Suppose an mRNA consists of 60 nucleotides; it directs a primary polypeptide chain containing __________ amino acids to be synthesized.​

The fossil record is the type of evidence that is used with molecular clocks to estimate the split from a common ancestor.

A molecular clock is an estimation of the times of divergence used for the study of biological phenomena.

Molecular clocks are based on fossils found for a given species and the mutation rate of a given genomic sequence.

In conclusion, fossils are used as point of reference to build molecular clocks based on the mutation rate of homo-logous nucleotide sequences for a given taxonomic group for which these fossils belong.

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A simple or closed fracture does not break the skin. This is further explained below.

Generally, a closed fracture is simply defined as a situation whereby the skin hasn't been damaged, even if the bone is cracked.

In conclusion, If the fracture is simple or closed, no blood will be seen on the skin. More detail about this is provided below.

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Continuously facing towards the east also helps the flowers to heat up quickly. This gives them an advantage in pollination, as warm flowers attract insects. Therefore, in the plant's interest, the flower always faces the sun and is therefore always clearly visible to these important pollinators.

This property of facing the sun is mostly observed in young flowerheads and generally stops once the flower starts to mature. The phenomenon of flowers following the sun across the sky is called heliotropism.

The obvious reason for the flower following the sun would be to maximize photosynthesis.

Each sunflower plant has only one flower on its stem. Therefore, during pollination, the plant’s only means of reproducing must get noticed by pollinators. [A pollinator is anything that helps carry pollen from the male part of the flower to the female part of the same or another flower. The movement of pollen must occur for the plant to become fertilized and produce fruits, seeds, and young plants.] Continuously facing towards the east also helps the flowers to heat up quickly.

This gives them an advantage in pollination, as warm flowers attract insects. Therefore, in the plant’s interest, the flower always faces the sun and is therefore always clearly visible to these important pollinators.

When researchers compared mature flowers facing east with flowers that they had turned to face west, they made a remarkable observation. East-facing blooms attracted five times as many pollinating insects as west-facing ones. Sunflower has a clear advantage in terms of reproduction if it faces the sun.

- It is mainly young flower heads that exhibit this characteristic of heliotropism because younger flowers have green “bracts” that look like a mane.

- As sunflowers mature, this process comes to a halt. Overall growth slows, and the flower's circadian clock reacts most intensely to the sun's early morning rays than those later in the day. As a result, the blooms gradually stop tracking westward altogether.

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The death rate must balance with the birth rate while immigration and emigration must also balance.

An equilibrium is established in a population when the population neither decreases nor increases.

In order for this to happen, the number of deaths and births must be equal. In addition, the number of new individuals coming into the population must also be equal to the number of individuals leaving the population.

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Answer:

A) Nucleic acids are necessary for life as they store genetic information in the form of DNA. Hope it helps!

Nucleic acids are the substances that are necessary for life. The correct option is A.

Biopolymers and macromolecules called nucleic acids are necessary for all known species of life.

They are constructed of subunits called nucleotides, which are composed of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a 5-carbon sugar. Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are the two primary classes of nucleic acids.

Natural chemical substances called nucleic acids are the main information-transporting molecules in organisms. They are particularly crucial in controlling protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two primary types of nucleic acids.

The preservation and expression of genetic data is a key role of nucleic acids. The information cells require to build proteins is encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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The intraluminal pH is rapidly changed from highly acid in the stomach to about pH 6 in the duodenum. The pH gradually increases in the small intestine from pH 6 to about pH 7.4 in the terminal ileum. The pH drops to 5.7 in the caecum, but again gradually increases, reaching pH 6.7 in the rectum.

The pH of the stomach is acidic while that of small intestine is slightly alkaline.

This is referred to as the power of hydrogen and is the measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

The stomach contains dil. Hcl which makes it acidic while the small intestine is alkaline because of the presence of bile.

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Animals need features such as nutrition, movement, respiration, response to stimuli, growth, and excretion in order to survive.

In order for an animal to survive, the following must be observed:

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Paleontology is the science of the form of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils.  

____

Bacteria are ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizmycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera (in some classification systems the plant class Schizmycetes), various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.

In decomposition:

They decompose dead plant and animal wastes, such as fallen leaves, and animal biological wastes.

Production of organic manure:

Manure is created by decomposing animal wastes such as dung and plant wastes.

Treatment of sewage:

Anaerobic decomposition by bacteria is used to convert wastes in sewage water to energy and purify the water.

Production of biogas:

It contributes to biogas plants by converting manure and household wastes to methane, which can then be utilized as fuel.

Nitrogen fixing through biological means

Rhizobium aids in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, whereas Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrococcus aid in nitrogen conversion from one form to another.

Importance in medicine, industry, and biotechnology

Microbes are a source of antibiotics and vaccines in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of infectious illnesses.

Dairy:

Curd and other milk products are mass-produced in factories using Lactobacillus curdling of milk.

Antibiotics:

Antibiotics are microorganism-produced chemicals that kill or inhibit other bacteria and are used to treat infectious illness. Molds like Penicillium and bacteria like Streptomyces and Bacillus create antibiotics in nature.

Vaccines

Vaccines are microorganism-derived compounds used to immunize against illness. Vaccines are often derived from the microorganisms that cause infectious illness. To immunize against diphtheria, a toxoid form of the diphtheria toxin is employed, and portions of Bordetella pertussis cells are utilized to vaccinate against pertussis (whooping cough). Smallpox, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccinations have almost eliminated these illnesses in places of the world where they have been used.

Biotechnology

Microbiology contributes significantly to biotechnology, a branch of science that applies microbial genetics to biological processes in order to produce valuable molecules. Microorganisms are critical components of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Microbial cells, microbial DNA, and microbial enzymes are important technological tools.

Many biological products and biological processes have genetic information that may be introduced into microorganisms to genetically engineer them to produce a chemical or perform an activity. The genes can come from any biological source, including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. This allows for the microbial production of meals, fuels, enzymes, hormones, diagnostic agents, medications, antibiotics, vaccines, antibodies, natural pesticides and fertilizers, and a variety of other chemicals helpful in our civilization and society. Furthermore, the microbial genes that encode for these chemicals, the most of which are unknown, represent a wealth of knowledge for use in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, food science, and biotechnology.

Harmful effects:

Bacteria have numerous ecological and biological importance.

Answer:

Some of the halophilic archaea carry some processes which are economically very important such as biodegradation, bioremediation and environmental processes.

the two type of importance of bacteria

Bacteria are economically very important to people as they are employed in variety of reasons. For example, bacteria are used in the making delicacies like cheese, fudge, vinegar and yogurt. These are just a few things, that use bacteria.

Answer: Municipal waste is the waste generated by (households)

An example of municipal waste is (street sweepings)

Explanation:I took the test on edmentum

Municipal waste refers to the waste that is generated by households, institutions, and commercial establishments within a municipality or a local area.

It includes various types of waste produced in everyday activities, such as residential households, schools, offices, restaurants, hospitals, and retail businesses.

Examples of municipal waste include household garbage, food waste, packaging materials, paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, metals, yard waste, and other similar waste materials generated by individuals and businesses within a community. Municipal waste does not include industrial or hazardous waste, which are subject to separate regulations and disposal methods.

The management of municipal waste typically involves collection, transportation, and disposal or treatment of the waste to minimize its environmental impact and promote sustainable waste management practices, such as recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy conversion.

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Answer:

Physical Change:

- Boiling water

- Breaking a pencil

- Water evaporating

- Denting a car door in an accident

- Tearing paper

- Ice melting

- dissolving

Chemical Change:

- Something rusting

- photosynthesis

- metabolism/digestion

- Nuclear power [atoms are arranged differently]

- Smashing paper with two metal balls, burns paper

- Electricity in water, breaks H2O into H2 and O2

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physical change is when there is only physical change occurring--and it can typically be undone easily,

whereas chemical change is when there is chemical change--which changes the chemical properties of something, which cannot be undone simply.

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Answer:

physical [The identity does not change]

1. tear paper

2. submerge in water

3. eat [chewing] food

4. cutting hair

5. closing lid

chemical [The identity does change]

1.  digest food

2. acid [corrosion]

3. rust

4. burning paper

5. baking

The statement 'Islands are often isolated, minimizing gene flow and maximizing diversification' explains why islands may have unique species on Earth.

Isolation refers to the absence of gene flow between individuals of the same species for extended periods of time.

Isolation due to geographic barriers (e.g., a island) may led to reproductive differentiation and even to speciation.

In conclusion, the statement 'Islands are often isolated, minimizing gene flow and maximizing diversification' explains why islands may have unique species on Earth.

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The biomass would be different because aquatic plants are producers while bluegill fishes are consumers.

In a food chain or food web, the biomass of the population of organisms at the lower trophic levels is usually more than that at the higher trophic level.

Thus, producers tend to have more biomass than primary consumers. Primary consumers tend to have more biomass than secondary consumers.

In the same vein, secondary consumers have more biomass than tertiary consumers.

Bluegill fishes are consumers while aquatic plants are producers. Thus the biomass of aquatic plants would be more than that of bluegill fish.

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Answer:

fox is th right answer

Explanation:

fox

Answer: leopard

Explanation:

Bone marrow transplant is the alternate way that destroy marrow can resume production of blood cells.

A bone marrow transplant, is the treatment and an alternate way that destroy marrow can resume production of blood cells. If a donor is found, your diseased bone marrow is depleted with radiation or chemotherapy and the new bone marrow is transplanted.

So we can conclude that bone marrow transplant is the alternate way that destroy marrow can resume production of blood cells.

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Answer:

A...because the earth is round therefore the sun cannot hit the same places

The characteristics of allosteric enzymes are regulatory molecules can bind and modify the catalytic activity of these enzymes.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions that occur in living things. They speed up the speed of reactions, which contributes to metabolism. Without enzymes, many reactions would be extremely slow. During the reaction, the enzymes do not change their composition and are not consumed either.

In this case, Allosteric enzymes are enzymes that contain a region separate from the substrate to which small regulatory molecules can bind and modify the catalytic activity of these enzymes.

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Answer:

D.

Explanation:

AUG is the start codon

The nucleus can't be seen at the end because the nucleus envelope breaks down and nucleus disappears

Explanation :-

** chromosomes contract , spiral and becomes visible even in light microscope and nucleoli becomes smaller(material to chromosomes)

** chromosomes split length wise to form chromatids connected by centromeres

** nuclear membrane breaks down

** nucleus disappears

Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called microvilli.

Microscopic folds are those fold that are found above an epithelial cell of an organ where maximum absorption takes place.

These microscopic folds have increased surface areas and a typical example is the microvilli of the small intestine.

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Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called Microvilli.

Microvilli are cellular membrane protrusions that improve diffusion surface area while minimizing volume increase than can be seen through a microscope. Plasma membrane covers microvilli, enclosing cytoplasm and microfilaments (the main structure is given by the actin filaments).

In the gastrointestinal system, microvilli serve as the major surface for nutrition absorption. The microvillar membrane is filled with enzymes that help in the breakdown of complicated nutrients into simpler molecules that are more easily absorbed because of its critical role.

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Mr. Schultz should enroll in a Part D plan before he has a 63-day break in coverage in order to avoid a premium penalty.

Answer:

Sophisticated use of contrast helps separate the most important data from the rest using visual composition and the visual context our brains naturally respond to.

In the visual, composition is the placement or arrangement of visual elements or ingredients in a work. Composition means "putting together", and the various visual elements are the vocabulary visual artists use to compose.

With this information, we can conclude that sophisticated use of contrast helps separate the most important data from the rest using visual composition and the visual context our brains naturally respond to.

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Answer:

Most of the Earth's water vapor is in the Troposphere. Approx. 99.13%

Explanation:

The troposphere is where most clouds and weather form over the Earth.

The oldest oceanic crust is found at the mid-ocean ridges. Thus, option "A" is correct.

The ocean crust is about younger than 200 million years (for example, smaller than 5% of the age of the earth).

The crust is most naive (still being created by volcanic eruptions) along the axis of the mid-ocean ridges and increases in age down the sides of the mid-ocean rises and out onto the more serious basin floors.

Thus, option "A" is correct.

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The function of primers in polymerase chain reaction is that it serves as the starting point for DNA  synthesis.

Primers function in PCR by;

Thus, the function of primers in polymerase chain reaction is that it serves as the starting point for DNA  synthesis.

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