We have one copper atom on the left side and two copper atoms on the right side (in Cu2S). Cu on the left side must be multiplied by two in order to equalize the amount of Cu.
What chemical formula describes the reaction where copper and sulfur combine to generate copper I sulfide?
According to the following balancing equation, copper and sulfur combine to generate copper(I) sulfide: CuzS = 2Cu(s) + S(s) (s)
What happens when sulfur and copper are heated?
A dark grey, brittle crystalline solid of copper sulfide is formed when the heated sulfur gas (S8, S4, and S2) reacts quickly with the copper wire.
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why must deuterated solvents (such as d2o and cdcl3) be used to prepare nmr samples? group of answer choices
Since deuterium has non-magnetic nuclei, which do not produce NMR signals, it is necessary to conduct NMR experiments using deteriorated solvents. If the solvent contains protons, the signal from the sample and the solvent will mix.
Why is using a deuterated solvent in NMR crucial?A large solvent signal that would otherwise appear in the proton NMR spectrum has been suppressed by using expensive deuterated solvents, which also makes locking and shimming easier.
Deuterium, an element that isotopically uses hydrogen and uses magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) as a solvent in imaging, is present in deuterium chloroform (CDCL3). The primary application for this substance without chemical alteration is in NMR spectrometers.
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for many years drinking water has been cooled in hot climates by evaporating it from the surfaces of canvas bags or porous clay pots. how many grams of water can be cooled from 35 to 20 degree c by the evaporation of 60 g of water (the heat of vaporization of water in this temperature range is 2.4 kj/g. the specific hear of water is 4.18 j/g-k.)
The mass in the grams of water can be cooled from 35 to 20 degree c by the evaporation of 60 g of water is the 2296.6 g.
Given that :
ΔH = heat of vaporization = 2.4 kJ/g = 2400 J/g
Mass of the water = 60 g
q = ΔH m
q = 2400 × 60
q = 144000 J
The heat expression is given as :
q = mc ΔT
q = 144000 J
m = ?
c = 4.18 J/ g k
ΔT = 308 K - 293 K = 15 K
m = q / c ΔT
m = 144000 / 4.18 × 15
m = 2296.6 g
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Answer: 127.46 g
Explanation:
ΔH = heat of vaporization = 2.4 kJ/mol = 2400 J/mol
Mass of water = 60 g
Moles of water = 60 g/18 g/mol = 3.33 moles
q = ΔH × moles
q = 2.4 kJ/g × 3.33 mol
q = 2400 J × 3.33 mol
q = 7992 J
The heat expression is given as :
q = 7992 J
m = ?
c = 4.18 J/g × k
ΔT = 308 K - 293 K = 15 K
q = mcΔT
m = q/cΔT
m = 7992/4.18 × 15
m = 127.46 g
Indicate the molecular geometry around the central atom of each of the following species:
CF4 ___
NCIy ___
SOz ___
the silicon atom in disilane (Si is bonded to Si) SizH6 ___
the carbon atom inurea (NHzJzCO (C is bonded to 0,Nand N) ___
The molecular geometry around the central atom of each of the following species: For CF₄ is tetrahedral, for NCl₃ is trigonal pyramid, for SO₂ is bent, Si₂H₆ is tetrahedral, and for (NH₂)₂CO is trigonal planar.
The definition of molecular geometryThe three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule is known as molecular geometry, also referred to as the molecular structure. Understanding a compound's molecular structure can be useful in identifying its polarity, reactivity, phase of matter, color, magnetism, and biological activity.
A molecule's three-dimensional shape in space is known as its molecular geometry. The surrounding atoms and electron pairs as well as the central atom influence it. Using the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) method, the shape of the majority of molecules can be predicted.
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Rank the following in order of increasing polarity: CH2Br2, CF2Cl2, CF2Br2, CBr4 A. CH2Br2 < CF2Br2 < CF2Cl2 < CBr4 B. CBr4 < CH2Br2 < CF2Cl2 < CF2Br2 C. CH2Br2 < CF2C12 < CF2Br2 < CBr4 D. CBr4 < CF2Br2 < CF2Cl2 < CH2Br2 E. CBr4 < CH2Br2 < CF2Br2 < CF2Cl2
CBr4 < CH2Br2 < CF2Br2 < CF2Cl2 Polar molecules contain polar bonds and can be ordered from most to least polar based on the polarity of their bonds.
What is polar bonds?Polar bonds are chemical bonds between atoms in which the sharing of electrons is not equal. Polar bonds are caused by the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms involved in the bond. Electronegativity is the measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons to itself.
CBr4 has the most polar bond and is therefore the most polar molecule. CH2Br2 has the second most polar bond, followed by CF2Br2, and then CF2Cl2 with the least polar bond.
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For cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, which structures represent the possible boat conformations?- a- b- c- d
The structures in option A and D correctly represents structure of cis-1,3-dimethyl cyclohexane.
How does cyclohexane confirmation take place?There are three stable conformations of cyclohexane. Chair, boat, and twist boat are them. The chair conformation is the most stable of the three. Each carbon atom in the cyclohexane's boat shape has two different sorts of groups. Both axial and equatorial groups describe them. From the provided boat conformations, we should determine the cis conformations.
Two substituents are in up, up (or) down, down to each other in boat conformation if they are cis to one another. Two substituents are in up, down, or down, up to each other in boat conformation if they are trans to one another.
In boat conformation A, both methyl groups are in up direction.
In boat conformation-B and C, one methyl group is in up direction and other one is in down direction.
In boat conformation D, both methyl groups are in down direction.
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The complete question is as follows :
For cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, which structures represent the possible boat conformations?- a- b- c- d:
The chemical equation below shows the combustion of propane (C3H8).C3H8 5O2 Right arrow. 3CO2 4H2OThe molar mass of oxygen gas (O2) is 32.00 g/mol. The molar mass of C3H8 is 44.1 g/mol. What mass of O2, in grams, is required to completely react with 0.025 g C3H8
0.1812 g of O2 is required to completely react with 0.025 g of C3H8.
What is react?React is a term used in chemistry that refers to a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, molecules interact with one another to form new molecules. Reacting molecules may exchange atoms, combine with one another, break apart, or rearrange their atoms.
The moles of O2 required to react with 0.025 g of C3H8 can be calculated by using the following equation:
Moles of O2 = 0.025 g C3H8/44.1 g/mol C3H8
= 0.0005674 mol O2
The mass of O2 required can be calculated by using the following equation:
Mass of O2 = 0.0005674 mol O2 * 32.00 g/mol O2
= 0.1812 g O2
Therefore, 0.1812 g of O2 is required to completely react with 0.025 g of C3H8.
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why are uranium-238, uranium-235 and potassium-40 isotopes better than carbon-14 to find the age of artifacts from millions of years ago?
Uranium-238, Uranium-235, and Potassium-40 isotopes are better than Carbon-14 to find the age of artifacts from millions of years ago because they have longer half-lives.
The half-life of Carbon-14 is only about 5,730 years, making it useful for dating materials that are only up to around 60,000 years old. In contrast, the half-life of Uranium-238 is about 4.5 billion years, and the half-life of Uranium-235 is about 704 million years, making them useful for dating materials that are much older. Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.25 billion years. This means that these isotopes are still present in much older samples, and can be used to accurately determine the age of materials from millions of years ago.
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question 1(multiple choice worth 3 points) (05.01 lc) which of the following processes will determine the number of moles of a sample? dividing the mass of the sample by its molar mass multiplying the mass of the sample by its molar mass dividing the mass of the sample by avogadro's number multiplying the mass of the sample by avogadro's number
By dividing the sample's mass by its molar mass, one can determine the number of moles present in a sample. One mole, denoted by the symbol mol and written as molecular entities, known as Avogadro's number.
In addition, the molar mass of each element is determined by the weight of its atoms, which is calculated to be 6.022*10^23. (1 mole). The definition of a substance's molecular weight is the ratio of the mass of one mole to the given mass of that substance in any form of chemical reaction. It is best understood as the maximum number of moles that can be created from a given amount of the substance. Because a mole contains 6.023 10 23 atoms, or 6.023 mol, it is a very large unit. One mole is equivalent to the Avogadro number.
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ozonolysis of molecule a would result in the formation of what two functional groups? a ketone and an aldehyde two carboxylic acids two aldeydes two ketones
Which two functional groups would be created by the ozonolysis of molecule a Me2C = CHMe produces aldehydes and ketones during ozonolysis, providing all the other alternatives no aldehydes.
What does ozonolysis entail as a reaction?To cleave those unsaturated bonds in alkenes, alkynes, etc azo compounds, ozone is used in the organic chemical process known as ozonolysis.
Ozonelysis example: What is it?Pentane will occur from the reaction, for instance, between bromoethane and I-bromopropane. When each of the participants in the reaction reacts on their own, butane will also be produced. For instance, 1-bromopropane produces hexane, while bromoethane produces butane.
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Try Again Your answer is incorrect. • Compound COCO3. Your answer is incorrect. • Compound NiSO4: Your answer is correct. It is traditional to write the number part of the charge first in an ion symbol. • Compound CrS: Your answer is correct. It is traditional to write the number part of the charge first in an ion symbol. • Compound VBrz: Your answer is correct. It is traditional to write the number part of the charge first in an ion symbol. Complete the table below by writing the symbols for the cation and anion that make up each ionic compound. The first row has been completed for you. ionic compound cation anion Naci Na Cl-CoCO3 CO+2 CO2-3NiSO4 Ni+2 SO2-4Crs2 Cr-4 S2-V Br3 V+3 Br-
NiSO4: The answer you gave is accurate. In an ion symbol, the number component of the charge is often written first. • CrS compound.
CoCO3: Is it a salt?It is a salt made up of the weak acid H2CO3 and the strong base Ca(OH). Chalk, or CaCO3, does not function like a base since it does not dissolve in water. Use the app to access an endless number of solutions.
Is coco3 soluble in water?Spherocobaltite, sometimes referred to as cobalt carbonate, is a mineral with the chemical formula CoCO3. It is cobalt's carbonate salt. When melted, it produces red trigonal flakes with a specific gravity of 4.13 that disintegrate. Cold or warm water does not dissolve cobalt carbonate, but acids can.
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calculate the wavelntg in nm of the lowest energy photon capable of ionizng the hydrogen atom from its ground state\
The wavelength of photon capable of ionizing a hydrogen atom from its ground state = 91.2 nm
The energy of a hydrogen atom in its ground state = -13.6 eV.
So to ionize the atom we have to provide at least 13.6 eV of energy.
Converting eV to Joules,
Energy, E = 13.6 × 1.6 ×10⁻¹⁸ = 2.18 × 10⁻¹⁸ J
From Plank's quantum theory, E = hυ
h is the plank's constant
υ is the frequency.
Also c = υλ
λ = c/υ, λ is the wavelength,
c is the velocity of light in vaccum
υ is the frequency.
By combining both equations, E = hc/λ
λ = hc/E
= (6.63× 10⁻³⁴ )×(3×10⁸)/(2.18×10⁻¹⁸)
= 9.12 ×10⁻⁸ m
= 91.2 nm
So the wavelength of photon required to ionize hydrogen atom is 91.2nm
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Calculate the molar mass of Fe 3(PO 4) 2. 237.64 g/mol 262.52 g/mol 245.79 g/mol 357.49 g/mol 525.04 g/mol
The molar mass of Fe3(PO4)2 can be calculated by adding the molar masses of each individual element in the compound.
Fe3(PO4)2 is made up of:
3 atoms of Fe (molar mass of Fe = 55.845 g/mol)
2 atoms of P (molar mass of P = 30.973762 g/mol)
8 atoms of O (molar mass of O = 15.9994 g/mol)
To calculate the molar mass of Fe3(PO4)2, we add up the molar masses of each element:
Molar mass of Fe3(PO4)2 = 3(55.845 g/mol) + 2(30.973762 g/mol) + 8(15.9994 g/mol)
= 167.535 g/mol
So the molar mass of Fe3(PO4)2 is 167.535 g/mol
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how do i solve this with showing all work
0.750 tsp of baking soda in grams would be 4.49 grams.
Dimensional analysisFrom the available information:
1 tsp of baking soda = 0.211 oz1 oz = 28.35 gramsIf, 1 tsp of baking soda = 0.211 oz, then 0.750 tsp of baking soda would be:
0.750 x 0.211 = 0.15825 oz
Thus, 0.750 tsp of baking soda is equivalent to 0.15825 oz of baking soda.
If 1 oz = 28.35 grams, then 0.15825 oz of baking soda will be:
28.35 x 0.15825 = 4.49 grams
In other words, 0.750 tsp of baking soda would be worth 4.49 grams of baking soda going by the available conversion factors.
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What splitting pattern is observed in the 1H NMR spectrum for the indicated (BOLD) hydrogen (on carbon
Number many peaks are present in the ¹H-nmr spectrum of Eugenol are having 12 different hydrogen atom.
How many peaks are present in the 1h-nmr spectrum of Eugenol?The Eugenol has contain the 12 different hydrogen atoms. in the ¹H-nmr spectrum the peaks from right to left is 3:2:2:3:2. The three hydrogen atoms have two peaks of about the 6.7 pm.The integral of 2H means that this group is a methylene, so it has two hydrogens. The carbon bearing these two hydrogens can have two other bonds. Another type of additional data available from 1H NMR spectroscopy is called multiplicity or coupling. Coupling is useful because it reveals how many hydrogens are on the next carbon in the structure. That information helps to put an entire structure together piece by piece.In ethanol, CH3CH2OH, the methyl group is attached to a methylene group. The 1H spectrum of ethanol shows this relationship through the shape of the peaks. .This pattern is called a multiple, and specifically a quartet. A quartet means that these hydrogens have three neighbouring hydrogens on adjacent carbons.
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Calculate the energy required to heat 712.0 g of graphite from 2.0 °C to 20.7 °C. Assume the specific heat capacity of graphite under these conditions is 0.710 J-g-K Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
To calculate the energy required to heat a substance, we can use the formula:
Q = mcΔT
where Q is the heat energy, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
Given that we have 712.0 g of graphite, a specific heat capacity of 0.710 J/g-K, and a temperature change of 18.7 °C (20.7 °C - 2.0 °C)
Q = (712.0 g) x (0.710 J/g-K) x (18.7 °C)
Q = 10,965.64 J.
The energy required to heat 712.0 g of graphite from 2.0 °C to 20.7 °C is 10.965 kJ.
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What volume of 0.0887 M MgF2 solution is needed to make 275 mL of 0.0224 M MgF2 solution by dilution? a. 69.4 mL b. 72.3 mL c. 14.4 mL d. 91.8 mL
By dilution, 275 mL or 0.0224 MgF2 solution can be created from 69.4 mL of 0.0887 MgF2 solution.
What exactly does "dilution" mean?By adding extra more solvent, such as water, to the solution, dilution is indeed the process of "reducing the concentration of the solute in a solution." A solution is diluted by adding additional solvent without also adding more solute.
What various dilutions are there?An approach used frequently to achieve this concentration reduction is serial dilution. diluted homeopathy. An equation called "dilution" can be used to determine how quickly a gas diluted. A sort of unauthorized trademark usage outside the relevant market is trademark dilution.
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When calcium carbonate is heated, it breaks down into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. caco3(s) →cao(s) co2(g) you heat 2.0 moles caco3. how many moles of carbon dioxide(co2) will you make?
Moles of carbon dioxide(co2) will you make only 0.0115 mol was produced.
we know the ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
PV/RT=n
n=(1.04 atm)(1.00 L) /L atm (0.0821 )(1100 K) mol K
n=0.0115 moles of CO2.
The moles ofCaCO3 = 50.0 g/100.09 g/mol = 0.500 mol CaCO3 .If the reaction had gone to completion, 0.500 mol of CO2 would have been produced. The two different experiments (one with 50.0 g of CaCO3 and one with 100.0 g of CaCO3) reached the same constant, final pressure of 1.04 atm.
Since increasing the amount of reactant did not produce more product, there is no way that all of the CaCO3 reacted. Instead, an equilibrium condition has been achieved and there must be some solid CaCO3 in the container.
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predict the organic product formed when bzcl reacts with water. bzcl = benzoyl chloride.
Benzoyl chloride on reaction with alcohols give corresponding ester by esterification reaction. Reaction is attached below.
What is esterification? What are some examples?An organic acid (RCOOH) and an alcohol (ROH) are combined during the process of esterification to create an ester (RCOOR) and water. This process can also refer to a chemical reaction that produces at least one ester product. A reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid results in ester, which is then produced.
Some esters can be made by esterification, a process in which a heated carboxylic acid and an alcohol react with a mineral acid catalyst to produce an ester and water: It is possible to undo the reaction. Butyl acetate can be created by esterifying acetic acid and 1-butanol, as one example of an esterification reaction.
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For which one of the following reactions will delta H be approximately (or exactly) equal to delta E?H2(g) + Br2(g) ---> 2HBr(g)H2O(l) ---> H2O(g)CaCO3(s) ---> CaO(s) + CO2(g)2H(g) + O(g) ---> H2O(l)CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
The reaction for which delta H will be approximately (or exactly) equal to delta E is CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l).
What is reaction?Reaction is the process of responding to a stimulus or event. It can refer to a physical response, such as a reflex, or an emotional response, such as a feeling. Reactions can be conscious or unconscious, automatic or deliberate, and can occur in any living organism. In psychology, reactions are studied to understand how they shape behavior and to identify underlying mental processes. Reaction time, or the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, can also be measured and studied.
This is because this reaction is an exothermic reaction, which means that the energy released by the reaction is equal to the enthalpy change of the reaction.
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Select the ΔH values associated with the dissolution of lithium chloride that are exothermic.
Check all that apply.
ΔH1: energy associated with the separation of water molecules
ΔH2: energy associated with the separation of LiCl ions
ΔH3: energy associated with the formation of water-ion interactions
ΔHsoln: the enthalpy of solution
The correct statement that are exothermic is energy associated with the formation of water-ion interaction.
An exothermic reaction is the one during which system releases energy and during an endothermic reaction system absorbs energy.
Option 1 is incorrect as water molecules do not undergo ionization when added to water and thus no energy is released.
Option 2 is incorrect because the separation LiCl into subsequent ions requires a significant amount of energy and thus it will be a endothermic reaction.
Option 3 is correct as the formation of water ion releases a large amount of energy and thus it is an endothermic reaction.
Option 4 is also correct as it is the energy associated with the whole system.
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if you are working with a chemical and need to find out about the routes of exposure, as well as the short and long term effects of exposure, where on the sds would you look?
If you need to learn more about the exposure pathways, as well as the immediate and long-term impacts of exposure, when dealing with a chemical, Toxicological Information Section 11
What are the consequences of toxicity?Additionally possible symptoms include mortality, cyanosis, a headache, weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath, and cyanosis. Ingestion can irritate the digestive system and trigger nausea and vomiting. According to reports, DAAB can cause methemoglobinemia after being inhaled, ingested, or absorbed via the skin.
Toxicology: What is it?A branch of research known as toxicology aids in our understanding of the potentially hazardous consequences that certain materials, settings, and events may have on humans, animals, and the environment.
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According to Einstein's equation, if 1 kg of mass "disappears" during a
reaction, then———-
A. the law of conservation of momentum is also violated.
OB. the law of conservation of charge is also violated.
C. the law of conservation of mass is violated.
OD. 3 x 108 J of energy is produced.
.Water and toluene are not miscible. Which of the following is most likely the formula of toluene?CH3COOHC6H12O6CH3OHC6H5CH3
Water and toluene are not miscible, the formula of toluene is (d) C₆H₅CH₃.
What is toluene?Toluene, a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, is also known as toluol. It is an insoluble in water odorless liquid with the characteristic odor of paint thinners.
It is a phenyl group connected to a methyl group and is a mono-substituted benzene derivative (CH3). Benzene is the parent of the chemical. The IUPAC has referred to it as "methylbenzene" as a result. Toluene is largely used in the industrial sector as a feedstock and a solvent.
Because of their polarity and functional group pressure, the other options are soluble, making option D the correct response.
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d. Calculate the concentration of C5H6 when 250 seconds have passed.
e. On the plot of [C5H6] ^ - 1 vs. time, draw a line that shows the results that would be expected if the same experiment was repeated at a lower temperature.
The concentration of C₅H₆ when 250 seconds have passed is 0.015 M. e. The slope of the plot will be less steep at a lower temperature.
What is concentration or molar mass?The molar mass of many compounds can be calculated by dividing the mass of the compound by the number of moles of the compound.
d.
[C5H6]0⁻¹ = 25 M⁻¹
t = 250 s
k = 0.17 M⁻¹ s⁻¹
Now, substituting these values in the integrated rate law to get,
[C5H6]⁻¹ = 0.17 M⁻¹ s⁻¹ x 250 s + 25 M⁻¹
= 67 M⁻¹
or,
[C5H6] = 1/67 M⁻¹
= 0.015 M
e.
According to the Arrhenius equation, the rate constant of a reaction decreases with temperature.
Therefore, d. the concentration of C₅H₆ is 0.015 M.
e. At lower temperatures, the slope of the plot will be less steep.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
The full question and the graph are added.
if the volume of the reaction vessel in the previous part was 1.50 ll , what amount of br2br2 (in moles) was formed during the first 15.0 ss of the reaction?
The 15s of the reaction saw 0.0153 moles of Br2 being produced.
Relational Equation
H2 + Br2 > 2HBr
According to the reaction's equation, [HBr] = [H2] + [Br2] = -1/2 [HBr]/[t]
The amount of HBr decreased from 0.520M to 0.486M in the initial 25 seconds of the reaction.
Average Rate of Reaction Rate =-1/2 ([HBr]f- [HBr]t/i
Rate = -1/2 (0.486-0.52/2)
Rate: 0.00068 M/s
0.00068M/s is the reaction's average rate.
Rate of the response is
Rate= [Br2]/t 0.00068= [Br2]/15 Br2= 0.00068 15= 0.0102M
In the reaction, Br2 is present in 0.0102M concentration.
Number of Moles The amount of Br2 produced in the first 15 seconds can be determined using the formula: Number of moles=molarity×volume, where n = 0.0102 and 15 = 0.0153 mol.
0.0153 moles of Br2 were created in the reaction, according to the calculations above.
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a chemistry student needs of tetrahydrofuran for an experiment. by consulting the crc handbook of chemistry and physics, the student discovers that the density of tetrahydrofuran is . calculate the volume of tetrahydrofuran the student should pour out. be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The density of tetrahydrofuran needed for a chemistry student to do the experiment is 0.888 g/mL
Is water less dense than tetrahydrofuran?Tetrahydrofuran has an ethereal smell and is visible as a transparent, colourless liquid. not as dense as water. 6 °F flash point Air is lighter than vapours.
The finest solvent is tetrahydrofuran, why?Because it can dissolve different resins even at room temperature and is miscible with water and the majority of organic solvents, THF is frequently employed as a solvent for specialised resins such photosensitive resins. Additionally, it serves as a solvent for Wittig and Grignard processes.
Tetrahydrofuran and water: do they mix?Regardless of the sequence of introduction, if two compounds are totally soluble in one another, they are said to be miscible. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), for instance, and water mix well.
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what is the net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium sulfide solution
2Ag[+](aq) + S[2-] -> Ag{2}S(s) is the net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium sulfide solution.
What is ionic equation?An ionic equation is a chemical equation in which the electrolytes in aqueous solution are expressed as dissociated ions. It is similar to a molecular equation in which compounds are expressed as molecules. Chemical equations known as ionic equations only display the ions involved in a chemical reaction. Or, the ions that combine in a solution to react and create new substances. Those ions that don't take part are referred to as spectator ions. A chemical equation known as an ionic equation expresses the electrolytes in aqueous solution as dissociated ions. The ionic species are usually followed by (aq) in the equation to denote that they are in an aqueous solution, and this is typically a salt that has been dissolved in water.
Here,
The precipitation reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium sulfide solution is represented by the net ionic equation 2Ag[+](aq) + S[2-] -> Ag{2}S(s).
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In which of the following atoms is the 2s orbital closest to the nucleus?
a. At
b. Br
c. Cl
d. I
e. F
Chlorine has more valence electrons than P or Si, which causes its core 2s orbital to be closer to its nucleus.
What exactly are the valence electrons?Valence electrons are the electrons located in an atom's outermost energy level or shell. For instance, the oxygen molecule has six valence electrons, two of which are located in the 2s subshell and four in the 2p subshell.
What are the valence electrons' physical characteristics?For neutral atoms, the total number of valence electrons is the same as the total number of primary group electrons. Looking at an element's column in the periodic table will reveal its major group number. One member of group four, carbon, has four valence electrons.
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Suppose you were given a substance and asked to determine whether or not it was a plasma. Write the characteristics you would look for to identify the substance.
Include:
- Particles in plasmas collide more often.
- Plasma particles have high kinetic energy (they move quickly).
- Plasma particles are far apart.
- The ionized particles have no fixed volume
Plasma is a state of matter. It was once considered as a subset of gas. But it is an entirely different state with its own characteristics.
Plasma is superhot, so that all the atoms are ripped apart from its electrons and is in an ionized state. But gas particle contains mostly neutral particles of the gas. Like we heat a liquid to produce gas, we heat gas to form plasma.
Plasma can conduct electricity due to the presence of charged particles. Plasma can be held in a place by using magnetic forces. By disturbing the magnetic field inside the plasma it emits a wave called Alfven wave, which is only characteristic to plasma.
The charged particles moves at high speed towards the poles of the magnetic field and due to its collision with each other, excites gases like nitrogen and oxygen and emits neon like lights. Most plasma's are not dense enough for particles to collide with each other, this is where electrical and magnetic field comes to play.
So plasma is formed from superheated gases, which have ionized particles, rather than neutral atoms, which are less denser, conductive, and in presence of electrical or magnetic field, emits waves that are characteristic only to plasma.
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Classify each of the following diatomic species as ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent. Br2 CsBr NaCl CaO HCI O2 KF HBr N2 BrF
Ionic - CaO, NaCl, KF, CsBr
Polar covalent - HBr, HCI, BrF
Nonpolar covalent - O2, Br2, N2
What does the chemical term "ionic" mean?The entire transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms is referred to as an ionic bond. It is a kind of chemical connection that produces two ions with opposing charges. In ionic bonding, the nonmetal takes the lost electrons to form a negatively charged anion while the metal loses them to become a positively charged cation.
What do the chemical terms ion and covalent mean?In most cases, ionic compounds are created when a metal reacts with a nonmetal (or a polyatomic ion). The reaction between two nonmetals produces covalent compounds. Binary compounds containing hydrogen are typically covalent compounds since hydrogen is a nonmetal.
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