Remove the solvent by rotoevaporation. You should have a flask of free-flowing silica gel that you can pour on the top of your column. Add a layer of sand and elute as usual.
Solvents are a diversified group of chemical compounds that have the ability to water down, disintegrate, or disperse other substances. A solvent's ability to dissolve another molecule is determined by the molecule and physicochemical parameters of the solvent and the solute. Pure compounds are those contain just one type of particle and possess a simple design throughout. Pure compounds involve sugar, salt, and baking soda. Pure compounds include diamonds, protein crystals, and copper sulphate crystals.
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ethane (c2h6) is cheap and readily available, but not particularly reactive. ethane can be dehydrogenated to ethylene (c2h4), which is often used as a raw material for polymer manufacturing.
Ethane can be dehydrogenated to ethylene, which is often used as a raw material for polymer manufacturing.
The process of dehydrogenation involves removing hydrogen from an organic substance to create a new chemical (e.g., to convert saturated into unsaturated compounds).
Alcohols are dehydrogenated to create aldehydes and ketones. Since it guarantees great specificity and transition at a lower temperature range of 600-700 C, non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (NODHE) to ethylene poses an entirely different approach to steam cracking (SC), the prevailing standard technique for mass producing ethylene.
This reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions. The reactions are:
[tex]C_{2}H_{6} \rightarrow C_{2}H_{4} + H_{2}[/tex]
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most of the mass of an atom is:; how many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom
Answer:
Most of the mass of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons.
Explanation:
The amount of protons and neutrons in an atom depends on the element
Part 1A: Electron Domains1. Explore the Model screen of the simulation. As you explore, answer the following questions.a. How does adding an atom affect the position of existing atoms or lone pairs?Adding an atom pushes the other atoms away, and decreases bond anglesb. How does adding a lone pair affect the position of existing atoms and lone pairs?Changes the geometry of the existing atoms, it rearranges them closer together. It’s the same as adding an atom.
The shape of the molecule is altered by the presence of an additional atom. Bond electron pairs that lone electron pairs always resist one another since electrons had same charge (negative charge).
Describe an example of an electron pair.As well as lone pairs and often a single unpaired electron, electron pairs are defined as particles in bonds. Graphic on upper left displays several geometries. Examples of Tetrahedral Electrophile Geometry include hydrogen fluoride, methane, ammonia, water, and other gases.
How do you refer to pairs of electrons?The three additional pairs of electrons upon every chlorine atom are known as lone pairs, whereas the electron pair shared by the atoms is known as a bonding pair. The covalent bonding process excludes lone pairs. Coordinate covalent bonds are covalent bonds in which both electrons originate from the same atom.
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What contributes to the dissolution of sugar in water?; Is sugar covalent or ionic?; Does sugar dissociate in water?; What do you call the sugar which is being dissolved by the water?
The slightly polar sucrose molecules create intermolecular bonds interactions with the polar water molecules, which releases energy, causing sugar to dissolve in water.
The molecules that make up the molecular solid that we employ to sweeten coffee or tea are kept together by very weak intermolecular bond interactions. The weak connections between the individual sucrose molecules are ruptured during the process of sugar dissolving in water, releasing the C12H22O11 molecules into solution. In order to introduce one of these sucrose molecules into solution, the hydrogen bonds in water must be broken, which requires energy. Sugar dissolves in water because the intermolecular interactions that occur between the slightly polar sucrose molecules and the polar water molecules release energy. The weak connections that develop between the solute and the solvent
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if molecules are moving very fast, what phase of matter are they most likely in?; why do the air molecules inside a bicycle tire speed up as the temperature gets warmer?; in which state of matter has the least kinetic energy?; a sample of a substance has a high density, yet a low particle motion. this sample must be a; which state of matter has the greatest distance between the individual particles?; heat always travels from to; an example of kinetic energy being converted into heat energy is; in which state of matter are the particles closest together?
if molecules are moving very fast, it is in Gas phase of matter.
the air molecules inside a bicycle tire speed up as the temperature gets warmer because the heat is transferred to the molecules and gives them more kinetic energy. Gases have extremely energetic atoms which act quickly. The power of gas particles is stronger than those of solid and liquid molecules. The particles accumulate kinetic energy and advance as the temperature is raised. The actual cruising pace of the nanoparticles is influenced by both temperature and mass; at the a given temperature, larger particles travel relatively slowly than larger ones.
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What describes a metallic bond?; What is the best way to describe metallic bonding?; What is an example of a metallic bond?
The metallic bond is the force of attraction between these free-moving (delocalised) electrons and positive metal ions.
Some metallic bond examples include magnesium, sodium and aluminum.
What is an electron?
Unattached or connected to an atom, an electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle (now not bound). One of the 3 important kinds of particles in an atom, along with protons and neutrons, is an electron that is connected to the atom.The nucleus is made of electrons, protons, and also neutrons. The poor fee of the electron is balanced by using the high quality rate of the proton. An atom is in a neutral country if its protons and electrons are identical in number.The variations between electrons and the opposite particles are severa. they have got a mass that notably decrease, exist outside of the nucleus, and show each wave- and particle-like homes.To know more about electrons, click the link given below:
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rank the compounds in order of increasing numbers of atoms: (a) cu5fes4, (b) c6h12, (c) pb(c2h3o2)2. rank from least to most. to rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
Rank of the compounds in order of increasing numbers (least to most) of atoms : (a) cu5fes4 > (c) pb(c2h3o2)2 > (b) c6h12
How is the number of atoms calculated?In order to calculate the number of atoms in a molecule (covalent) or formula unit (ionic), count the number of subscripts for each element. If there is no subscript, it is taken to be one. In case of parentheses, multiply the number of atoms inside the parentheses by the subscript that is outside the parentheses.
Cu5Fes4 has 5 Cu atom and 4 S atoms, that is total of 9 atoms.
C6H12 has 6 C atoms and 12 H atoms, that is total of 18 atoms.
Lead(II) acetate (Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂) has 1 Pb atom, 4 C atoms, 6 H atoms, and 4 O atoms, and a total of 15 atoms.
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a permanent split capacitor (psc) motor that is running and up to speed will have the____ start winding .
The start winding of a permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor will be: A) activated when the motor is running and up to speed.
An electric motor is what?
An electric motor is a device that is created and manufactured in electrical engineering to transform electrical energy into kinetic energy, particularly using electromagnetic induction.
What is permanent split capacitor (PSC) ?
A single-phase alternating current (AC) motor is referred to as a permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor if the capacitor is permanently linked as opposed to being attached only when the motor is starting.
This finally suggests that a permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor's start winding is activated when it is operating and moving at a high rate of speed.
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describe without doing any calculations how a graphical method cxan be used to obtain the activation energy for this reaction
When the activation energy is plotted against the temperature's inverse (kelvin), the slope is a straight line. -Ea/R, where R is a constant equal to 8.314 J/mol-K, is the value of the slope (m).
How does the graphical technique decide the sequence of reactions?In this strategy, the reaction will follow a first order if we plot a straight line between logA (where A is the reactant's concentration) and t (time).
How can the activation energy of a reaction be empirically determined?By monitoring the rate constant, k, and various temperatures, it is possible to visualize the activation energy, Ea. Here is an illustration of how Equation 7 was changed mathematically to determine the activation energy.
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Select each molecule that would show only a pair of doublets ...
A substance's state of matter — solid, liquid, gas, or plasma — depends on how its molecules move and maintain their volume and shape.
The process of forming a disaccharide molecule and a water molecule with the help of two molecules of glucose is known as a dehydration reaction. This is because a water molecule is liberated from the reacting molecules of glucose.
Collision theory is a theory which describes of predicting the rate at which chemical reactions occurs between atoms and molecules of elements.
So therefore, the factor which will not determines if two molecules will bind according to collision theory is the direction the molecules are facing
Molecules are made up of atoms and these atoms are positive or negative. Here, the protons which have different chemical shifts are chemically non-equivalent and they exist in different environment. Hence, the compound shown is the only pair of doublet with integration ratio 1:1
Therefore, we can say that the molecules are made up of some positive and negative ions called protons and electrons.
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Classify each of the following reactions as combination, decomposition, displacement or double displacement reaction
Double displacement reactions occur when two compounds in a solution react to produce two new compounds by the exchange of their respective radicals. The term "double decomposition reaction" also applies to this kind of reaction.
When a more active ingredient pushes a less active element out of a molecule, this is known as a displacement reaction. A double displacement reaction is one in which the reactants swap ions, as the name implies. The common response is A + B - C A - C + B.
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Q7: Among isomeric amines, tertiary amines have the lowest boiling points because:
(a) they have highest molecular mass
(b) they are most basic in nature
(c) they are more polar in nature
(d) they do not form hydrogen bonds
largest number of moles? 1. 5.00 grams of chlorine (cl) 2. 5.00 grams of copper (cu) 3. 5.00 grams of calcium (ca) 4. all the answers contain the same number of moles. 5. 5.00 grams of lithium (li)
Lithium weighs 5. 5.00 grams and has the most moles.
Explain about the moles?Wilhelm Ostwald, a German chemist, is typically credited with coining the term. The Latin term moles, which meaning "a mass," is ultimately where the word mole originates, not from German. Because it is the diminutive and refers to "a little bulk," the word molecule is connected to the word mole.
A mole is equivalent to 6.023 x 1023 of any given substance (Avagadro number). The products of the chemical reaction can be measured using it. The number of moles per liter is the most often used unit for measuring molarity and is denoted by the unit symbol mole/L or moledm3 in SI units. The term molar often known as "1 M," refers to a solution with a concentration of 1 mole/L.
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Which of the following statements about nonmetals is true?
a. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to increase their mass.
b. Nonmetals tend to lose electrons to to form positive ions.
c. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to obtain a noble gas electron configuration.
d. none of the above
c. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to obtain a noble gas electron configuration.
A nonmetal will tend to gain a number of electrons that will give it the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas, meaning a full valence shell, which is a stabilizing characteristic.
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to obtain a noble gas electron configuration. Option C.
Non-metals tend to acquire many electrons giving the closest noble gas electronic configuration. This means a perfect valence shell, which is a stabilizing property. Non-metallic atoms gain electrons The extreme energy levels of non-metallic atoms are nearly full.
Only a few electrons are required to fill the outer surface of a nonmetallic atom. As such, non-metallic atoms tend to accept electrons from other atoms. Non-metals on the right side of the periodic table tend to accept electrons due to their relatively high ionization energies. Non-metals are said to have high electronegativity because they tend to accept electrons to achieve a perfect outer shell.
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Which is the most malleable chemical elements?
The most malleable metal is gold (Au), which is The metal that is most malleable is gold (Au). Gold may be rolled into sheets that are light-transmitting thin.
What substance is malleable?
Metals like gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead are examples of malleable metals. Silver and gold are quite malleable. The shape of a sheet is formed when hot iron is hammered.
Which is most flexible?The most malleable metal among the possibilities presented to us is gold. It has a face-centered cubic lattice that enables lattice dislocation mobility. The metal's atoms can readily move past one another.
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What is the term used to describe protons and neutrons collectively?
a. Neutrinos.b. Positrons. C. Nucleons
Nucleons are the aggregate name for protons and neutrons. One of the two types of subatomic particles found in the atom's nucleus is referred to as a nucleon.
Explain about the Nucleons?Either of the protons or neutrons that make up atomic nuclei. Under the influence of the short-range nuclear force, positively charged protons and neutral neutrons behave indistinguishably non terms of how they are bound in nuclei and how they scatter from one another.
Protons and neutrons are referred to as nucleons together. The particles found in an atom's nucleus are called nucleons. Neutrons are subatomic particles with no charge. The particles found in an atom's nucleus are called nucleons. Protons and neutrons, generally referred to as nucleons, make up the nucleus. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus, which has a charge. The weight of the nucleus is referred to as the nuclear mass.
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Why does NaCl not have a molecular formula
Answer:
This is because NaCI is a compound which is made from more than one kind of element
Explanation:
Answer:
because nacl is made up of two or more atoms
Is the difference between the air temperature and the dewpoint increases the relative humidity?; What happens to relative humidity as dew point increases?; When air temperature and dewpoint temperature are the same relative humidity ____?; What happens to dew point temperature as air temperature increases?
As the difference between the air temperature and the dew point increases, the relative humidity decreases. When dew point increases, the relative humidity increases. When air temperature and dewpoint temperature are the same relative humidity reaches 100%. What air temperature increase, the dew point temperature increases.
The dew point refers to the temperature to which the air temperature must be cooled in order for it to become saturated. It is a measure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air, hence the higher the dew point, the more moisture in the air. Relative humidity refers to a measure of amount of water vapor is in a water-air mixture compared to the maximum amount possible. Relative humidity increases as the air temperature drops to the dew point or the dew point rises to the air temperature. Once the air temperature and dew point meet, the air becomes saturated, and the relative humidity reaches 100%.
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: As the difference between the air temperature and the dew point increases, the relative humidity _____. When dew point increases, the relative humidity _____. When air temperature and dewpoint temperature are the same relative humidity ____. What air temperature increase, the dew point temperature _____.
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Predict the product(s) obtained when each of the following compounds is treated with chloromethane and aluminum trichloride. Some of the compounds might be unreactive. For those that are reactive, assume that conditions are controlled to favor monoalkylation.
The reaction of benzene with an alkyl chloride and aluminum trichloride is called a Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
What is chloromethane and aluminum trichloride?The aluminum trichloride is a Lewis acid that reacts with the alkyl chloride, and this converts the alkyl group into a very good electrophile. The overall reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution. A pi bond of the benzene ring will attack the electrophile as a nucleophile and form a new carbon-carbon bond. The result is a monosubstituted isopropyl group on the benzene ring.However, we are told that the conditions are set up to encourage dialkylation. The isopropyl group is a group that donates electron density through induction.To learn more about chloromethane refer to:
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which of the following statements about the previous part is correct? which of the following statements about the previous part is correct? the light excites an electron from a bonding orbital to an antibonding orbital. the light excites an electron from an antibonding orbital to a bonding orbital. in the excited state there are more bonding electrons than antibonding electrons
The bond order for both H2+ and H2− is the same but H2+ is more stable than H2− due to the absence of electrons in the anti-bonding orbital.
Electrons that spend most of their time between the nuclei of two atoms are placed into the bonding orbitals, and electrons that spend most of their time outside the nuclei of two atoms are placed into antibonding orbitals.
In chemical bonding theory, an antibonding orbital is a type of molecular orbital that weakens the chemical bond between two atoms and helps to raise the energy of the molecule relative to the separated atoms. Such an orbital has one or more nodes in the bonding region between the nuclei.
Furthermore, the bonding electron is the electrons that stick together and fall in the lowest state. While anti-bonding electron is unbounded or free electrons that move to the higher orbital state.
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Write balanced half-reactions for the following redox reaction:
2CO2(g)+12H+(aq)+12Cu+(aq)= C2H5OH(l)+3H2O(l)+12CU2+(aq)
reduction
oxidation
The redox reaction is as follows:
2CO2(g) + 12H+(aq) + 12Cu+(aq)
Cu2+(aq)
Balance the charge by adding electrons as follows:
Cu+(aq) ⇒ Cu2+(aq) + 1e- Balanced oxidation half-reaction.
A redox reaction is a redox chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of the reactants changes. The term redox stands for reduction-oxidation. All redox reactions can be divided into two distinct processes: reduction and oxidation processes.
Redox reactions are reactions in which both oxidation and reduction occur. A substitution reaction is an example of a redox reaction in which one species is oxidized and the other is reduced. A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between two species.
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hydrogen is in group 1 with lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium because it; most metals are solid at room temperature true or false; which is a physical property of matter?; at room temperature most elements are classified as; helium, neon, and argon are examples of; signs that say "do not use near an open flame" refer to a(n)
Since hydrogen has the same ns1 electron configuration as alkali metals, it is a nonmetal and is positioned above group in the periodic chart. It differs significantly from the alkali metals, though, in that it produces cations (H+) less readily than the other alkali metals.
The room temperature state of all metals is solid Due to the obvious powerful intermolecular interactions among metal atoms, the preponderance of metals are solids.This decreases the interstitial space, giving them a distinct shape.
Mechanical characteristics are properties of matter that are independent to its chemical structure is called a physical property. Physical attributes include things like density, colour, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity.
On the periodic table, there are only two elements that exist at ambient temperature. They are bromine, a halogen, and mercury, a metal.
Some examples of Group 8A, The Noble or Inert Gases, are helium, neon, and argon.
Do not use near an open flame warning signs relate to a(n) a substance or chemical that is quickly ignited and burns. for example hydrogen is flammable hence flame should not be kept nearby.
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What is The relationship between the electromotive force and the free enthalpy of reaction in a redox reaction?
Answer:
The EMF and free enthalpy (or Gibbs Free Energy) of a reaction are directly related.
If the free enthalpy of a redox reaction is negative, then the EMF will be negative, indicating that the reaction is spontaneous and will occur without the need for an external source of energy.
If the free enthalpy of the reaction is positive, then the EMF will be positive, indicating that the reaction is not spontaneous and will not occur without the input of energy.
The relationship between free enthalpy and EMF is shown in the following equation:
∆G = -nFE°(cell), where n is the number of electrons transferred, F is the Faraday constant, and E° is the EMF of a cell under standard conditions.
the starting material is a carbonyl bonded to a benzene ring and a methyl group. this reacts with excess b r 2 and excess o h minus.____
The starting material is a carbonyl bonded to a benzene ring and a methyl group. this reacts with excess Br₂ band the excess OH⁻ is formed the benzoic acid and the bromo methane.
The compound carbonyl bonded to a benzene ring and a methyl group is named as the acetophenone. when the acetophenone react with the Br₂ produces the two products . one product is the benzoic acid and the other product is the bromomethane.
Thus, the final products are the two product one is benzoic acid an the bromo methane by the reaction of the Br₂ and the NaOH with the acetophenone.
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Based on the orbital filling configurations, determine which of the following species would have the greatest bond order upon addition of an electron.A) O₂B) O₂⁺C) O₂²⁺D) N₂E) N₂⁺
Species with the following molecular electronic configurations are: With 15 electrons, O2+: "1s2" + "*1s2" + "2s2" + "*2s2" + "2pz2" + "2px2" = "2py2" with 13 electrons, N2+: 2px2 = 2py2 + 2pz1 = 1s2, *1s2, 2s2, *2s2, etc.
According to electronic configurations, each electron moves individually within an orbital while being surrounded by an average field produced by all other orbitals. Slater determinants or configuration state functions are used to mathematically describe configurations. For systems with only one electron, each configuration of the electron has a certain amount of energy associated with it, and under certain circumstances, the electron can switch between configurations by emitting or absorbing a quantum of energy in the form of a photon. Understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements requires knowledge of the electron configuration of various atoms.
Oxygen (16 electrons)= 1s2, *1s2, 2s2, *2s2, and 2pz2 2px2 = 2py2, while 2px1 = 2py1
N2, with 14 electrons:
2px2 = 2py2 + 2pz2 = 1s2, *1s2, 2s2, *2s2, etc.
Bond order and length are known to be inversely correlated.
Bond order is equal to 1/2 [number of bonding e - number of anti bonding e].
Bond order for N2+ is 1/2 (9 minus 4) equals 2.5.
Bond order for N2 is equal to 1/2 (10 - 4) = 3.
O2bond +'s order is 1/2 (10-5), which equals 2.5.
The bond order for oxygen is 1/2 (10 - 6) = 2.
N2+ has a longer bond length because its bond order is bigger than that .
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a momentary change in the electron density surrounding an atom or a molecule causes it to have a(n) __________ dipole even if it is not normally polar. This induces a similar effect in a nearby molecule or atom and there will be a weak attraction between the two particles as a result. These weak interactions are called ___________ forces or London dispersion.
instantaneous
dispersion
The electron density surrounding an atom or a molecule causes it to have a(n) instantaneous dipole . These weak interactions are called dispersion forces or London dispersion.
A momentary change in the electron density surrounding an atom or a molecule causes it to have a(n) instantaneous dipole. even if it is not normally polar. This induces a similar effect in a nearby molecule or atom and there will be a weak attraction between the two particles as a result. These weak interactions are called dispersion forces or London dispersion.
The instantaneous dipole - induced dipole are called as the london dispersion forces.
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H(g) + C2(g) + HCl(9) The formation of HCl(9) from its atoms is represented by the equation above. Which of the following best explains why the reaction is thermodynamically favored? A AG > because energy is released as the bond between the H and Cl atoms forms, and entropy increases because the number of gaseous product particles is less than the number of gaseous reactant particles. B AG > Obecause energy is absorbed as the bond between the H and Cl atoms forms, and entropy decreases because the number of gaseous product particles is less than the number of gaseous reactant particles. AG < 0 because although energy is absorbed as the bond between the H and Cl atoms forms, entropy increases because the number of gaseous product particles is less than the number of gaseous reactant particles. D AG<0 because although entropy decreases because the number of gaseous product particles is less than the number of gaseous reactant particles, energy is released as the bond between the H and Cl atoms forms.
(WHY: Despite entropy decreasing rather than increasing as the reaction progresses (S0), the energy released (H0) as the bonds between the H and Cl atoms form is sufficient to make the process thermodynamically favorable (G0).
What does the term "thermodynamics" imply literally?In order to define the study of heat flow, the term "thermodynamics" was originally coined in 1849. The terms "therme," which means "heat," and "dynamis," which means "power," are two separate Greek words that are its roots. The study of heat as a source of energy or work is what thermodynamics, taken literally, is.
Describe an example of thermodynamics.A car's engine is a thermodynamic system that burns fuel within the cylinder; its environment is made up of the radiator, piston, exhaust system, and ambient air.
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What happens to the volume of a cylinder if the radius is doubled?; How do you find the radius of a cylinder when given the volume?; How do you get the height of a cylinder with the radius and volume?; Which expression gives the volume of a cylinder where B is the base area and h is the height?
The volume will increase by four times if a cylinder's radius is doubled but the height remains constant. Height and volume of a cylinder are equal to each other by the formula volume of a cylinder =πr²h.
Utilizing the cylinder's specified dimensions, calculate the base area. Using the equation volume of cylinder is equal to base area h, multiply the value obtained in. By the cylinder's height. When the radius was doubled, both the surface area and volume increased, but the volume increased significantly more. Because the radius is raised to the power of two, when the radius is doubled, the value, and as a result the volume, is quadrupled. Changing the radius will change the surface area and volume of a right circular cylinder. The surface area and volume will grow as the radius grows.A sphere's surface area doubles with a doubling of its radius, increasing by a factor of four. Because a sphere's surface area is inversely proportional to its radius, or square,
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important questions of chemistry class 10
Here are some important questions that might be covered in a chemistry class for Grade 10 students:
What are the properties of elements in the periodic table, and how do they relate to their atomic structureWhat are the common types of chemical reactions, and how do they occur?What are the properties of acids and bases, and how do they react with each other?How do chemical reactions affect the states of matter, and how do changes in temperature and pressure affect chemical reactions?What are the characteristics and properties of organic molecules, and how do they form and break down?How do chemical reactions and the properties of substances change when they are mixed with each other?How do chemical reactions and the properties of substances change when they are subjected to different types of energy?How do chemical reactions and the properties of substances relate to their practical applications in industry and everyday life?What are the principles and techniques of laboratory safety, and how do they apply to chemistry experiments?How do scientists and chemists use analytical techniques and instruments to study chemical reactions and properties?For each of the following structures, formal charges are missing. Please supply them in order to make the depictions accurate.
The branch of chemistry known as stereochemistry studies and modifies the relative spatial arrangement. For each atom in a Lewis structure, you should count how many electrons it "owns" in order to get the formal charges. All of its lone pair electrons as well as 50% of its bonding electrons should be counted.
What do the atom's red formal charges represent?Only two of its electrons are in bonding pairs, leaving six in non-bonding pairs. The formal charge is therefore six.
An example of a formal chargeIf it contains both two lone pairs and two bonds, like water does, it will have a formal charge of zero. It will have a formal charge of 1 if it has one bond and three lone pairs, similar to the hydroxide ion.
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