In decision making, a payoff table is a way of organizing and presenting data that shows the potential outcome of choosing one or more options under different conditions.
In this case, we are supposed to determine the payoff table for a company that needs to order clothing to cater to the coming festive season.There are three possible outcomes, as indicated by the number of units that are demanded: 60, 70, or 80. There is a 50% chance of the demand being 60 units, a 30% chance of the demand being 70 units, and a 20% chance of the demand being 80 units.
The cost per unit for a new fashion dress is RM30, while the anticipated selling price is RM60. Dresses that are not sold during the festive season can be sold for RM25 to a discount store.The table below shows the possible outcomes based on the number of units
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On 1 January 2022, Rhino Limited (Rhino) enters into a contract with a customer, Henan Food Packing (HFP) Ltd, to design and install a replacement motor for one of their packing machines. They agreed on the following terms and conditions: - The agreed contract price is $75,000. - HFP Ltd should pay a deposit of 10% of the contract price on the date the contract is signed. - Once the deposit is made, the design team of Rhino Ltd will work closely with HFP to prepare a detailed design and plan. Once the detailed design is done, HFP must approve the design. At the time of approval, Rhino Ltd require HFP to pay 30% of the contract price. - After the approval, within 5 months, the motor should be designed and has to be delivered and installed. Upon the installation, the customer should pay the balance amount of the contract. If Rhino Ltd delivers later than the dates specified above, HFP Ltd will get a 5% discount on the total contract price. - Rhino Ltd agreed to provide the installation free to HFP Ltd as part of the contract. - Rhino Ltd also promised to provide free maintenance service at the end of the six months upon installation as part of the contract. The selling price of a similar replacement motor excluding any offer is $67,200. A similar installation service is usually sold at $8,000 to other customers and a similar maintenance service is provided at $4,800. As agreed, both the parties to the contract performed their respective obligations as follows: - On 1 January 2022, HFP Ltd paid 10% of the agreed contract price. - On 15 February 2022, HFP Ltd approved the design and paid 30% of the contract price as agreed. - On 25 June 2022 , the motor was delivered and installed successfully. On the same day, HFP Ltd paid the balance amount as agreed. As Daniel used the old revenue accounting standard, IAS 18, while he was practising as an accountant in India, he is now struggling to understand how to account for sales under NZ IFRS 15 . He seeks your advice in recognising revenue with the contract with HFP Ltd. Required: (a) Advise Daniel on how the contract with HFP Ltd should be treated under each step of the five-step revenue recognition model in NZ IFRS 15. (10 marks) (b) Prepare the relevant journal entries for transactions related to the above sale until 30 June 2022. Write narrations for journal entries
(a) Treatment of the contract with HFP Ltd under the five-step revenue recognition model in NZ IFRS 15:
Step 1: Identify the Contract:
The contract with HFP Ltd is identified as it meets the criteria specified in NZ IFRS 15.
Step 2: Identify the Performance Obligations:
The performance obligations in the contract are to design and install a replacement motor for HFP Ltd.
Step 3: Determine the Transaction Price:
The transaction price is determined as $75,000, which is the agreed contract price.
Step 4: Allocate the Transaction Price to the Performance Obligations:
The transaction price needs to be allocated to the performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. As per the information provided:
- The standalone selling price of the replacement motor is $67,200.
- The standalone selling price of the installation service is $8,000.
- The standalone selling price of the maintenance service is $4,800.
Step 5: Recognize Revenue as the Performance Obligations are Satisfied:
Revenue should be recognized when control of the goods or services is transferred to the customer. In this case:
- On 1 January 2022, when HFP Ltd paid the 10% deposit, revenue is recognized for that amount.
- On 15 February 2022, when HFP Ltd approved the design and paid 30% of the contract price, revenue is recognized for that amount.
- On 25 June 2022, when the motor was delivered and installed successfully, and the balance amount was paid by HFP Ltd, revenue is recognized for the remaining amount.
(b) Journal entries:
1. On 1 January 2022, when HFP Ltd paid the 10% deposit:
Debit: Accounts Receivable - HFP Ltd $7,500
Credit: Unearned Revenue $7,500 (Narration: Received deposit from HFP Ltd)
2. On 15 February 2022, when HFP Ltd approved the design and paid 30% of the contract price:
Debit: Accounts Receivable - HFP Ltd $22,500
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Which of the following would most likely increase the Zhejun Corporation's net profit margin ratio? Mulliple Choice A decrease in the overall sales volume. An increase in the unit selling price. An increase in cost of goods sold. An increase in operating expenses.
An increase in the unit selling price is the option among those presented that would most likely result in a higher net profit margin ratio for Zhejun Corporation. By dividing net profit by net sales, the net profit margin ratio is determined.
By raising the unit selling price, the business can sell more units while earning more money from each one, which could boost net profit. For this reason, even while the increased selling price has no immediate effect on the cost of goods sold or operating expenses, it nevertheless helps to increase sales income. On the other hand, a decline in overall sales volume, an increase in cost of goods sold, or an increase in operating expenses would typically have a detrimental effect on the net profit margin ratio, as they all affect the company's ability to make a profit. would make the business less profitable.
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lostridium difficile Case Study 24-year-old woman suffered from recurrent severe episodes of an intestinal disorder called Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) for past 13 months. She routinely experienced profuse watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. In addition, she was feeling tired and hopeless because she did not seem to be gettering well, despite long attempts at multiple different treatments. As with most patients who have CDI, the woman had been taking an oral antibiotic shortly before her symptoms began - in this case to treat a tooth infection. The antibiotic had successfully killed that bacteria but caused her tooth infection, but it also killed some members of her normal intestinal microbiota. As a result, the bacterium Clostridium difficile - often referred to simply as "C. diff" – thrived in her intestinal tract, growing to much higher numbers than it could before. The strain that causes her infection was able to make a toxin that damaged the lining of her intestinal tract. When the patient first started experience CDI, her doctor told her to stop taking the antibiotic prescribed for her tooth infection, hoping that her CDI would resolve on its own. When that did not help, the doctor prescribed a different antibiotic that is often effective in treating CDI. The patient started feeling better, but the symptoms quickly returned when she stopped taking the medication. She also tried oral supplements containing Lactobacillus GG, a bacterium that sometimes appears to be effective in preventing antibiotic associated diarrhea. Because that patient's health was declining, doctors suggested a fecal transplant, p procedure that involves in inserting feces from a healthy person into the patient's intestinal tract in order to repopulate that environment with appropriate microbes. The chose to use her sister as a fecal donor, screening both the donor and the patient to ensure that neither was infected with certain infectious agents, including various intestinal pathogens and HIV. Approximately Y cup of fresh feces was mixed with 1 quarter of water and delivered to her intestinal tract via a colonoscope. Within days after the transplant, the patient began feeling better, and soon recovered completely. 1. Why would certain oral antibiotics allow Clostridium difficile thrive in the intestinal tract? 2. Why would the doctors screen both the patient and the decal donor for certain infectious agents? 3. Why would the doctors transplant feces rather than introducing isolated bacteria from feces to repopulate
1. Certain oral antibiotics allow Clostridium difficile to thrive in the intestinal tract because they kill the normal microbiota of the gut and create an imbalance in the gut microbiome that leads to the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile.
2. The doctors screen both the patient and the fecal donor for certain infectious agents to ensure that the fecal transplant does not transfer other pathogens, such as HIV, into the patient.
3. The doctors would transplant feces rather than introducing isolated bacteria from feces to repopulate because fecal transplant provides an entire ecosystem of microbes to the patient that interact and function together. The intestinal microbiota is a complex and dynamic community of microbes that perform vital functions such as breaking down food, producing vitamins and hormones, and regulating the immune system.
Fecal transplant aims to restore the balance and function of the gut microbiome, which can be difficult to achieve by introducing isolated bacterial species. Fecal transplant also provides more diversity in the gut microbiome, which has been associated with improved health outcomes.
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Click the icon to view the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding when the MARR is 13% per year. The FW of the following engineering project is ? (Round to the nearest dollar.)
As the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding when the MARR is 13% per year is not given in the question, it is difficult to calculate the future worth (FW) of the engineering project. However, I can explain the formula used to calculate the future worth of a project and the concept of MARR.
The future worth (FW) is the sum of the present worth (PW) and the compound interest earned on it. The formula to calculate the future worth (FW) of a project is:
FW = PW(1 + i)n
Where,
PW = Present worth of the project
i = Interest rate per compounding period
n = Number of compounding periods
The Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) is the lowest rate of return or the minimum rate of return that an investor expects from an investment to compensate them for the time, opportunity cost, and risk involved in the investment. In other words, it is the minimum rate of return that a company or investor will accept for investing in a project or an investment opportunity.
In the given question, the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding when the MARR is 13% per year is not given, so it is impossible to calculate the future worth (FW) of the engineering project.
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1. Buying groceries at the supermarket.
2. Selling a house
3. Getting married out of community of property.
4. Starting a new cellphone contract.
5. Arranging monthly instalments to pay for the car you bought from your brother.
Qustions:
What is the best form for the contract involved in this situation (written/verbal/tacit/mixed)?
What formalities are required by law for a contract in this situation?
What formalities might the one or both parties require to make the contract valid and/or enforceable?
1. Buying groceries at the supermarket - Verbal
2. Selling a house - Written
3. Getting married out of community of property - Written
4. Starting a new cellphone contract - Written
5. Arranging monthly installments to pay for the car you bought from your brother - Written
Contracts can be written, verbal, tacit, or mixed.
However, some formalities are required by law for a contract in each situation.
These include the following:
What is the best form for the contract involved in this situation (written/verbal/tacit/mixed)?
Starting a new cellphone contract, and arranging monthly installments to pay for the car you bought from your brother, the best form for the contract involved in this situation is written.
What formalities are required by law for a contract in this situation?
The following formalities are required by law for a contract in this situation:
- Both parties should have contractual capacity.
- There should be consent of both parties.- The object of the contract must be lawful and possible.
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________ is a metric used to assess the impact of an online ad. a) churn rate b) error rate c) click-through rate d) pagerank
c) click-through rate A metric is a quantifiable measurement used to assess performance, effectiveness, or impact in various fields, including business, marketing, and analytics.
A metric is a quantifiable measurement used to assess performance, effectiveness, or impact in various fields, including business, marketing, and analytics. Metrics provide objective data and insights that help evaluate progress towards goals, track performance over time, and make informed decisions. They can range from simple counts and ratios to more complex calculations and statistical indicators. Metrics serve as valuable tools for monitoring, analyzing, and optimizing processes, strategies, and outcomes. By selecting and analyzing the right metrics, organizations can gain valuable insights into their performance, identify areas for improvement, and make data-driven decisions to drive success and achieve desired outcomes.
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the annual report for cornflower ranch disclosed that 1 billion shares of common stock have been authorized. at the beginning of 2017, 770 million shares had been issued and the number of shares in treasury stock was 99 million. during 2017, the only common share transactions were that 16 million common shares were reissued from treasury and 22 million common shares were purchased and held as treasury stock.
The annual report for Cornflower Ranch stated that 1 billion shares of common stock have been authorized. At the beginning of 2017, 770 million shares had been issued, and there were 99 million shares in treasury stock.
To understand the given information, let's break it down step by step:Authorized shares: The annual report states that 1 billion shares of common stock have been authorized. This means that the company is legally allowed to issue up to 1 billion shares.Issued shares: At the beginning of 2017, 770 million shares had been issued. Issued shares are the total number of shares that the company has actually sold or distributed to shareholders.Treasury stock: The report also mentions that there were 99 million shares in treasury stock. Treasury stock refers to the shares that the company has repurchased from the market. These shares are held by the company itself and are not considered outstanding.
This means that some of the shares held in treasury stock were put back into circulation and sold to new shareholders. Purchased shares: Additionally, during 2017, the company purchased 22 million common shares and held them as treasury stock. This means that the company bought back some of its own shares from the market and kept them in treasury.To summarize, the main information from the annual report is that 1 billion shares of common stock have been authorized. At the beginning of 2017, 770 million shares were issued, and 99 million shares were held in treasury stock. Throughout the year, 16 million shares were reissued from treasury, and 22 million shares were purchased and held as treasury stock.
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Gladstone Corporation is about to launch a new product. Depending on the success of the new product, Gladstone may have one of four values nexis $145 million, $140 million, $100 million, and $80 million. These outcomes are all equally likely, and this risk is diversifiable. Gladstone will not make any to investors during the year. Suppose the risk-free interest rate is 5.5% and assume perfect capital markets. a. What is the initial value of Gladstone's equity without leverage? Now suppose Gladstone has zero-coupon debt with a $100 million face value due next year. b. What is the initial value of Gladstone's debt? c. What is the yield-to-maturity of the debt? What is its expected return? d. What is the initial value of Gladstone's equity? What is Gladstone's total value with leverage? a. What is the initial value of Gladstone's equity without leverage? The initial value of Gladstone's equity without leverage is $ million. (Round to two decimal places.) Now suppose Gladstone has zero-coupon debt with a \$100 million face value due next year. b. What is the initial value of Gladstone's debt? The initial value of Gladstone's debt is $ million. (Round to two decimal places.)
The initial value of Gladstone's equity without leverage: It is given that Gladstone Corporation is about to launch a new product and may have one of four values nexis $145 million, $140 million, $100 million, and $80 million.
These outcomes are all equally likely, and this risk is diversifiable. To find the initial value of Gladstone's equity without leverage, we use the following formula:$$. Initial value\ of\ Equity = \frac{Net\ Value\ of\ Assets}{Number\ of\ Shares}
$$.
The net value of assets for Gladstone Corporation with the given values of nexis will be:[tex]$Net\ Value\ of\ Assets = \frac{1}{4}(145 + 140 + 100 + 80) = 116.25$$[/tex] Given that there are no dividends paid out to the investors, therefore the total number of shares will be equivalent to the total equity shares that Gladstone Corporation has.
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you are working in a supply chain department for Zara, and you are
setting a new strategy/plan for opening a new store in
Windsor?
As a member of Zara’s supply chain team, developing a new strategy for opening a store in Windsor will require extensive planning and preparation. The following are the critical factors that should be considered to ensure a successful store opening.
Logistics planning: The first critical aspect of preparing a strategy for opening a new store in Windsor would be planning for logistics. This includes determining the most efficient transportation and shipping methods, analyzing distribution channels, and identifying the most optimal warehousing facility to store goods before shipping them to the new store.
Inventory management: Efficient management of inventory levels is vital to ensuring a smooth store opening. This includes analyzing customer demand patterns, ordering inventory on time, and maintaining adequate safety stock.
Supplier management: Zara's supply chain department should develop a system of supplier management that enhances relationships with suppliers, and regularly audits their performance.
Quality control: Ensuring that every item sold in the new store is of the highest quality is essential for building trust with customers. The supply chain department needs to implement rigorous quality control measures throughout the supply chain.
Cost management: Zara’s supply chain department should analyze every aspect of the supply chain and identify opportunities for cost reduction.
ConclusionIn conclusion, opening a new store in Windsor requires an in-depth analysis of logistics planning, inventory management, supplier management, quality control, and cost management. The supply chain department should work closely with other teams to ensure that all aspects of the new store opening are well-planned, coordinated, and executed.
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The operators of a manufacturing cell work out a more orderly arrangement for tool storage ahis a schedule to maintain cleanliness on a daily basis. These improvements are best described by which ingub to problem solving? A. 5 S. B. Poka yoke. C. Kaizen. D. PDCA. 19. The reason for using a team in solving problems is: A. Because it is important to promote teamwork. B. Because no individual knows as much as a team. C. Because it is easier to get employees to talk. D. Because teams are a waste. 20. Decision making is a critical task in a total quality setting because an organization cannot proceed until decisions are made. A. True. B. False. 23. Histograms are used to identify trends by charting data over a specified period of time. A. True. B. False. 24. The midsem exam scores for some GIMPA students are 52%,48%,65%,72%. Find the standard deviation. A. 10.177. B. 11.177. 52−59.25 C. 11.188. D. 10.188. 25. The monthly wages of the GIMPA students are GHC1320, GHC1260, GHC1300, GHC1380. What is the standard deviation of the wages? A. 50.0. B. 50.1. C. 50.2. D. 50.3. 26. Quality Function Deployment is a practice for designing your processes in response to customer needs. A. True. B. False.
The operators of a manufacturing cell work out a more orderly arrangement for tool storage and a schedule to maintain cleanliness on a daily basis. These improvements are best described by the term 5S.5S is a Japanese term for a workplace organization method that improves efficiency and effectiveness.
It stands for Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain. The 5S methodology helps create a workplace that is well-organized, clean, and efficient, making it easier for employees to do their jobs without any hindrance.
5S focuses on improving the organization and standardization of the workplace by removing clutter, optimizing the use of space, and identifying and solving problems. The 5S approach is aimed at improving productivity and reducing waste by ensuring that everything has its place, and there is a place for everything.
Thus, The improvements of the operators of a manufacturing cell work out a more orderly arrangement for tool storage and a schedule to maintain cleanliness on a daily basis are best described by the term 5S.
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What is the future value of $50,000 that is deposited for a duration of 5 Years at a rate of interest of 3.9% per year
The future value of $50,000 that is deposited for a duration of 5 years at a rate of interest of 3.9% per year, compounded annually is $60,210.
How to find?Formula used:
Future value, [tex]FV = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)[/tex]
Where,n = number of compounding periods per year.
First, we will calculate the future value of $50,000 if compounded annually. Here, the number of compounding periods per year (n) is 1.
[tex]FV = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)[/tex]
FV = $50,000(1 + 3.9%/1)^(1×5)
FV = $50,000(1 + 0.039)^5
FV = $50,000 × 1.204
FV = $60,210
Therefore, the future value of $50,000 that is deposited for a duration of 5 years at a rate of interest of 3.9% per year, compounded annually is $60,210.
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Consider an investment where $48,000 is invested for 15 years at 6% compounded continuously. How much will this investment be worth after 15 years? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.) $ What is the total amount earned in compound interest? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.) $
The total amount earned in compound interest is approximately $70,028.80.
To calculate the future value of an investment with continuous compounding, we can use the formula:
A = P × e^(rt)
Where:
A = Future value
P = Principal amount (initial investment)
e = Euler's number (approximately 2.71828)
r = Interest rate (as a decimal)
t = Time period (in years)
Principal amount (P) = $48,000
Interest rate (r) = 6% = 0.06 (as a decimal)
Time period (t) = 15 years
Using the formula, we can calculate the future value (A):
A = $48,000 × e^(0.06 × 15)
A = $48,000 × e^(0.9)
Now, let's calculate the future value:
A ≈ $48,000 × 2.4596
A ≈ $118,028.80
Therefore, the investment will be worth approximately $118,028.80 after 15 years.
To calculate the total amount earned in compound interest, we subtract the initial investment from the future value:
Total Interest = Future Value - Principal Amount
Total Interest = $118,028.80 - $48,000
Total Interest ≈ $70,028.80
Therefore, the total amount earned in compound interest is approximately $70,028.80.
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Topic overview In 2013 the Target corporation in the US suffered a massive data breach, exposing over 100 million customers’ personal information (including credit card numbers). Analysis of the events of the breach, and the factors that contributed to it, revealed a long and complex chain of weaknesses and mistakes made by Target and its business partners.
Your task is as follows: Read the following paper: Shu, X., Tian, K., & Ciambrone, A. (2017). Breaking the target: an analysis of target data breach and lessons learned. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.04940.
Answer the following questions: Describe a failure in Target’s response to the breach, in the context of the Kill Chain methodology (20 marks)
Kill Chain Methodology: The Kill Chain is a cybersecurity concept that was first developed by the US military. It's a cybersecurity model that breaks down an attack into seven stages. The seven stages are described below: Reconnaissance: The attackers attempt to learn about the target's environment, network topology, systems, and vulnerabilities.
Weaponization: In this stage, the attacker creates a malicious payload to deliver to the target. Delivery: In this stage, the attacker sends the payload to the target. Exploitation: The attacker exploits a vulnerability in the target's environment to execute the payload.
Installation: The attacker installs the malware on the target's system. Command and Control (C2): The attacker establishes communication with the target's system to control it. Actions on Objectives: The attacker performs the intended objective, whether it's exfiltrating data, damaging systems, or other malicious activities.
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Maltby plc, a company quoted on London Stock Exchange, has been making regular annual after-tax profits of £7000,000 for some years and has the following long-term capital structure: The debenture issue is not due to be redeemed for some time and the company has become increasingly concerned about the need to continue paying interest at 16% when the interest rate on newly issued government stock of a similar maturity is only 7%. A proposal has been made to issue 2,000,000 new shares in a rights issue, at a discount of 20% to the current share price of Maltby plc, and to use the funds raised to pay off part of the debenture issue. The current share price of Maltby plc is ₫3.50 and the current market price of the debentures is £112 per ₫100 block. - Alternatively, the funds raised by the rights issue could be invested in a new project giving an annual after-tax return of 20%. Whichever option is undertaken, the stock market view of the company's prospects will be unchanged and its P/E ratio will remain unchanged. Maltyby plc pays corporation tax at a rate of 31%. - By considering the effect on the share price of the two alternative proposals, discuss whether the proposed rights issue can be recommended as being in the best interests of the ordinary shareholders of Maltby plc. Your answer should include all relevant calculations.
The proposed rights issue can be recommended as being in the best interests of the ordinary shareholders of Maltby plc.
Given:
Annual after-tax profits = £7000000
Debentures interest rate = 16%
Newly issued government stock interest rate = 7%
Number of new shares proposed = 2000000
Discount offered on new shares = 20%
Current share price = £3.50
Current market price of debentures = £112 per £100 block
Tax rate = 31%
Now, we need to evaluate whether the proposed rights issue can be recommended as being in the best interests of the ordinary shareholders of Maltby plc.
Effect of both the options on the share price will be evaluated.1. Paying off part of the debenture issue with funds raised from new share issue
The total funds raised from 2,000,000 new shares = 2,000,000 × (£3.50 × 0.80) = £5,600,000Tax paid on funds raised = 0.31 × £5,600,000 = £1,736,000Funds remaining after tax = £5,600,000 − £1,736,000 = £3,864,000Number of blocks of debentures to be paid off = 3,864,000/112 = 34,500
New debenture interest payments to be made each year = 48,500 blocks × £100 × 0.16 = £776,000
Net annual cash inflow after payment of debenture interest = £7,000,000 − £776,000 = £6,224,000
Total shares in the market after the new shares are issued = 25,000,000 + 2,000,000 = 27,000,000
Current Earnings per share = £7,000,000 ÷ 25,000,000 = £0.28
New Earnings per share = £6,224,000 ÷ 25,000,000 = £0.248
The new P/E ratio would be: 3.50/0.248 = 14.11
New share price would be: 0.248 × 14.11 = £3.50The change in share price would be 0%.
2. Invest funds in a new project with annual after-tax return of 20%Funds raised from 2,000,000 new shares = 2,000,000 × (£3.50 × 0.80) = £5,600,000
Tax paid on funds raised = 0.31 × £5,600,000 = £1,736,000
Funds remaining after tax = £5,600,000 − £1,736,000 = £3,864,000
Net annual return from the new project = £3,864,000 × 0.2 = £772,800
Net annual cash inflow = £7,000,000 + £772,800 − (48,500 blocks × £100 × 0.16) = £7,556,800
Total shares in the market after the new shares are issued = 25,000,000 + 2,000,000 = 27,000,000
Current Earnings per share = £7,000,000 ÷ 25,000,000 = £0.28
New Earnings per share = £7,556,800 ÷ 25,000,000 = £0.302
The new P/E ratio would be: 3.50/0.302 = 11.59
New share price would be: 0.302 × 11.59 = £3.50
The change in share price would be 0%.
Therefore, the proposed rights issue can be recommended as being in the best interests of the ordinary shareholders of Maltby plc.
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In Appendix D.2, a National Trade Show Services (NTSS) business is described in page 2. Suppose that currently the NTSS business is conducted manually. The company wants to develop a webbased online system to automate the business. This exercise is an individual assignment. a) From the business description, identify and list the most important business activities (at least 10) of the current business. These are the functions that the future system must provide b) Formulate 20 functional requirements. Three requirements under one business case will be considered as three requirements. For example, this will be counted as 3 functional requirements R1 The system shall allow a potential user to create an online account identified by a valid email address. R1.1 The system shall require the user to specify the account type (event organizer, exhibitor, speaker, or observer). Different types of account shall have different privileges. R1.2 The system shall send a temporary password to the email address. The temporary password must comply to commonly adopted password security rules. R1.3 The system shall require the user to change the temporary password at the first login. The new password must comply to commonly adopted password security rules. c) Derive use cases from the requirements specification and will be based on the business activities identified from part a. Specify ten high-level use cases. d) Draw use case diagrams for 5 of them.
The five use case diagrams, which are drawn for them are:
Create an account
Login
Account Type Selection
Schedule an event
Payment Management
Here are the most important business activities of the current business, which future systems must provide:
Marketing and sales
Client Management
Inventory Management
Services Management
Vendor Management
Financial Management
Information Management
Personnel Management
Product Management
Operations Management
Here are the functional requirements formulated:
R1 The system shall allow the user to register with a valid email ID.
R2 The system shall enable users to register as an event organizer, exhibitor, speaker, or observer.
R3 Each account type shall have unique privileges.
R4 A temporary password shall be delivered to the user's email address.
R5 The password must adhere to commonly adopted security policies.
R6 The user must alter the temporary password during the first login.
R7 The new password must meet the commonly adopted password security policies.
R8 The user can access the system via an internet-connected device.
R9 The system shall enable event organizers to schedule and handle events.
R10 The system shall provide exhibitors with a platform to submit exhibit details.
Here are the ten high-level use cases derived from the requirements specification:
Create an account
Login
Account Type Selection
Create a Vendor Account
Schedule an event
Exhibit Application
Speaker Application
View Events
View Products and Services
Payment Management
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Question 1 The table below shows Actual-Dollar cash flows of a proposed project of yours. If the real (inflation free) interest rate is 5% and inflation rate is 3%, calculate the Constant-Dollar (real, inflation free) NPW for the project. ΕΟΥ Cash Flow 0 -$60,000 1 $25,000 2 $23,000 3 $21,000 Question 1 Part A: Select the appropriate inflation/interest rates for this scenario from below. O i=3%, f = 5% O i=5%, f=3% O i=3 %, f=5 % O i=5%, f=3%
The appropriate inflation/interest rates for this scenario is i=5%, f=3%.
What is Inflation?Inflation and interest are the factors affecting money's value over time. In a scenario with a 3% inflation rate and a 5% interest rate, money's value decreases by 3% annually, while earning 5% annually due to interest.
To calculate the Constant-Dollar NPW, adjust dollar cash flows for inflation by dividing each cash flow by the inflation rate raised to the power of future years.
For example, the first cash flow of -$60,000 in year 0 would be adjusted to -$60,000 / (1+0.03)^0 = -$60,000.
Once we have adjusted the cash flows for inflation, we can calculate the Constant-Dollar NPW using the following formula:
NPW = [tex]-CF0 + CF1 / (1+i)^1 + CF2 / (1+i)^2 + ... + CFn / (1+i)^n[/tex]
where:
CF0 is the initial cash flow
CF1, CF2, ..., CFn are the future cash flows
i is the interest rate
n is the number of years
In this case, the Constant-Dollar NPW is:
NPW = -$60,000 + $25,000 / (1+0.05)^1 + $23,000 / (1+0.05)^2 + $21,000 / (1+0.05)^3 = -$58,916.88
Therefore, the Constant-Dollar NPW of the project is -$58,916.88.
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A firm has a 7% coupon bond outstanding that matures in 14years. the bond paysinterest semiannually. face value is $1000 and YTM is 16.5%. what is the market price per bond?
The expression 1/(1+r)^t relates to the future value factor
True/false
A firm just paid a 1.35 annual dividend. dividends are expected to increase by 2.9% annually, and the rate of return is 15.75 How much you pay for this stock today?
`12.75
11.7
10.81
11.17
12.46
The calculation for a bond's present value can be used to get the market price per bond: Bond market prices are calculated as follows: face value / (1 + YTM/2)(2*t) + coupon payment / (1 + YTM/2)(2*t).
We may determine the coupon payment as follows: Coupon payment = 0.07 * $1000 = $70 given that the coupon payment is 7% of the $1000 face value. Market price per bond = ($70 / (1 + 0.165/2)(2*14) + ($1000 / (1 + 0.165/2)(2*14)) substituting the values The current market price for each bond is roughly $648.81. The current value factor, not the future value factor, is what the formula 1/(1+r)t refers to. Therefore, the claim is untrue. The dividend discount model (DDM), which we can use to determine the stock price: Dividend per (Rate of return - Dividend growth rate) = Stock Price Substituting the values displayed: Price of a share equals $1.35 / (0.1575-2.009) The current stock price is about $12.75. Therefore, $12.75 is the right answer.
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3. Relationship between tax revenues, deadweight loss, and demandelasticity The government is considering levying a tax of $80 per unit on suppliers of either leather jackets or smart phones. The supply curve for each of these two goods is identical, as you can see on each of the following graphs. The demand for leather jackets is shown by (on the first graph), and the demand for smart phones is shown by (on the second graph). Suppose the government taxes leather jackets. The following graph shows the annual supply and demand for this good. It also shows the supply curve ( ) shifted up by the amount of the proposed tax ($80 per jacket). On the following graph, use the green rectangle (triangle symbols) to shade the area that represents tax revenue for leather jackets. Then use the black triangle (plus symbols) to shade the area that represents the deadweight loss associated with the tax.
Tax revenue, deadweight loss, and demand elasticityThe taxation levied by the government on suppliers of either leather jackets or smartphones is $80 per unit.
The supply curve for each of these two goods is identical. The demand for leather jackets is shown on the first graph, and the demand for smartphones is shown on the second graph.
The graph shows the annual supply and demand for this good. It also shows the supply curve (S) shifted up by the amount of the proposed tax ($80 per jacket).
The green rectangle (triangle symbols) represents tax revenue for leather jackets, while the black triangle (plus symbols) represents the deadweight loss associated with the tax. The tax revenue will be generated by charging the tax on suppliers based on the amount of goods sold. If the government levies taxes on leather jackets, then it will result in a decline in demand for the product.
Consumers would have to pay an additional $80 for each leather jacket they purchase. As a result, the demand for leather jackets will fall. The decline in demand for leather jackets, as a result of the tax, causes a loss of consumer surplus. The deadweight loss is the reduction in total surplus caused by the tax, and the area of the black triangle (plus symbols) represents it.
It's the result of the misallocation of resources caused by the tax and represents the loss of value in trade. Taxation decreases total surplus in the market by more than the revenue generated by the tax (the area of the green rectangle or triangle symbols).The tax revenue earned by the government is used for social and economic development, and to meet its budgetary requirements.
The deadweight loss incurred by the economy is an inefficient allocation of resources. Therefore, the magnitude of deadweight loss and tax revenue generated would depend on the elasticity of demand. The more elastic the demand is, the greater the deadweight loss and the lower the tax revenue generated.
If the demand is inelastic, the revenue generated will be high, and the deadweight loss will be low. The government needs to consider these factors while formulating the tax policy to minimize the loss of welfare.
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bticials in charge of televising an international chess competition in south America want to determine if the average time per move for the fop players has remained it 5 minutes over the last two yeass. Viseo tapes of matches which have been played over the two-year period are reviewed and a random sample of 49 moves are *imed, The sample mean k 4.5 minutes. Assume the population standard deviation is 3.7 minutes. Using the confidence interval approach, test the hypothesis that the averase ume per move is different from 5 minutes at a 0.01 significance level. Step 2 of 2 : Diaw a conclusion and interpret the decision, Answer Keyoodrd sthartcuts previons step anwer? Becamse the hypothesited value does not fall in the interval, we tar to reject the null hypothesis. There is not rifficient evidence at the 0.01 significance level that the 3veraget time per micive is difterent from 5 minutes. becwuse the hypothesized value falis in the imerval, we reject the nullypothesis. Thece is sufticient evidence at the 0.01 significance level that ithe average time per move is diferem from 5 minutes. Hecause the typothesited value fays in the confidence intervat, we fail to reject the nult tiypothesis. There is not suffichent evidence at the 0.01 significance teyel that The are trage lime per miove is different from 5 minutes the uveraknt time per mave is different from 5 ministet.
The conclusion based on the given information is: "Because the hypothesized value does not fall in the interval, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
There is not sufficient evidence at the 0.01 significance level that the average time per move is different from 5 minutes." To test the hypothesis, a confidence interval is constructed using the sample mean, sample size, population standard deviation, and the desired significance level. In this case, the sample mean is 4.5 minutes, and the population standard deviation is 3.7 minutes. Since the confidence interval contains the hypothesized value of 5 minutes, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is not enough evidence to conclude that the average time per move is different from 5 minutes. The confidence level chosen (0.01) indicates a high level of confidence in this decision.
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what is it called when a seller-lender agrees to allow the conventional lender to become the senior lien holder?
Main Answer: The process where a seller-lender agrees to allow the conventional lender to become the senior lien holder is called subordination.
Subordination is a legal and financial agreement between parties involved in a real estate transaction. In this scenario, the seller-lender holds a lien on the property, typically due to seller financing or a carryback loan. However, when the buyer obtains a conventional loan from a traditional lender, the conventional lender may require the seller-lender to subordinate their lien.
By agreeing to subordination, the seller-lender allows the conventional lender to have a higher priority lien on the property. This means that in the event of foreclosure or default, the conventional lender will have the first right to recover the outstanding loan amount before the seller-lender. Subordination is usually necessary for the conventional lender to feel secure in their position and to protect their investment.
Subordination can benefit both parties involved. For the buyer, it allows them to secure financing from a traditional lender, often at more favorable terms and interest rates. For the seller-lender, subordination may increase the likelihood of the property sale, as it enables the buyer to obtain the necessary financing. However, it's important for the seller-lender to carefully consider the terms and conditions of subordination to ensure their interests are protected.
Overall, subordination is a legal mechanism that allows the conventional lender to become the senior lien holder, providing security for their loan while enabling the buyer to secure financing from a traditional lender.
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Blustream, Inc., considers a project in which it will sell the use of its technology to firms in Mexico. It already has received orders from Mexican firms that wenerate 4 million Mexican pesos (MXP) in revenue at the end of the next year. However, it might also receive a contract to provide this technology to the Mexican government. In this case, it will generate a total of MXP6 million at the end of the next year. It will not know whether it will receive the government order until the end of the year. Today's spot rate of the peso is $0.12. The one-year forward rate is $0.10. Blustream expects that the spot rate of the peso will be $0.11 one year from now nitial outlay will be $300,000 to cover development expenses (regardless of whether the Mexican government purchases the thechnology). Blustream will pursue the broject only if it can satisfy its required rate of return of 20 percent. Ignore possible tax effects. It decides to hedge the maximum amount of revenue that it receive rom the project. a. Determine the NPV if Blustream receives the government contract. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollive should be indicated by a minus sign. $ (3) b. If Blustream does not receive the contract, it will have hedged more than it needed to and will offset the excess forward sales by purchasing pesos in the spot market at the time the forward sale is executed. Determine the NPV of the project assuming that Blustream does not receive the government contract. Do not intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar. Negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. $ (3) c. Now consider an alternative strategy in which Blustream only hedges the minimum peso revenue that it will receive. In this case, any revenue due to government contract would not be hedged. Determine the NPV based on this alternative strategy and assume that Blustream receives the government contract. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar. Negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. $ (3) d. If Blustream uses the alternative strategy of only hedging the minimum peso revenue that it will receive, determine the NPV assuming that it does not receive the $ e. If there is a 50 percent chance that Blustream will receive the government contract, would you advise Blustream to hedge the maximum amount or the minimum amount of revenue that it may receive? Explain. It should hedge the amount of revenue, since the NPV for either scenario is f. Blustream recognizes that it is exposed to exchange rate risk whether it hedges the minimum amount or the maximum am receiver it considers a pesos. The one-year put option has an exercise price of $0.105 and a premium of $0.009. Determine the NPV if Blustream uses this strategy and receives the government contract. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar. Negative in 5 (3) Also, determine the NPV if Blustream uses this strategy and does not receive the government contract. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar. Negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. $ Given that there is a 50 percent probability that Blustream will receive the government contract, would you use this new strategy or the strategy that you selected in question (e)? It is better to use the strategy offered in the since it results in greater amount of NPV for both scenarios.
Given that there is a 50 percent probability that Blues tream will receive the government contract, it would be better to use the new strategy that Blues tream recognizes.
NPV if Blues tream receives the government contract is -$112,000. It is computed as follows: NPV = -Initial Outlay + PV of Future Cash Flows [tex]Initial Outlay = $300,000[/tex] Mexican Peso to [tex]USD spot rate = $0.12USD300,000 / $0.12 = MXP 2,500,000NPV = -$300,000 + [(MXP 4,000,000 / $0.11) + (MXP 2,000,000 / $0.10)] / (1.20)NPV = -$112,000[/tex].
NPV if Blues tream does not receive the government contract is -$61,500. It is computed as follows: NPV = -Initial Outlay + PV of Future Cash Flows Initial Outlay = $300,000Mexican Peso to[tex]USD spot rate = $0.12USD300,000 / $0.12 = MXP 2,500,000NPV = -$300,000 + (MXP 4,000,000 / $0.11) / (1.20) - [MXP 2,500,000 - (MXP 4,000,000 / $0.10)] / $0.12 / (1.20)NPV = -$61,500[/tex].
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In the long run, a shift to the right of the market demand curve in a perfectly competitive market the market until the last firm makes long-run profit. forces firms to exit; zero attracts firms to enter; positive attracts firms to enter; zero forces firms to exit; negative
In a perfectly competitive market, a shift to the right of the market demand curve in the long run is likely to attract firms to enter the market until the last firm makes a long-run profit. This is because the increase in demand implies that the equilibrium price will increase, which will make the profits of firms rise.
As such, new firms will be attracted to the market, hoping to take advantage of the higher profits. Eventually, the entry of new firms will cause the market supply curve to shift to the right, leading to a decrease in the equilibrium price.
If the price decreases to the point where firms are no longer making a profit, some firms will be forced to exit the market. This exit of firms will cause the market supply curve to shift to the left, leading to an increase in the equilibrium price.
The equilibrium price will continue to rise until the last firm in the market makes a long-run profit. Therefore, a shift to the right of the market demand curve in a perfectly competitive market is likely to attract firms to enter the market until the last firm makes a long-run profit.
This is because the equilibrium price will increase, leading to higher profits for firms and attracting new entrants. Eventually, the entry of new firms will lead to a decrease in the equilibrium price, causing some firms to exit the market.
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Compute the non-compounded annualized inflation adjusted rate of return for the following investment held for 4 years.
Initial Investment Value: $4,000
Ending Investment Value: $3,600
Dividends Received Over The Period: $800
Inflation Rate Over The Period: 4%
A. -1.00%
B. +1.00%
C. +1.50%
D. +2.50%
The non-compounded annualized inflation-adjusted rate of return for the investment is -1.00%.Therefore, the correct answer is A. -1.00%.
To calculate the non-compounded annualized inflation-adjusted rate of return, we need to adjust the ending investment value and dividends received for inflation.
Adjusted Ending Investment Value = Ending Investment Value / (1 + Inflation Rate)
Adjusted Ending Investment Value = $3,600 / (1 + 0.04) = $3,461.54
Adjusted Dividends Received = Dividends Received Over The Period / (1 + Inflation Rate)
Adjusted Dividends Received = $800 / (1 + 0.04) = $769.23
Total Adjusted Value = Adjusted Ending Investment Value + Adjusted Dividends Received
Total Adjusted Value = $3,461.54 + $769.23 = $4,230.77
Non-compounded annualized inflation-adjusted rate of return = (Total Adjusted Value / Initial Investment Value)^(1/number of years) - 1
Non-compounded annualized inflation-adjusted rate of return = ($4,230.77 / $4,000)^(1/4) - 1 ≈ -0.0100 or -1.00%
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Research one example where a generic drug helped to drive costs of a brand name drug down. Post what the drug was, what the generic was and how bong it took to create the alternative. Also, describe ary interesting issues that came up during this generic drug development; examples could include eatent issues, harmful side effects, patient response, hurting of the brand name drug company stock $, but other issues can be analyzed as well SAGE
A generic drug is identical to the brand-name drug in dosage, strength, route of administration, quality, intended use, and side effects. In this sense, it is equivalent in terms of safety, strength, quality, and performance.
It also generates considerable cost savings, as the generic version is usually less expensive than the brand-name equivalent. One example of a generic drug driving down the cost of a brand-name drug is the case of Lipitor. It is one of the world's most widely used cholesterol-lowering medications.
It was created by Pfizer, who held the patent for the drug until 2011. In 2011, the company lost the patent for Lipitor, and other firms began developing generic versions. As a result, the cost of Lipitor went down by 80%.The generic version of Lipitor is called atorvastatin. There are several other companies that produce this generic.
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Ethical behavior is essential to the conduct of business activity Consider each of the following business behaviors:
Required:
Identify each behavior as ethical or unethical
a. A manager prepares financial statements that grossly overstate the performance of the business
b. A CPA resigns from an audit engagement rather than allow a business client to violate an accounting standard.
An internal auditor decides against confronting an employee of the business with minor violations of business policy. The employee is a former college classmate of the
auditor
d. An accountant advises his client on ways to legally minimize tax payments to the government.
6. A manager legally reduces the price of a product to secure a larger share of the market.
f. Managers of several large companies secretly meet to plan price reductions designed to drive up-and-coming competitors out of the market.
g. An accountant keeps confidential details of the employer's legal operations that would be of interest to the public.
h. A recently dismissed accountant tells comperors details about her former employer's operations as she seeks a new job
Ethical behavior is essential to the conduct of business activity. Here is the identification of each behavior as ethical or unethical:a. A manager prepares financial statements that grossly overstate the performance of the business.
It is considered an unethical behavior because preparing false financial statements is an act of fraud and can lead to legal action.Managers of several large companies secretly meet to plan price reductions designed to drive up-and-coming competitors out of the market.
It is considered an unethical behavior because this is an illegal antitrust practice that is aimed to reduce competition in the market. A recently dismissed accountant tells comperors . It is considered an unethical behavior because it violates the confidentiality agreement between the employer and the accountant.
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c. The post-trade consumer surplus is $ 64 thousand and the post-trade producer surplus is $ 4 thousand. Consumers are better off after trade
The post-trade consumer surplus of $64 thousand and the post-trade producer surplus of $4 thousand indicate that consumers are better off after the trade.
Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a product and what they actually pay. In this case, the post-trade consumer surplus of $64 thousand means that consumers are gaining $64 thousand worth of value from the trade. Producer surplus, on the other hand, is the difference between the price producers receive and the minimum price they are willing to accept. The post-trade producer surplus of $4 thousand means that producers are gaining $4 thousand worth of value from the trade.
The fact that the consumer surplus is much larger than the producer surplus implies that consumers are benefiting more from the trade. This could be because the trade allows consumers to obtain the product at a lower price than what they were willing to pay, resulting in a larger consumer surplus. On the other hand, the smaller producer surplus suggests that producers may be selling the product at a price lower than their minimum acceptable price, potentially reducing their overall benefit from the trade. In conclusion, the post-trade consumer surplus of $64 thousand and the post-trade producer surplus of $4 thousand indicate that consumers are better off after the trade, as they are gaining more value from it compared to producers.
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builder jim will receive a payment of $60,000 when the foundation, rough plumbing, subfloor, and framing are completed. what type of payment schedule is builder jim on?
Builder Jim is on a milestone payment schedule, where he receives $60,000 upon completing specific construction milestones.
Based on the information provided, Builder Jim is on a milestone payment schedule. The payment of $60,000 is tied to the completion of specific milestones in the construction process, namely the foundation, rough plumbing, subfloor, and framing.
Once these milestones are completed, Builder Jim is eligible to receive the payment. This type of payment schedule ensures that payments are made at key stages of the construction project, providing a measure of control and accountability for both parties involved.
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So I’m making a business proposal for my business class. I have to make a business proposal for a reselling limited edition sneakers company. I need enough information about: (can you please answer the question with all of its information as a business proposal report? I do not need general information about reselling limited edition sneakers company, Thank You)
1- executive summary
2- background
3- proposal
4- benefits
5- timeline
6- finance
7- conclusion
In conclusion, our proposal offers a lucrative opportunity to establish a leading limited edition sneaker reselling company, satisfying customers and driving profitability.
1- Executive Summary:
Our business proposal aims to establish a reselling company specializing in limited edition sneakers. By leveraging market research, strategic partnerships, and an intuitive online platform, we will cater to sneaker enthusiasts seeking exclusive footwear. Our comprehensive approach positions us for growth, profitability, and customer satisfaction in this thriving niche market.
2- Background:
The limited edition sneaker market has witnessed exponential growth, with collectors and fashion enthusiasts driving demand for rare releases. Our research reveals key market trends, customer preferences, and emerging opportunities. With a deep understanding of the sneaker culture and reselling landscape, we are poised to capitalize on this market and provide a valuable service to buyers and sellers.
3- Proposal:
Our proposal entails creating an online platform connecting sneaker collectors and resellers. We will curate a diverse inventory, forge brand partnerships, and leverage industry connections to offer a seamless user experience. Our platform will prioritize intuitive search options, secure transactions, and comprehensive product information. A fair pricing model will ensure competitiveness for both buyers and sellers.
4- Benefits:
Our limited edition sneaker reselling company will benefit customers by providing access to an extensive selection of exclusive footwear, eliminating the need for exhaustive searches. Secure transactions and a trustworthy environment will offer peace of mind. Our business will generate revenue through commission fees, attracting a loyal customer base and sustaining profitability.
5- Timeline:
Our timeline encompasses establishing the online platform, supplier partnerships, and inventory development in the initial three months. Simultaneously, marketing campaigns will raise awareness and attract early adopters. Within the first year, we aim to achieve a substantial customer base, reputable brand presence, and expanded inventory, with continuous optimization to stay ahead of the competition.
6- Finance:
We project the initial investment required to launch our limited edition sneaker reselling company, including website development, inventory acquisition, marketing, infrastructure, and legal compliance. Funding will be secured through personal investment, loans, and potential partnerships. Financial projections indicate positive cash flow within the first year, with increasing profitability as operations scale.
7- Conclusion:
In conclusion, our proposal outlines a compelling opportunity to establish a limited edition sneaker reselling company. With our expertise, passion, and comprehensive market understanding, we are confident in meeting sneaker enthusiasts' demands and generating sustainable revenue. We strive to become the go-to destination for rare and exclusive sneakers.
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Discuss how IKEA has changed its pricing strategy to enter
Bahrain based on the internal factors of IKEA and external factors
of Bahrain. (10 marks)
IKEA is a Swedish furniture company that has been providing its products to customers globally. IKEA's pricing strategies have been an essential aspect of the company’s growth.
Success and expansion into the international market. IKEA's pricing strategy is based on various internal and external factors that have impacted the company's pricing structure, including the entry into Bahrain.Let's discuss how IKEA changed its pricing strategy to enter Bahrain:External factors affecting IKEA's pricing strategy in Bahrain Bahrain has several external factors.
The company adjusted its pricing strategy based on external and internal factors to meet customer needs and gain more market share. The company’s low pricing strategy and high-quality products were the key to its success in Bahrain.
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Identify THREE types of nonbulk packaging that can be used to hold small quantities of hazardous materials:
a. Metal drums b. Multi-walled paper bags c. Cardboard boxes
Metal drums are commonly used to store and transport hazardous materials in small quantities. Fiberboard drums, also known as composite drums, are constructed from fiberboard materials, usually reinforced with a metal or plastic lining.
Three types of non-bulk packaging that can be used to hold small quantities of hazardous materials are:
a. Metal drums: Metal drums are commonly used to store and transport hazardous materials in small quantities. They provide durability, strength, and resistance to leakage or damage. Metal drums are often made of steel or aluminum and are designed to meet specific regulatory standards for the safe handling and containment of hazardous substances.
b. Fiberboard drums: Fiberboard drums, also known as composite drums, are constructed from fiberboard materials, usually reinforced with a metal or plastic lining. These drums offer a lightweight yet sturdy packaging solution for small quantities of hazardous materials. Fiberboard drums are designed to meet regulatory requirements and provide a reliable barrier against leaks or spills.
c. Plastic jerricans: Plastic jerricans are containers made of sturdy plastic material, often high-density polyethylene (HDPE). They are commonly used for storing and transporting small amounts of hazardous liquids or chemicals. Plastic jerricans are lightweight, resistant to corrosion, and have tight sealing capabilities, making them suitable for safe storage and handling of hazardous substances.
It is important to note that the selection of packaging for hazardous materials should comply with relevant regulations and industry standards to ensure proper containment and minimize risks associated with handling and transportation.
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