving force behind this mechanism. According to recent biochemical investigations, there are two primary conformations for the myosin cross-bridge. The cross-bridge binds to actin very strongly in one conformation that takes place in the absence of MgATP and detaches slowly in another. When every cross-bridge is connected in this manner, the muscle is rigid and incredibly stretch-resistant. The attachment of MgATP causes the second conformation to occur. The cross-bridge provides very little stretch resistance in this conformation because it binds to actin weakly and attaches and detaches so quickly that it can move from one actin site to another. Depolarization and calcium ion release, actin and myosin cross-bridge construction, actin and myosin filament sliding mechanism, and sarcomere shortening are some of the fundamental steps in the contraction of muscles (muscle contraction).
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What is the process of translation and tRNA Anticodons?; What is the process of converting mRNA codons into amino acids?; How do tRNA and mRNA interact during translation?; What are the 3 steps of the initiation of translation?
The ribosome and a tRNA bind to the mRNA to begin translation. The ribosome's initial docking location is where the tRNA is found. The initiation codon of the mRNA, where translation begins, is complementary to the anticodon of this tRNA. The amino acid that goes with that codon is carried by the tRNA.
The answer to the question about what transpires if the anticodon does not bind to the transfer RNA .The mRNA binds to the ribosome, the tRNA transports amino acids, the tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon, the amino acids are bound together by peptide bonds to create proteins, and the amino acids are transported to the mRNA by the tRNA until the translation of the mRNA is complete. In the cytoplasm, this process takes place. The process of protein synthesis will not proceed if the anticodon is not attached. In the process of protein translation, the ribosomal subunit is joined with the mRNA that needs to be translated, the tRNA carrying the initiation amino acid, GTP, which serves as an energy source, and the initiation factors.Through coanticodon-codon base pairing, all of these elements are first linked to the initiation codon to begin the process. You cannot begin the translation without it.
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What helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute?
The membrane's overall functional surface area, ventilation of the alveoli Alveolar air and entering pulmonary blood have different oxygen pressure gradients: All of the aforementioned factors influence how much oxygen diffuses into the circulation each minute.
What is Oxygen?
With an atomic number of 8 and the chemical symbol O, oxygen is the eighth chemical element. It belongs to the chalcogen group in the periodic table, is a very reactive nonmetal, and is an oxidizing agent that easily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. The most plentiful element on Earth and the third most prevalent element in the universe (after helium and hydrogen) is oxygen.
The element forms dioxygen, an odorless and colorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2, when two of its atoms come together at standard pressure and temperature. Currently, 20.95% of the Earth's atmosphere is made up of diatomic oxygen gas, however over very long stretches of time, this percentage has shifted significantly. The Earth's crust is over 50% oxides, which are composed of oxygen.
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which structure listed below shows the greatest complexity of organization? group of answer choices liver blood cells small intestine muscle cell digestive system
The digestive system has the most organizational complexity, according to the claim.
In what ways are you complex?A complicated situation is one that has many moving components and is challenging to comprehend or solve. Complexities are characteristics of anything that make it challenging to comprehend or resolve: This problem is complicated in many different ways.
What does complexity look like?A problem, condition of confusion, or complication are all definitions of complexity. An illustration of a problem of significant complexity is the solution to the drug war problem. The difficulties you have had with your older siblings serve as an illustration of how complicated family relationships can be.
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All of the following are model systems that would be best to understand gene function in the context of cell differentiation or organ formation EXCEPT:
a. Yeast
b. Fly
c. Zebrafish
d. Mice
e. Worm
With the exception of yeast, all of the following model systems are ideal for analyzing how genes work during neuronal differentiation or organ development.
What materials make up yeast?So according Sandra Rusche, an associate professor of systems biology, the fungus cerevisiae grows as a unicellular organism rather than a mushroom. Although each yeast organism only has one cell, these cells group to together create multicellular colonies.
Yeast health: good or bad?Fungal helps keep you digestive system balanced as healthy. Your immunity system functions better when it is given the right amount in your body. Yeast is a helpful form of microorganisms in your gut. It could help with nutrition and mineral assimilation in food.
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which of the following cell-surface proteins are routinely used to distinguish memory t cells from naive and effector t cells? CCR7CD45ROCD45RAL-selectin (CD62L)
CCR7 ,CD45RO ,CD45RA, L-selectin (CD62L) are routinely used to distinguish memory T cell from naive and effector T cells
A form of white blood cell. T cells are a part of the immune system and develop from stem cells within the bone marrow. They assist guard the body from infection and might assist fight cancer. additionally called T lymphocyte and thymocyte.
T-cell. Key to the immune device, those cells originate in the bone marrow but mature inside the thymus (the t stands for thymus). T-cells assault other body cells which are infected by a few micro organism, a virulent disease, or any other pathogen. (compare B-cell.)
Effector Cells. relying at the APC a naïve cell comes across it may come to be an effector T cell. ...
Cytotoxic T Cells. Cytotoxic T Cells, also referred to as CD8+ cells, have the primary process to kill toxic/target cells. ...
Helper T Cells.
Regulatory T Cells.
memory T Cells.
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Within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mRNA molecule depends partly on...
A. the presence of certain transcription factors.
B. the rate at which the mRNA is degraded.
C. the degree of DNA methylation.
D. the number of introns present in the mRNA.
The amount of protein produced in a cell utilizing a particular mRNA molecule is somewhat influenced by the rate of mRNA degradation. Here option B is the correct answer.
DNA is converted into mRNA, which joins cytoplasmic ribosomes to act as a template for protein production. There are many levels at which gene expression is regulated.
One such regulatory system is the longevity of mRNA and the pace of its degradation which in turn influences the availability of templates again for the process of protein synthesis and so keeps a check on the overall quantity of protein being generated in a cell.
For instance, bacterial mRNA has a relatively short life cycle, which enables them to swiftly adjust the pattern of protein production in response to environmental changes.
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thinking question > if there was only one object in the universe would there be gravity?
With the cube of the distance from matter, gravity's force decreases. As a result, there is nowhere in the universe where the gravitational field is literally zero strong since matter is always separated from other objects by some distance.
Every object with mass will tug on other objects with its gravitational field.
Any mass-containing object produces gravitational pull. Therefore, there is an attraction caused by gravity between every object. The masses of the two objects and their separation from one another will determine how much gravitational pull there is between them.
Gravity applies to everything that has mass. Along with distance, gravity weakens as well. So, the stronger the gravitational pull between objects, the closer they are to one another.
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The force of gravity diminishes by a factor of cube-sized distance from matter. As a result, since matter is always separated from other objects by some distance, there is no place in the universe where the gravitational field is literally zero strong.
Every mass-containing object exerts gravitational pull on other objects.
Any object with mass experiences gravitational pull. Gravity therefore causes an attraction between every object. The strength of the gravitational force between the two objects will depend on their masses and distance from one another.
Everything with mass is subject to gravity. Gravity lessens as distance increases as well. Therefore, the closer two things are to one another, the stronger the gravitational force between them.
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Which of the following statements are true regarding epigenetics? Choose all that apply.
Answer:
you forgot the picture !
Explanation:
All of the carbon atoms in cholesterol come from: A) Purines B) Glycine C) Palmitate (as palmitoyl-CoA) D) Acetate (as acetyl-CoA) E) Succinyl-CoA
Acetyl CoA is the source of every carbon atom found in cholesterol. The HMG-CoA reductase enzyme catalyzes the production of mevalonic acid. The rate-limiting, committed step in the formation of cholesterol is this one.
In a multistep, intricate process, 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA-R) mediates the rate-limiting step that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, which is how cholesterol is produced from acetyl-CoA. In primary isolated rat hepatocytes, insulin was found to lower HMG-CoA-R expression.
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Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify whether the characteristic is indicative of arteries or veins.
-termed "resistance vessels" or "pressure reservoirs"
-usually carry oxygenated blood from heart to body.
-pulsatile flow of blood
-exhibit greater ability to alter vessel diameter
The following characteristics of carrying oxygenated blood, alteration of vessel diameters are indicative of arteries.
Arteries are deep inside our muscles which carry oxygenated blood from left ventricle to all other parts of the body. However, the function of pulmonary is completely opposite to the arteries. Arteries are considered as the primary resistance vessels because they distribute the blood flow into capillary beds. The arterial blood circulation is pulsatile, which means that the blood flow is rhythmic and the intermittent propagation of a fluid occurs through the vessels. The presence of elastin fibers in the large blood vessels enables arteries to increase in size as arteries are under high blood pressure.
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the layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called lamellae.
Lamellae are concentric rings of bone matrix arranged it around central canal like an osteon.
What is lamellae and its function?Thylakoids from two different grana are joined by stromal lamellae. They increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by keeping granules apart so they do not clump together. They are also known as stromal thylakoids. They ensure that the maximum amount of the sun's energy is used during photosynthesis.
Where is the lamella located?It is comprised of intracellular matrix and located between the two major cell membranes of two plant cells. Polygalacturons (D-galacturonic acid) with neutral carbohydrates make up the lamella. In the presence of pectinase, it is soluble.
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HELP genetics model
I'm trying to figure out how to turn my punnett squares (image 1 ) into a chromosome model like this (image 2) Can someone please draw it out?
In order to turn the Punnett squares (image 1) into a chromosome model like image 2 it is required to know if genes are linked since this phenomenon alters gene segregation during gamete formation.
Why linked genes alter proportions from Punnet squares?Linked genes are able to alter the expected proportions from Punnet squares because they do not segregate as occurs in alleles located on different chromosomes, thereby we have into account this phenomenon.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that linked genes alter segregation and therefore also proportions from Punnet squares.
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many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?
Currently, carbon dioxide is thought to pose the greatest threat to the environment.
Explain what an environment is ?Environment may be summed up as the impacts of all the eternal as non-living things that have an impact on human life. Non-living or abiotic concepts include water, land, sunshine, rocks, and air, whereas all live or biotic elements include animals, plants, forests, marine, and birds.
What role does the environment play?Environment is crucial to both healthy living or the continuation of life on Earth. Earth is able to learn about different living beings, well we all rely on those for basic foodstuffs, air, and water. Therefore, it is necessary that each individual protect and maintain our ecology.
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in wild-type drosophila (fruit flies), red-brown eye color results from the deposition of two pigment types in the eye. in each eye cell, red pigment is produced through the ommochrome pathway, and brown pigment is simultaneously produced through the drosopterin pathway. a transport system, made up of multiple transporter proteins, then shuttles these pigments to be deposited together in special areas (granules) in each eye cell.
The wild type eye color of brick red for Drosophila (fruit flies) is really formed by the deposit of both pigments in the eye, a dull brown pigment and a reddish-brown pigment.
Two biochemical pathways contribute to the production of the pigments that give Drosophila's eyes their distinctive hues: the ommochrome pathway, which results in a brown pigment, as well as the pteridine pathway, which first passes through stages of pale blue and yellow pigment before producing the bright red (crimson) pigment drosopterin. This is a blatant example of sex-related inheritance. The wild type eye color of brick red for Drosophila (fruit flies) is really formed by the deposit of both pigments in the eye, a dull brown pigment and a reddish-brown pigment. On the X - linked is the eye color gene. Recessive eye color is white. Red pigment (drosopterins), which are synthesized in the pigment cells and then deposited there, are what cause Drosophila melanogaster's eyes to be pigmented.
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Under strictly controlled conditions, a probe can be used that will hybridize only with its complementary sequence and not with other sequences that may vary by as little as one nucleotide. What are such probes called?
A) generation-specific probes
B) short, variable repeats
C) VNTRs
D) microsatellites
E) allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs)
It is possible to utilize a probe that will only hybridize probes with sequences that are complementary to it and not with others that may only differ by one nucleotide. Allele-specific oligonucleotides are the name for these probes (ASOs).
What kind of genetic engineering involves the transfer of a gene from one species to another that is not closely related?A transgenic organism is one that has undergone genetic modification using recombinant DNA technology, which either entails the fusion of DNA from various genomes or the introduction of foreign DNA into a genome.
Which of the following processes, when ordered correctly, constitutes the recombinant biotechnology process?The right answer is B I, V, II, IV, and III. The techniques used in recombinant DNA technology allow the DNA from various sources to be discovered, isolated, and recombined in order to give an organism new traits.
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Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) are inhibitors of mitochondrial aerobic phosphorylation. Which of the following statements correctly describes the mode of action of the three inhibitors? A) Cyanide and 2, 4-dinitrophenol inhibit the respiratory chain, and oligomycin inhibits the synthesis of ATP. B) Cyanide inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas oligomycin and 2, 4-dinitrophenol inhibit the synthesis of ATP. C) Cyanide, oligomycin & 2, 4-dinitrophenol compete with O_2 for cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV). D) Oligomycin & cyanide inhibit synthesis of ATP; 2, 4-dinitrophenol inhibits the respiratory chain. E) Oligomycin inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas cyanide and 2, 4-dinitrophenol prevent the synthesis of ATP.
It is a biochemically active chemical precursor that allows protons to move from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix, allowing oxidative phosphorylation to be decoupled from the electron transport chain in cells with mitochondria.
According to the findings, oligomycin inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in the liver slices in the main, which is what causes partial inhibition of ion transport. With the ongoing rate of ATP synthesis, the oligomycin-resistant ion-transporting activity makes sense.
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because the kidneys are the only major abdominopelvic organ located outside the sac formed by the peritoneum, their position is referred to as group of answer choices
The Kidneys are the only major Abdominopelvic organ located outside toe sac formed by the peritoneum. Because of this their position is referred to as Retroperitoneal.
What serves as a kidney?They are largely in charge of transforming waste into urine and detoxifying the blood. Around 160 grams of weight and one to one and a half gallons of urine are excreted daily by each kidney. Every 24 hours, the two kidneys work together to filter 200 liters of fluid.
How can you tell if your kidneys are in trouble?The urge to pee more frequently, especially at night, may indicate renal disease. An increased need to urinate may result from damage to the kidney filters. This may occasionally also indicate a respiratory infection or a swollen prostate in males. Your pee contains visible blood.
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b. What can developed and developing countries learn from each other?
The _______ is the part of the brain that controls voluntary movements, while the ______ helps regulate activities that we do not control, including breathing and heartbeat.cerebellum; cerebrumcerebellum; medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata; ponsmidbrain; hindbrain
The area of the brain that manages voluntary movements is called the cerebellum, whereas the medulla oblongata assists in managing automatic processes like breathing and heartbeat.
While voluntary actions are governed by the cerebellum, involuntary acts are those that are under the control of the medulla oblongata, a region of the autonomous nervous system. Blood pressure, breathing, digestion, and heartbeat are all directly regulated by the medulla oblongata. It is situated anterior to the cerebellum in the hindbrain. It has a cone-like structure and houses the vasomotor, respiratory, cardiac, and vomiting centers.
The foramen magnum, a hole at the base of your skull, connects your medulla, which is located at the bottom of your brain, to your spinal cord. Your pons, which are immediately underneath the central brain structures, is located just above your medulla.
Additionally, your medulla divides the neurons that regulate certain senses like touch, warmth, and pain from the nerves that regulate muscle action, which is on the left side.
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What type of organism caused strep throat?; Which type of bacteria can cause strep throat or blood?; Is strep throat viral or bacterial?; What kinds of bacteria are commonly found in the throat?
The bacterium that causes strep throat is streptococcus pyogenes, also referred to as group A streptococcus. Streptococcal bacteria quickly spread. They can be passed along by sharing food or drinks or by droplets released while coughing or sneezing.
If you have the bacterial infection known as strep throat, your throat may feel scratchy and rough. Streptococcus is only a minor contributor to sore throats.
If left untreated, strep throat can cause issues including kidney inflammation or rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever symptoms can include a particular type of rash, heart valve damage, and painful, inflamed joints.
The most common victims of strep throat are children, although anyone can get it. For testing and treatment, speak with your doctor right away if you youngster show any signs of strep throat
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Match the type of species interaction to the correct description. A Lichens and mosses live on the branches of a. competition trees and are benefited by being up and out of b. predation the shade where they carry out more c. mutualism photosynthesis. The tree is unharmed by their d. commensalism presence. 4 A wolf and a fox live in the same community. e. parasitism
The answer to the given question about type of species interaction are:
1) Lichens and mosses - d) Commensalism
2) Wolf and Fox - a) Competition
3) Plants and Bacteria - c) Mutualism
4) Lynx and Snowshoe - b) Predation
5) Species and host - e) Parasitism
In a parasitic relationship, one creature gains an advantage at the expense of the other. Ectoparasites, which live on the host's surface, and endoparasites, which live inside the host, are the two forms of parasites that harm living things (living in the body of host). Mutualism refers to ecological interactions between two or more species in which each species gains something from the connection. Ecological interactions frequently take the form of mutualism. Several notable examples are corals with zooxanthellae, blooming plants being pollinated by animals, vascular plants being spread by animals, and most vascular plants interacting mutualistically with mycorrhizae. The opposite of mutualism is interspecific competition, which results in reduced fitness for each species, exploitation, or parasitism, which favors one species at the expense of another.
Question
Match the type of species interaction to the correct description.
Lichens and mosses live on the branches of trees and are benefited by being up and out of the shade where they carry out more photosynthesis. The tree is unharmed by their presence.A wolf and a fox live in the same community. The primary prey for both of them are rabbits.Some plants live in association with bacteria that can fix nitrogen. The nitrogen from the bacteria is shared with the plant and the bacteria receive carbohydrates from the plant.A lynx searches for, and kills a snowshoe hare.A species that withdraws nutrients from another species (its host), usually without killing it.a. competition
b. predation
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
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The fundamental repeating unit of the myofibril, called a _______, give skeletal muscle its striated appearance and it bordered by ________.
a. cross bridge : Z lines
b. sarcomere : M lines
c. Sarcomere : I bands
d. Sarcomere : Z lines
e. Cross bridge : A bands
The fundamental repeating unit of the myofibril called a sarcomere, gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance and is bordered by z lines.
The smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue is called a sarcomere (Greek: sarx, meaning "flesh," and meros, meaning "portion"). In between two Z-lines, it is the repeating unit. Tubular muscle cells, also known as muscle fibers or myofibers, which are generated during embryonic myogenesis make up the skeletal muscles.
The repeating bands of the proteins actin and myosin that are found
along the length of myofibrils give skeletal muscle tissue its striated appearance. Dark Myofibrils are aligned such that A bands and light I bands repeat along them, giving the appearance of a banded or striated pattern throughout the entire cell. The length of the proteins within sarcomeres, which are highly stereotyped and repeated throughout muscle cells, can alter a muscle's overall length.
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T/F label the structures of the cerebellum and brainstem (median section) by clicking and dragging the labels to the correct location.
The cerebrum and spinal cord are linked by the brainstem, which is in the centre of the brain.
The midbrain, pons, and medulla are all parts of the brainstem.
Gyri are divided and defined by sulci, small grooves; along the midsagittal plane, fissures, large grooves, separate the cerebral cortex into lobes and the cerebrum into the right and left hemispheres.
The medial longitudinal fissure is the fissure that is involved in this division. Both the white and gray matter of the brain as well as significant areas like the third and fourth ventricles may be seen from the midsagittal portion of the brain.
The "bridge" connecting the brain and the spinal cord is the brainstem. The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata make up this structure. It is connected to the diencephalon above, the spinal cord below, and the cerebellum posteriorly.
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In our environment, heat transfer is always from the _____________object to the ______________object. Heat transfers to and through so me materials better than others.
The overall direction of heat transfer is from the higher-temperature object to the lower-temperature object.
Where does the heat move after leaving? From the higher-temperature item to the lower-temperature object is the general direction of heat transfer.From the lower-temperature item to the higher-temperature object is the general direction of heat transfer.Energy is transferred from a warmer to a cooler object through the phenomenon of heat.Radiation, conduction, and convection are the three methods by which heat is transmitted into and through the atmosphere.Heat is transferred from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through convection, radiation, and conduction.Since air is a poor conductor, the majority of energy transmission by conduction takes place very close to the Earth's surface.Just a few centimeters into the atmosphere, conduction immediately affects air temperature.To learn more about heat transfer refer
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a hypothetical genetic disease causes the body to produce antibodies that compete with acetylcholine for receptors on the motor and plate
The body develops antibodies in response to a hypothetical genetic illness that fight acetylcholine for receptors on the motor end plate. Muscle weakness is present in varied degrees in illness patients.
What transpires when muscle binds to acetylcholine?Cholinergic opens ligand-gated sodium channels in the cell membrane when it interacts to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers. Then, sodium ions enter the muscle cell, causing the muscle to contract.
How does ACh behave in myasthenia gravis?Acetylcholine activates the muscle and induces a contraction when it binds to its receptor. The neuromuscular junction's acetylcholine receptors are blocked, altered, or destroyed by antibodies (immune proteins made by the body's immune system) in myasthenia gravis, which stops the muscle from contracting.
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What can developed and developing countries do to prevent a famine as we move toward 2050?
Answer:
There are several steps that developed and developing countries can take to prevent famine as we move toward 2050. These steps include:
Investing in sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture, including practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and crop diversification, which can help to increase productivity and protect against the impacts of climate change.
Strengthening food systems and supply chains, including by improving storage and transportation infrastructure, reducing post-harvest losses, and ensuring that food is distributed equitably and efficiently.
Supporting smallholder farmers, including by providing them with access to land, credit, extension services, and markets, which can help them to increase their productivity and income.
Promoting sustainable and equitable economic growth, including by reducing poverty and inequality, and by investing in education, health, and other social services, which can help to improve food security and reduce vulnerability to famine.
Strengthening national and international policies and institutions that support food security, including by establishing effective early warning systems, implementing emergency response plans, and coordinating efforts across different sectors and actors.
Explanation:
which of the following statements about viruses is false? group of answer choices viruses contain a protein coat. viruses exclusively use their own enzymes. viruses have genes. viruses contain dna or rna but never both. viruses use the machinery of the host cell.
Viruses use their own catabolic enzymes , Viruses are unable to synthesize catabolic enzymes on their own to generate energy. They could only do so by expressing their genomes in the host cell's nucleus (for DNA viruses) or cytoplasm (for RNA viruses).
Viruses are metabolically inactive and must rely on cell metabolic activities to create component parts and replicate new viral copies. Often, the cell is dormant at the time of infection, but the infection alters the cell's metabolic activity.
Viruses cannot make or store adenosine triphosphate (ATP), so they must rely on the host cell for energy and all other metabolic processes
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in a bacteirum there is mutation in the gene for the represssor protein of the lac operon when lactose is present how owuld this mutation affect the function of the lac operon
Transcription of the lac operon will not occur in the presence of lactose
With lactose in the cell, lactose binds to the repressor. This causes a structural change in the repressor and it loses its affinity for the operator. Thus RNA polymerase can then bind to the promoter and transcribe the structural genes
Most mutations in the operator, the binding site for repressor, lead to lower affinity for the repressor and hence less binding.
A mutation occurring in the lac I gene causes the inability of the repressor to bind with the operator. If the repressor does not bind the operator, RNA polymerase will move to the transcription site and do transcription even if lactose is absent.
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A culture of Spirogyra (an autotrophic alga) is maintained in a water solution containing dissolved carbon dioxide and a source of phosphates but lacking nitrogen compounds. A researcher determines the rates of synthesis of several organic compounds found in the Spirogyra before and after several weeks in the water solution. Which of the following graphs best illustrates a likely result of the experiment?B) Graph be shows proteins and nucleic acids decreasing with carbohydrates and lipids staying the same with time.
Without a source of nitrogen, the Spirogyra cannot synthesize proteins or nucleic acids, both of which contain nitrogen. This answer reflects that the student is able to represent graphically the exchange of molecules between an organism and its environment and the use of these molecules in synthesis.
graph be shows proteins and nucleic acids decreasing with carbohydrates and lipids staying the same with time.
A nucleotide is made up of an aromatic base with nitrogen connected to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar that is then joined to a phosphate group. Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are the four nitrogen-containing bases found in each nucleic acid (U). Purine classifications apply to A and G, while pyrimidine classifications apply to C, T, and U. thus nitrogen source is required for nucleic acid and protein synthesis
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