the changing of a substance from a liquid into a vapor or gas is called

The sample which have the largest mass is the correct option is a)   1 mole of marshmallow.

The expression for number of moles is given as follows :

number of moles = mass / molar mass

mass = moles × molar mass

molar mass of marshmallow = 210.14 g/mol

molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44 g/mol

molar mass of Pb = 207.2 g/mol

it is clear form the above equation that the sample which has the larger the molar mass has the largest mass. the order of the mass in the following sample is given as :

marshmallows > Pb > CO₂

Thus the 1 mole of the marsh mallows has the largest mass among the following sample.

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The potential energy of an object diminishes while its kinetic energy rises. The increase in kinetic energy perfectly offsets the reduction in potential energy.

The conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy would lead us to conclude that the entire mechanical energy is conserved.

The mechanical energy of a body is the total of its kinetic and potential energies. The potential energy of an object diminishes while its kinetic energy rises. The increase in kinetic energy perfectly offsets the reduction in potential energy. The idea of work is another crucial one.

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A decrease in the pH by a factor of 3 is going to mean that the solution is becoming more acidic.

The term pH has to do with the degree of the acidity or the alkalinity of a system. We know that if an equation is acidic, then the pH of the solution would lie between the range of 0 - 6.9. If a solution is neutral then it would have a pH of 7. If the solution is alkaline then the solution would have a pH of about 8 - 14.

Having given this classification, we can see that a decrease in the pH means that the pH of the solution is tending towards being much more acidic in nature. The pH is getting lower as it is moving much more closer to the zone of being acidic hence the solution would tend to much more behave exactly as we would expect from an acid.

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Lithium and beryllium atoms differ significantly in size. This occurs as a result of the nuclear charge rising from +3 to +4.

This occurs because beryllium, as compared to lithium, has a larger effective nuclear charge, Zeff. The net positive charge that affects a particle's valence electrons is what makes up the effective nuclear charge. Compared to beryllium, lithium has a higher atomic radius. In actuality, the atomic radius shrinks from top to bottom to bottom across a period. Compared to H or He, whose 1s electron clouds are significantly further from the nucleus, Li possesses an electron in the n = 2 shell, making it larger. Lithium compounds are only moderately soluble in water, compared to how soluble alkali metals are. Beryllium: Compared to the other elements in the group, beryllium has a smaller size, a high electronegativity, a high ionisation energy, and a strong polarising power, which contribute to its anomalous features.

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CO₃⁻² and  HCO₃⁻¹ are acid-conjugate base pair.

A conjugate acid-base pair, according to the Brnsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, consists of two substances that are distinct only in that they contain a proton (H⁺). A proton given to a base creates a conjugate acid, while a proton taken away from an acid creates a conjugate base.

A conjugate base differs from the forming acid in that it has one additional (-) ve charge and one fewer H atom. It is an acidic residue left over after the hydrogen ion has been removed.

The reaction becomes:

HNO₃ + CO₃⁻² → HCO₃⁻¹+ NO₃⁻¹

In the above reaction, it is observe that,

CO₃⁻² and  HCO₃⁻¹ are acid-conjugate base pair.

correct option is: D

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For each atom in a Lewis structure, you should count how many electrons it "owns" in order to get the formal charges. All of its lone pair electrons as well as 50% of its bonding electrons should be counted. The formal charge is the discrepancy between the atom's number of valence electrons and the number it possesses.

The formula FC = VE - [LPE - 12(BE)], where VE is the number of valence electrons on the free atom, LPE is the number of lone pair electrons on the atom in the molecule, and BE is the number of bonding (shared) electrons around the atom in the molecule, can be used to determine an atom's formal charge.

The VSEPR hypothesis, which describes the valence shell electron-pair repulsion, allows us to forecast the molecular structure, including the approximate bond angles around a central atom, can be determined by counting the bonds and lone electron pairs in the molecule's Lewis structure.

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When a 1.00 gram sample of limestone was dissolved in acid, 0.38 gram of co2 was generated. If the rock contained no carbonate other than caco3, 62% percent of CaCO3 by mass in the limestone.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the main component of limestone, and when it is dissolved in acid, it reacts to form calcium ions (Ca2+), carbonate ions (CO32-), and water. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

CaCO3 + 2 H+ ---> Ca2+ + CO32- + H2O

The mass of CO2 produced in the reaction is equal to the mass of the carbonate ions produced, since each carbonate ion contains one carbon atom and each molecule of CO2 contains one carbon atom.

Since the mass of CO2 produced in the reaction is 0.38 g, and the mass of the limestone sample is 1.00 g, the mass of CaCO3 in the limestone sample is 1.00 g - 0.38 g = 0.62 g.

The percent of CaCO3 by mass in the limestone sample is therefore 0.62 g / 1.00 g x 100% = 62%.

Therefore, the answer is 62%.

Radon is a gas that is dangerous to breathe in under normal conditions, unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains. Exposure of radon gas varies depending on t Limestone, a type of carbonate sedimentary rock made mostly of calcium carbonate, is the main source of the material lime (CaCO3). The majority of its constituents are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of CaCO3. Limestone is produced when these minerals separate from water that has calcium dissolved in it. This can be caused by both biological and nonbiological processes, while biological ones—like the accumulation of corals and shells in the sea—have likely been more important over the previous 540 million years. Limestone makes up the majority of the carbonate rock in sedimentary rock, which comprises 20% to 25% of it.

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Answer:

For CO:

Formal charge of C = 4 - 2 - 6/2 = -1

Formal charge of O = 6 - 2 - 6/2 = +1

2. For CO₂:

Formal charge of C = 4 - 0 - 8/2 = 0

Formal charge of each O = 6 - 4 - 4/2 = 0

3. For CO₃²⁻:

Formal charge of C: 4 - 0 - 8/2 = 0

Formal charge of two O's single-bonded to C = 6 - 6 - 2/2 = -1

Formal charge of the O double-bonded to C = 6 - 4 - 4/2 = 0

The number of molecule-wall collisions per unit are time will be the same as ideal gas law is applicable to ideal gases only.

The equation for ideal gas law is Pv = nRT. Ideal gasses are the perfect gases to follow idealism. Ideal gas equation is the mathematical expression that relates pressure, volume and temperature at the same time.

  Mathematically, Pv = nRT is,

P = Pressure of the gas

v = Volume of the gas

n = Number of moles

R = gas constant (0.0821 L.atm/K.mol)

T = Temperature of the gas.

    In the given condition, the volume of the sample is decreased to 19.1 liter keeping the temperature same. Therefore, the number of collisions per unit area remains constant for the given condition of the sample of gas.

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Isopropanol, also called as Isopropyl alcohol , is a colorless, flammable liquid. If you've ever smelled rubbing alcohol, you'll be familiar with its aroma.

Because it is a volatile liquid, it swiftly evaporates when the container is left open. There are three carbon (C) atoms in isopropyl alcohol, which has the chemical formula C3H8O. Isopropyl alcohol has a three-carbon chain made up of its three carbon atoms. Three hydrogen atoms are connected to each of the two carbon atoms at the ends, while one hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl (OH) group are bonded to the carbon atom in the middle. The colourless liquid known as isopropyl alcohol has a pungent, musty smell. It is employed in the production of perfumes, medicines, lacquers, dyes, cleansers, antifreezes, and other chemicals as well as skin, hair, and cosmetic items. determine exposures that may be dangerous.

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Consider the decomposition of ammonium chloride at a certain temperature NH4Cl (s) <=> NH3 (g) + HCl (g). The equilibrium constant Kp is 4.4, if the total pressure is 2.2 atm at that temperature.

When a chemical process reaches equilibrium, the equilibrium constant (often represented by the letter K) sheds light on the interaction between the reactants and products. For instance, the ratio of the concentration of the products to the concentration of the reactants, each raised to their respective stoichiometric coefficients, can be used to establish the equilibrium constant of concentration (denoted by Kc) of a chemical reaction at equilibrium. It is significant to remember that there are several kinds of equilibrium constants that establish relationships between the reactants and products of equilibrium reactions in terms of various units. The ratio of reactant to product amounts that is used to predict chemical behavior is the definition of the equilibrium constant for a chemical process. In a state of equilibrium, the forward reaction rate equals the backward reaction rate. The rate constants are constant at a certain temperature. An equilibrium constant is the ratio of the forward reaction rate constant to the backward reaction rate constant, which must be a constant (Kequ).

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The same as 10, since its number of protons of an element is defined by the amount of protons that make up its atom.

Protons are really a type of particle with only a positive ions. The strong nuclear interaction holds protons together in the nucleus of an atom. The atom known as a neutron has no charge, making it neutral.

In the atom's nucleus, protons are negatively charged ions. Each element, whether created in a lab or in nature, has at most one proton. Protons and neutrons both have the same mass, however a proton is 1840 times heavier than an electron. The negatively charged particles known as electrons revolve along the outside of the nucleus.

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If you take note that when conjugation DOES NOT occur, you get a more stable carbocation, protonating carbon-1 produces the main result.

Since only a 1,2-hydride shift is needed to reach the main product, protonating carbon-1 would have been preferable to protonating carbon-2 (molecules tend to be lazy and do the least work possible).

A primary carbocation or a secondary carbocation upon a 1,2-hydride shift would result from protonating carbon-3. The tertiary carbocation produced by protonating carbon-1 is more stable than both of them combined.

Even though there is a chance of conjugation, protonating carbon-4 is still not a good idea because it results in either primary or secondary carbocations, neither of which are excellent choices.

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The N2H2 polarity is non. it is a non - polar compound present in the globe.

A molecule or its chemical groups have an electric dipole moment with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end when they are polarity, which in chemistry is the separation of electric charge. Because the bonded atoms' electronegativity differs, polar compounds must have one or more polar bonds. If the bond dipoles cancel one other out via symmetry, molecules with polar bonds are not polar. Dipole-dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonding are how polar molecules communicate with one another. Many physical characteristics, including as surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling points, are based on polarity. The force with which an atom pulls an electron is not constant. The electronegativity of an atom refers to the strength of the "pull" it applies to its electrons. Fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms, as well as those with high electronegativities, pull on electrons more strongly than do alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and atoms with low electronegativities. This causes an unequal distribution of electrons among the atoms in a bond because electrons are attracted to the atom with the higher electronegativity.

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The Electron geometry is trigonal bipyramid. molecular geometry is Liner

3orbitals are used to keep loan pairs on Rn

2 orbital are used to form two pi  bonds in the chlorine

Total hybridized orbital needed = 5

i.e. S,3p,1s

Hybridization = Sp^3d.

Electron geometry  = trigonal bipyramid

molecular geometry = Liner

We need to understand the Lewis electron dot structure in order to identify the forms of molecules. The Lewis hypothesis is the initial step in predicting molecular shapes, even though it does not itself specify how molecules would look. We can distinguish between bond pairs and lone pairs with the aid of the Lewis structure. We next use the Lewis structure to determine the molecular geometry and the electron-group geometry using the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSPER) theory.

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The appropriate choice is: d S2 Justification: These ions are isoelectronic because they each have 18 electrons. The size of the ion increases as the positive nuclear charge of isoelectronic ions decreases.

Ca2+ or K+, which ion's radius is larger?

Because Ca2+ has a higher nuclear charge than K+, its ionic radius is lower. Moving from left to right causes a temporary rise in nuclear charge without adding any additional shell. The electrons are drawn to the nucleus more forcefully due to the higher nuclear charge.

Name the one with the biggest ionic radius 1+. K+ Na + Cs + Li?

A group's atomic and ionic radii grow from top to bottom as a result of the addition of a new shell at each level. Therefore, out of the three IA group ions that are present—Na+, Li+, and K+—Cs+ will be the largest.

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A mole of diatomic oxygen has a total translational kinetic energy of 4000J at 50 °C.

The diatomic molecule known as molecular oxygen is made up of two oxygen atoms that are covalently connected to one another (O2). Molecular oxygen is essential for life because it is required for breathing by such a wide variety of species. Combustion of fossil fuels also requires it. We refer to the elements as diatomic because the atoms are found in pairs. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br, and I2 are the chemical formulas for these substances. The periodic chart makes it simple to locate the diatomic elements. Along with O and N, they contain the halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I).

A molecule made up of two of the same atom is referred to as a diatomic element. Diatomic is a compound word made up of the letters "di" for two & "atomic" for atom. With only one atom, a monatomic element can remain stable. Because they can adhere to the octet rule in this paired form, these diatomic elements are the most stable in it.

The advantages are:

• eliminating viruses (ozone and hydrogen peroxide)

• enhancing the bloodstream's ability to carry oxygen to the body's tissues.

• quickening petrochemicals' decomposition.

If the speed of a diatomic hydrogen molecule is 200m/s

Therefore:

50∘C=200m/s

Then the total translational kinetic energy:

1.0mol=50∘C

So the calculation is:

Transactional kinetic energy =2000/50

=40

1.0mol=100J

=40*100

=4000J

There the total kinetic energy is 4000J

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The rms (root-mean-square) speed of a diatomic hydrogen molecule at 50∘C is 2000 m/s. Note that 1.0 mol of diatomic hydrogen at 50∘C has a total translational kinetic energy of 4000 J. The total translational kinetic energy of 1.0 mole of diatomic oxygen at 50∘C is:

There are six stereoisomers of PtCl4Br2. They are PtCl4Br2, PtCl4Br3, PtCl4Br4, PtCl4Br5, and PtCl4Br6.

In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, also known as spatial isomerism, is a type of isomerism in which molecules with the identical molecular structure and atom-bonding order (constitution) change in the three-dimensional spatial orientations of their atoms. When compared to structural isomers, which have the same chemical formula but have different bond arrangements or bond connections, this is not the case. Stereoisomers of one another's molecules are said to be the same structural isomer by definition.

Stereoisomers are isomers with the same composition but different orientations of those parts in space, according to a general definition. Enantiomers and diastereomers are the two types of stereoisomers that exist. When compared to diastereomers, which are everything else, enantiomers are mirror images, much like one's hands. Timescale and energy are crucial, though, as was already mentioned.

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In water, a substance that partially ionizes in solution is called

Hence, the Correct Option is 3) i.e., Weak electrolyte

Weak electrolytes are those electrolytes that do not dissociate or ionized completely in their aqueous solution. These electrolytes have low electrical conductivity with a lesser extension of ionization. For example, CH3COOH, NH4OH, etc

In water substance that is partially ionized in solution is known as weak electrolyte. Since strong electrolyte completely ionized while weak electrolyte partially ionized.

Weak electrolyte examples: Acetic acid (CH3COOH): Acetic acid is the acid that is found in vinegar. It is an electrolyte that is extremely soluble in the water. But when it is dissolved in the water, most of its original molecule remains as it is, instead of being in the ion form. This original form is known as ethanoate. The acetic acid is dissolved in the water and ionises as ethanoate and the hydronium ion. Thus, this makes acetic acid a weak electrolyte.

CH3COOH + H2O ⇔ CH3COO -+ H3O +

Carbonic acid (CH2O3), Ammonia (NH3), and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) act as weak electrolytes.

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3.66 1023 atoms are present. In 15.6 grams of silicon, there are 3.66 10 23 atoms.

Similar to this, one mole of silicon still comprises 6.022 1023 silicon atoms for one gram of silicon with an atomic weight of 28 grams. As a result, 1 mole of silicon will weigh 28.0855 g and contain 6.022 x 1023 atoms. Therefore, 3.5 grams of silicon contain 7. 505 x 1022 atoms. 3.66 1023 atoms are present. In 15.6 grams of silicon, there are 3.66 10 23 atoms.

The equation is not too complicated. The formula for how many atoms there are in a volume of ANY material is: # of atoms = N * (density) * volume / The value of N, often known as Avogadro's number, is 6.022*1023 atoms/mole.

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If a given reaction has got a rate constant value of 5.2 x 10^-3. The order reaction that reaction is 2nd order.

The order reaction is the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the quantity of the species involved. To discover the reaction order, one must first ascertain the rate expression (or rate equation) of the pertinent process. The entire species mixture involved in the reaction may be understood once the rate equation has been established. The order of the reaction can be determined using the rate's dependency on the concentration of each component. For instance, the rate of a first-order reaction is solely dependent on the concentration of one species. The reaction order of a chemical reaction's various features are listed below. The order of reactions is a representation of the number of species whose concentration directly affects the rate of reaction. It can be calculated by adding up all of the exponents for the concentration terms in the rate statement. The order of the balanced reaction is unaffected by the stoichiometric coefficients for any species present.

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As stated, it takes 45.6 KJ of energy to turn 70.6 grams from ice at 0.00°C into water at 75.0°C.

Heat energy is the term used to describe the energy found inside chemical bonds (molecules and atoms). It is discharged during the chemical reaction, which is known as an endothermic and produces heat mainly as a byproduct.

The amount of heat required to increase the temperature is provided as

Q = m*c*ΔT

where c is specific heat, delta T is the change in temperature, and m is mass in grams.

Placing all of the values we have obtained,

Q = 70.6 x 4.18 x ( 75 - 0)

Q = 22133.1 J

The total energy = Q + heat of fusion

Heat of fusion is 333 J/g ,

so for 70.6 grams , it will be 333 x 70.6 = 23509.8 J

So the total energy = 22133.1 + 23509.8 = 45642.9 J

or 45.6 KJ

Consequently, 45.6 KJ of energy is required to transform 70.6 grams from ice at 0.00°C into water at 75.0°C.

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The complete question is-

How much energy is needed to convert 70.6 grams of ice at 0.00°c to water at 75.0°c?

Specific heat (ice) = 2.10 J/g°C

Specific heat (water) = 4.18J/g°C

Heat of fusion = 333 J/g

Heat of vaporization = 2258 J/g

The addition of carbon monoxide gas will bring out the change that would disrupt the equilibrium causing it to shift towards the right which would result in more products being produced until equilibrium is achieved.

The equilibrium mixture in this system indicates the rate of degradation of water and carbon monoxide is equal to the rate of degradation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Hence, the forward and backward reaction are equal.

Now, if the reactants are added, then equilibrium will be imbalanced. The concentration of reactant will be balanced by increasing the yield of product. This will shift the equilibrium to right.

The breaking and formation of bonds are responsible for reactant conversion to product. The mentioned reaction is double displacement reaction exchanging hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms.

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The delocalization energy as the difference between the total energy of the π electrons and the energies of the individual π bonds: an electron in one π bond has the energy of α+β.

MO theory and Resonance

- in MO theory, the entire molecule is treated as one entity, and all of the electrons in the entire molecule occupy regions of space called molecular orbitals.

- Two electrons are placed in each orbital, starting with the lowest energy orbital, until all electrons occupy orbitals.

- According to MO theory, the three p orbitals no longer exist. Instead, they have been replaced by three MOs, in order of increasing energy. Notice that the lowest energy MO, called the bonding molecular orbital, has no vertical nodes. The next higher energy MO, called the nonbonding molecular orbital, has one vertical node. The highest energy MO, called the antibonding molecular orbital, has two vertical nodes.

- The π electrons of the allyl system will fill these MOs, starting with the lowest energy MO.The allyl carbocation has only two π electrons, rather than three, because one of the carbon atoms bears a positive formal charge indicating that one electron is missing. The two π electrons of the allyl system will occupy the lowest energy MO (the bonding MO). If the missing electron were to return, it would occupy the next higher energy MO, which is the nonbonding MO. Focus your attention on the nonbonding MO.

There should be an electron occupying this nonbonding MO, but the electron is missing. Therefore, the colored lobes are empty and represent regions of space that are electron deficient. In conclusion, MO theory suggests that the positive charge of the allyl carbocation is associated with the two ends of the system, rather than just one end.

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The true statement, given the data from the table is: The atomic mass would be closer to 20 than 18

To know which statement is true, we shall determine the average atomic mass of the element. Details below:

Average atomic mass = [(Mass of 1st × 1st%) / 100] + [(Mass of 2nd × 2nd%) / 100]

Average atomic mass = [(18 × 40) / 100] + [(20 × 60) / 100]

Average atomic mass = 7.2 + 12

Average atomic mass = 19.2

Thus, the average atomic mass is 19.2

Therefore, the true statement is: The atomic mass would be closer to 20 than 18

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Complete question:

Please attached photo

Disputes help us learn more about how carbon moves through a sizable pool of dissolved organic materials in the Earth's oceans.

It implies that high DOC is advantageous to an ecosystem since it serves as the main food supply for aquatic food webs. However, DOC can also worsen light attenuation and raise water body acidity, both of which have a negative impact on phototrophic species in aquatic environments.

Because DOM is one of the most major sources of bioavailable organic carbon in aquatic ecosystems, its quantity and composition are crucial. It is a complex soluble organic substance whose reactivity and ecological function vary.

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The neutral atom copper-64 has 29 protons, and 35 neutrons and 29 number of electrons.

The number of electrons, protons, and neutrons of an atom is known from the atomic notation. Atomic notation represents showing the atomic symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass. In some periodic tables of elements, the position of the mass number and atomic number can be written differently, but generally the mass number is written at the top and the atomic number is written at the bottom before the atomic symbol.

The mass number is the number of protons to the number of neutrons. The atomic number indicates the number of protons and the number of protons in a neutral atom equals the number of electrons.

The atom has the atomic symbol Cu (copper) with atomic number 29 and mass number 64. So, it can be concluded that Cu has 29 protons. The number of electrons is the same as the number of protons, namely 29. Meanwhile, the number of neutrons:

Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons

64 = 29 + number of neutrons

Number of neutrons = 35

So, the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the atom is 29, 29, 35.

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An electron in the third electron energy level of the same atom has more energy compared to an electron in the first electron energy level of the same atom.

Atoms, which are minuscule bits of substance, are what distinguish each chemical element from the others. A negatively charged nucleus at the center of an atom is surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. It's possible to find the positively charged, moderately massive protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus. Any primary particle of matter with at least one proton is referred to as an atom. Neon (N) and hydrogen (H) are examples of atoms (Ne).

Atoms first formed 13.7 billion years after the Big Bang. As the hot, dense new universe cooled, quarks and electrons were conceivably possible to form. Protons and neutrons were created by the combination of quarks, which then resulted in the formation of nuclei.

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The mass of tea in standard bag is 3.375 g

The amount of matter in a particle or object is represented by the dimensionless quantity mass (symbolized m). The kilograms is the International System's (SI) preferred unit of mass (kg).

Mass is a unit used to describe how much matter is present in or makes up a physical body. In classical mechanics, an object's mass is crucial to Newton's laws of motion because it influences the force needed to accelerate it and, consequently, how much inertia it has.

Given ,

Mass = volume × density

= 75 × 4.5/100

= 3.375

Therefore The mass of tea in standard bag is 3.375 g

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When introduced to water, an Arrhenius acid raises overall concentration of Hydrogen ion ions in the solution. These H+ ions combine to create the hydronium ion (H3O+).

An Arrhenius base increases the concentration or hydroxide (OH-) ions while an Arrhenius acid increases the concentration if hydrogen (H+) ions in an aqueous solution. Because of this, an Arrhenius acid-base reaction is a neutralisation reaction when an acid as well as a base interact.

According to Arrhenius, bases are hydroxide compounds who dissociate to produce OH- ions in the presence of water, whereas acids are helium compounds that do the same.

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