"The clock on the big ben tower in London reads 12 noon. If you travel away from the clock at a very high speed and view it with a telescope, you would see it run slower than a clock in your vehicle" (Option A) This phenomenon is known as Time Dilation.
What is time dilation?Time dilation is defined in physics and relativity as the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks. It is either owing to a difference in relative velocity or a difference in gravitational potential between their places.
When left undefined, "time dilation" generally refers to the impact of velocity.
Time dilation is the "slowing down" of a clock as determined by an observer in relative motion with regard to that clock under the theory of special relativity.
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Full Question:
Suppose you look at the huge clock on the Big Ben Tower in London and it reads 12 noon. If you could travel away from the clock at the speed of light and view it with a telescope, it would:
a) run slower than usual
b) run faster than usual
c) be frozen at 12 noon
Johnny drives to Wisconsin (1920 miles) in 32 hours. He returns home by the same route in the same amount of time. Determine his average velocity
Answer: 60mph
Explanation: He drives to Wisconsin and back so multiply both numbers by 2. Speed=distance divided by t
So 3840 divided by 64 is 60.
If a person is pushing against a stationary wall with a force of 20 n, what force is being exerted back on the person?.
If a person is pushing against a stationary wall with a force of 20N, then the force of same magnitude will be exerted back on to the person by the wall.
What is Force?Force is the external agent which is capable of changing an object's state of rest or motion. A force can be a push or a pull. It has both the magnitude and direction.
According to Newton's third law of motion, forces always acts in equal but opposite pairs. This law can also be defined as for every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. It means that when a person pushes on a wall with a force of 20N, the wall pushes back on the person with a force equal in strength to the force which is exerted i.e., 20N but opposite in direction.
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11 How far away does a ball land that rolls off a 2 m high table rolling at 9 m/s
a) 5.75 m
b) 10.25 m
c) 13.75 m/s
d) none of the above
*Please Show Equation*
Thank You!
Answer:
H = 1/2 g t^2 time to fall H
t = (2 H / g)^12 = (2 * 2 / 9.80)^1/2 = .639 sec
Sx = Vx * t = 9 m/s * .639 s = 5.75 m horizontal distance traveled
compute the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of venus from these data. express your answer in meters per second squared.
Newton's law of gravitation says that the magnitude f of the force exerted by is f = Gmm/r² and acceleration due to gravity Gm/r².
What is force?A force is an effect that can alter an object's motion according to physics. An object with mass can change its velocity, or accelerate, as a result of a force. An obvious way to describe force is as a push or a pull. A force is a vector quantity since it has both magnitude and direction.
The gravitational constant, denoted by the capital letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.
f = Gmm/r²
Newton's law of gravitation says that the magnitude f of the force exerted by is f = Gmm/r² and acceleration due to gravity Gm/r².
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if the radio waves transmitted by a radio station have a frequency of 92.5 mhz, what is the wavelength of the waves, in meters?
The wavelength of the waves in meters is 3.24.
Solution:
c = λ*μ
where c=speed of the light,λ = wave length, μ = frequency
c = 3*[tex]10^{8}[/tex] m/s
λ = c/μ
= 3*[tex]10^{8}[/tex]/92.5*[tex]10^{6}[/tex]
= 3.24
Wavelength is calculated as the ratio of velocity to frequency, or wave velocity divided by wave frequency. The wavelength calculator uses 2 known values to calculate the third. Note that the standard units for wavelength are meters, seconds, and hertz. When the frequency is multiplied by the wavelength.
It yields the speed of the wave. Electromagnetic waves always travel at the same speed in a vacuum. Radio waves, on the other hand, have the lowest energy, longest wavelength, and lowest frequency of all types of EM radiation. The sections of the EM spectrum are named in order of increasing energy gamma rays X-rays ultraviolet-visible light infrared and radio waves.
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(q011) suppose you are studying a visible-light image of a distant galaxy, and you see a dark lane cutting across the bright disk. that dark line is most likely caused by
The reason some regions of the Milky Way's disk appear dark is because
stars in this direction are obscured by interstellar dust.
Astronomers have observed many different stars at each stage of their formation process. They have moved away from the Sun over the past 4.5 billion years. Location-to-location density variation increases as the cloud collapses. Once a protostar with a mass of less than 0.08 solar mass is formed, its internal temperature never reaches a sufficient level to initiate thermonuclear fusion. This quirky star is called a brown dwarf and sits between a planet (such as Jupiter) and a star. Coalsacks are clouds of interstellar dust about 600 light-years away that block light from the stars from reaching us. It is a type of celestial object called a dark nebula. The "inside" star that can be seen with binoculars is actually closer than the coal sack itself.
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q5: suppose the air track was tilted during the experiment. would momentum be conserved in the collision? why or why not?
According to the given statement No, momentum is not conserved on a tilted track.
What does the word "momentum" mean?Momentum can be viewed as a body's "power" while it is moving, or the amount of force it can exert on another body. For instance, a baseball (small mass) thrown quickly can have the same momentum as a bowling ball (big mass) going extremely slowly (low velocity) (high velocity).
What is the momentum unit?Therefore, the Newton-second can be used as the unit measuring momentum (Ns). In the CGS system, the unit of momentum is the gram-centimeters per second (gcm/s), where the mass is measured in grams and the speed in centimeters per second.
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A 1600kg car is traveling over a hill that has a radius of curvature of 25m. The car is slowing down as it goes over the hill. It slows down at a constant rate from a speed of 25ms to a speed of 10ms over a distance of 50m ending at the top of the hill. The net acceleration of the car at the top of the hill is most nearly.
The net acceleration of the car at the top of the hill is 6.6 m/s²
According to the question,
Mass of the car, m = 1600 Kg
Final speed of the car = 10 m/s
Distance covered by the car, d = 50 m
Radius of curvature of the hill, r = 25 m
Initial speed of the car, u = 25 m/s
The acceleration of the car is calculated by applying the third equation of motion,
v² = u² + 2as
where, v is the initial speed
u is the final speed and
a is the acceleration of the car
2as = v² - u²
a = [tex]\frac{v^{2-u^{2} } }{2a}[/tex]
a =[tex]\frac{10^{2}- 25^{2} }{2 X 50 }[/tex]
a = - 5.25 [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
The centripetal acceleration of the car at the top of the hill is given as,
[tex]a_{c} =\frac{v^{2} }{r\\}[/tex]
[tex]a_{c} =\frac{10^{2} }{25} \\a_{c = 4m/s^{2}[/tex]
The net acceleration of the car at the top of the hill is calculated as;
[tex]a_{net} = \sqrt{a^{2} } +a_{c^{} }[/tex]
[tex]a_{net} = \sqrt{-5.25} ^{2} - 4^{2}[/tex]
= 6.6[tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
Thus, the net acceleration of the car at the top of the hill is 6.6 m/s²
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Which method would be most helpful in locating the center of gravity of an object?.
Plumb line technique, is method would be most helpful in locating the center of gravity of an object.
To calculate the center of gravity of an object, we need to sum the weights multiplied by the distance from the starting point and divide by the total weight of the object.
CG = (aM + bN + cP)/(M + N + P)
Plumb line technique:
When a object is freely suspended, its center of gravity is always directly below the suspension point. A plumb bob is a heavy weight attached to a string that hangs perpendicular to the ground. The line drawn is vertical and passes through the object's center of mass. Repeat this process to pick another attachment point and draw a line along the second vertical line. The centroids of all these objects are at the intersection of the vertical lines. The intersection of two or more vertical lines from a vertical line is the centroid of the object.
If an object is symmetrical and uniformly dense, it is easy to guess its centroid.
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Macro put a pot of water on eggs. Half an hour later, he returned to find the pot dry. This is an example of.
Macro put a pot of water on eggs. Half an hour later, he returned to find the pot dry. This is an example of vaporization.
In the field of science, vaporization can be described as a process by which the liquid can be evaporated to a gaseous phase.
Vaporization can occur either due to boiling or evaporation.
In the situation above, as Macro has put a pot of water in eggs. As he kept the water on boiling for half an hour, the liquid water evaporated and changed into gaseous form.
As a result, all the water dried from the pot. This process is an example of vaporization.
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Is rebel a synonym or antonym of the word conform
what is the lift (in newtons) due to bernoulli's principle on a wing of area 83 m2 if the air passes over the top and bottom surfaces at speeds of 290 m/s and 180 m/s , respectively?
Bernoulli's principle states that a wing with an area of 83 m² will experience a lift of 2767767.8 N when air moves over its top and bottom surface with velocities of aircraft 290 m/s and 180 m/s, respectively.
Bernoulli's principle is used to safely engineer the fluid flow within and around airplanes, engines and healthcare delivery devices by making sense of a fluid dynamics phenomenon. Bernoulli's principle connects a fluid's pressure to its speed.
The equation of Bernoulli's principle can be written as
P₁ + 1/2 p (v₁)² = P₂ + 1/2 p (v₂)²
P₁ - P₂ = 0.5* 1.29* 290² - 0.5* 1.29* 180² = 54244.5 - 20898 = 33,346.6
We know that, Pressure = Force/ Area
Force = Pressure * Area = 33,346.6* 83 = 2767767.8 N
Thus, the lift on the wing is 2767767.8 N.
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star a's luminosity is four times greater than star b's. both stars have the same surface temperature. which star is larger?
If the star a's luminosity is four times greater than star b's and both stars have the same surface temperature, the star a is larger.
L = 4 π σ [tex]T^{4}[/tex] R²
l = Luminosity
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
T = Surface temperature
R = Radius
For star A,
L = 4 π σ [tex]T^{4}[/tex] R²
R = √ ( L / 4 π σ [tex]T^{4}[/tex] )
For star B,
L' = L / 4
L / 4 = 4 π σ [tex]T^{4}[/tex] R'²
R' = √ 1 / 4 √ ( L / 4 π σ [tex]T^{4}[/tex] )
R' = 1 / 2 R
The star B's radius is half the value of star A.
Therefore, the star A is larger than star B.
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if you were to throw a ball straight ahead (no arc) at the same time as your friend drops a ball, which ball would hit the ground first? why?
If I throw a ball straight ahead and then my friend drop the identic ball to the ground, so both ball will hit ground together. It happens because the only force act to the both balls vertically is only gravity.
In this experiment, the two balls have different horizontal velocities, but that does not affect the vertical motion. Both balls start with zero vertical velocity, and accelerate at the same rate of gravity.
What is gravity?Gravity is a force that pulling together all matter. The more matter, the more gravity, so anything that have such a lot of matter like planets, moons, or stars pull more strongly. Gravity also affected by the mass of an object and the distance between objects.
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You are seated in a bus and notice that a hand strap that is hanging from the ceiling hangs away from the vertical in the backward direction. From this observation, you can conclude that.
From this observation, You cannot conclude anything about the direction of the velocity of the bus.
The fact that the hand strap moves backward from vertical is assumed.
The direction of the strap depends on the velocity of the bus; if the bus is moving faster in one direction, the strap will move faster in the opposite direction.
The strap is bent backwards by the pseudo-action on it, which is the cause of the movement backwards.
angle of inclination is given by Tan∅ = α/g
where a=bus acceleration
∅ = inclination of strap with respect to vertical
Consequently, we are unable to draw any conclusions about the velocity of the bus direction of motion.
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how would the strength of the force between the moon and earth cahnge if the mass on the moon were somehow made two times grater than its actuakl mass?
The strength does not change, remains the same and opposite. When the distance between two masses doubles, the attractive force between them also doubles.
The greater the mass of the objects, the stronger the attraction between them. The closer the objects are, the stronger the attraction between them. When the moon gets even closer, let's say 20 times closer, it creates 400 times more gravity than we're used to. A powerful tsunami hits the country and causes massive flooding, submerging cities such as London and New York. When the mass of objects doubles, the force between them doubles. If the distance between objects is doubled, the force between objects is quartered. If the distance between objects is tripled, the force between them is 9 times smaller.
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A(n) 1786.9 kg car is coasting along a level
road at 24.7 m/s. A constant braking force
is applied, such that the car is stopped in a
distance of 55 m.
What is the magnitude of the braking force?
A(n) 1786.9 kg car is coasting along a level road at 24.7 m/s. A constant braking force is applied, such that the car is stopped in a distance of 55 m. The magnitude of the braking force will be 9917.3 N
given
mass = 1786.9 kg
initial velocity = 24.7 m/s
final velocity = 0
distance covered = 55 m
2as = [tex]v^{2} - u^{2}[/tex]
2 * a * 55 = 0 - [tex]24.7 ^{2}[/tex]
a = - 5.55 [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
Force = mass * acceleration
= 1786.9 * 5.55 = 9917.3 N
The magnitude of the braking force will be 9917.3 N
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in young's two slit experiment a beam of light from a slit reaches at a point on the screen one wavelength behind the wave from the otherslit. what is observed on the screen at that point?
Option A. Dark fringe observed on the screen at that point
The double-slit experiment is an illustration that mild and count can display characteristics of each classically defined wave and particle; moreover, it presents the basically probabilistic nature of quantum mechanical phenomena.
Younger's experiment became primarily based on the speculation that if light were wave-like in nature, then it have to behave in a manner much like ripples or waves on a pond of water. wherein opposing water waves meet, they have to react in a particular manner to either toughen or damage every other.
for destructive interference
path difference = dx
dx = (m+1/2)*lambda
here path difference = 3/2 lambda
so here path difference is multiple of 1/2 so there is destructive interference
so there will be a dark fringe.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
in young's two-slit experiment a beam of light from a slit reaches at a point on the screen one wavelength behind the wave from the other slot. what is observed on the screen at that point?
A. Dark fringe
B. An empty space
C. Bright - dark fringe
D. Dark bright fringe
E. Bright fringe
_____ include any election that signals a significant large-scale change in the popular allegiance of voters from one party to another.
critical election includes any election that signals a significant large-scale change in the popular allegiance of voters from one party to another.
Since the 17th century, elections have been the primary method used to carry out representative democracy in modern times. Elections may be held to fill positions in the legislative, executive, judicial, and occasionally regional and municipal branches of government. Numerous other private and commercial organizations, including clubs, non-profit organizations, and corporations, also use this procedure.
The practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where elections were regarded as an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, in which officeholders were chosen by lot, contrasts with the use of elections as a tool for choosing representatives in modern representative democracies.
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calculate the reynolds numbers for the flow of water through a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm, when the nozzle is attached to the hose. the flow rate through the hose is 0.500 l/s.
35820 is Reynold's number which thereby also is greater than 2000 making the flow turbulent
Reynold’s number is the magnitude of inertial forces upon coefficient of viscosity i.e. viscous forces present in the fluid that is put through movement within the fluid due to various fluid velocities.
Re = 2ρvr / η ------- Equation 1
Here ρ = density of water = 1000 kg/m³
η = coefficient of viscosity of water = 1.005 x 10⁻³
r = 0.9 cm = 0.9 x 10⁻² m
For v
v = Q(Flow rate) / A(area)
Q = 0.5 L/s = 0.0005 m³/s
A = πr² = 3.14 x (0.9 x 10⁻² )² => 2.54 x 10⁻⁴m
v = 0.0005 / 2.54 x 10⁻⁴
≅ 2 m/s
Putting all the values in equation 1
Re = 2 x (10³) x (2) x ( 0.9 x 10⁻²) / 1.005 x 10⁻³
≅ 35820
∴ Re > 2000, The flow is not laminar.
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Laminar flow requires a Reynolds number lower than 2000.
When considering a fluid in motion, the flow of the fluid is referred to as laminar flow if it exhibits a streamlined and smooth flow rather than fluctuations that are erratic and chaotic. In the beginning, Irish innovator Osborne Reynolds categorized fluid flow as turbulent or laminar.
First, use the expression for the fluid's flow rate Q in terms of tube area A and the velocity of the flowing fluid v to calculate the velocity of the fluid v. As a result, the expression comes from,
Q = Av
v = Q/A
The only way to possibly achieve laminar flow through the hose or the nozzle would be to significantly reduce the flow rate to a level below the Reynolds number of 2000.
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What is the average speed of my bunny rabbit when she hops 6 meters to the east across the room in 11seconds? Express your answer using the proper SI units. Round your answer to two decimal places, and include a direction if necessary.
0.54 m/s is the average speed of my bunny rabbit when she hops 6 meters to the east across the room in 11seconds.
speed = distance/time
speed =6/11
speed =0.54 m/s
velocity (often abbreviated as "s") is a scalar variable that describes how a lot an object's place modifications over time or how lots it adjustments in step with unit of time. The common velocity of an object in a time frame is the distance traveled by using the object divided with the aid of the length of the duration.
Time divided via distance are the velocity-related metrics.. The meter in line with 2nd (m/s) is the SI unit of pace, even as the kilometer in step with hour (kph) is the most customarily used unit of pace in every day lifestyles.
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a 75 kg road bicycle racer rides down the highway from pikes peak. during one stretch of the ride, he descends 5 meters in 12.5 seconds, while accelerating from 35 km/hr to 55 km/hr. assuming rotational kinetic energy and dissipative forces to be negligible, what average power is supplied by the gravitational force during this time?
The average power supplied by the gravitational force during this time is 21717 Watt.
The mass of the road bicycle racer riding down the highway is 75kg.
The height through which he descends is 5 meters and the time taken by it is 12.5 seconds, the initial velocity of the bicycle is 35km/h(9.7m/s) and the final velocity of the bicycle is 55 km/h(15.27m/s).
The acceleration applied due to earth on the bicycle can be found as,
V²-U² = 2aS
V is the final velocity,
U is the initial velocity,
a is the acceleration created due to earth,
s is the height of the bicycle.
Putting values,
(15.27)²-(9.7)² = 2(a)(5)
a = 13.9m/s².
Now, the work done by the earth on the bicycle is,
W = 75(13.9)(5)
W = 267712.5 Joules.
The power supplied = Work done/time
Power supplied = 21717 Watt.
So, the power supplied by earth is 21717 Watts.
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What minimum height h must the track have for the marble to make it around the loop-the-loop without falling off?.
The minimum height of the loop without falling it off is 2.7(R-r).
What is height?
height is the measurement of someone or something .
Sol-It is given that capital art Israelis of loop. The loop. Small M. Is the mass of the marble. Small art is radius of the marble. We have to find minimum height edge. The track must have for the marble to make it around the loop. The loop without falling off coming to the solution. We have art is radius of solid marvel. Capital art is radius of circular, loop. Track moment of inertia of this is all in I is equal to two divided by five M. R squared. Thank you lad velocity of the marvel is equal. Do your makeup when the slides down the incline plane and regis the top of the loo. Let this be equation to and let this be equation three gain in potential energy related to center of mass is equal to mg. Multiplied by to capital R minus smaller. Let this be equation four. From law of conservation. Oh Nrg we have Equation one is equal to equation too plus equation three plus equation four substituting we have M G multiplied by H plus R is equal to half M V squared plus half I omega squared plus MG multiplied by two R -R. M G multiplied by H plus R. Is equal to half M B squared plus half. Multiplied by two divided by five M R squared. Omega square plus MG.
Hold square plus M G. Multiplied by two R minus R divide M G. On both sides we have H. Plus art Is equal to seven divided by 10, multiplied by R -R. Plus to r minus R. H plus odd as it will do 2.7 R -1.7 are therefore H is equal. Do 2.7 multiplied by R -R. Hence it can be concluded that height of the track. H is equal to 2.7 multiplied by R -R.
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a ferris wheel with a radius of m is rotating at a rate of one revolution every minutes. how fast is a rider rising when his seat is m above ground level?
Using the concepts of Ferris wheel, we go that the speed of the rider is 2πm /min above ground level if a Ferris wheel with a radius of m is rotating at a rate of one revolution every minutes
The height of the rider at any time is (x + m) .
From the right triangle
sinθ = x/m ---------------(eq1)
Differentiating both sides with respect to t, we get:
d(sin)/dt= [(1/m)×(dx/dt)]
Using chain rule,
cosθ×(dθ/dt)= [(1/m)×(dx/dt)] -------------(eq 2)
When the height of the rider is 1m.
X = m - m
Then the value of x is 0.
Put the value of x in the equation (I)
Sinθ = 0/m = 0
We need to calculate the value of (dθ/dt)
A Ferris wheel makes 1 revolution per minute.
(dθ/dt)= 2π
Now, substitute the value of sinθ and (dθ/dt) in equation (II)
√1-0 x 2π= [(1/m)×(dx/dt)]
dx/dt =2πm
Hence, if a Ferris wheel with a radius of m is rotating at a rate of one revolution every minutes, the speed of rider rising when his seat is m above ground level is to be 2πm meters /sec.
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A car is moving at
3.06m/s north.
There are 5 forces acting on it. A 6.59N force of air resistance to the south. A 8,507.74N force of gravity pulling it toward the ground. A 8,507.74N normal force pushing it up away from the ground. A 147.43N force from the engine pushing it
North, and a 22.81N force of friction
pulling it south.
Calculate the net force on the car.
Answer:
Explanation:
Given:
V = 3.06 m/s (North)
F₁ = 6.59 N (South)
F₂ = 8 507.74 N (toward the ground)
F₃ = 8 507.74 N ( up away from the ground)
F₄ = 147.43 (North)
F₅ = 22.82 (South)
__________
R -?
Forces F₂ and F₃ balance each other.
Resultant force:
R = F₄ - F₁ - F₅
R = 147.73 - 6.59 - 22.81 = 118.33 N
what is the approximate current flowing through the thermistor at room temperature when your circuit is powered by 9 v?
To learn about the thermistor.
What is thermistor?
A thermistor is a resistor with temperature-dependent resistance, also known as a resistance thermometer. The word combines the words "thermal" and "resistor." Metal oxides are used to create it, which is then pressed into a bead, disk, or cylindrical shape before being encased in an impermeable substance like epoxy or glass.
What is current?
An electrical charge carrier flow known as "current" typically involves electrons or atoms deficient in electrons. The capital letter "I" is frequently used as a symbol for current. Amperes are the common unit and are denoted by the letter A.
R= 100000hm
V=9V
V=IR
I=V/R
I=9/100000
I=0.9 mA.
Therefore, the current flowing through the thermistor at room temperature when your circuit is powered by 9 v is 0.9mA.
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5. What is the formula for Newton’s Second Law?
Answer:
F=ma ( Force=Mass x Acceleration)
Explanation:
Answer: F = M*A
Explanation: F= force M= mass of an object A=acceleration
How much energy is needed to change the temperature of 60. 0 g of water by 25. 0oc?.
349.65 J energy is needed to change the temperature of 60. 0 g of water by 25. 0oc
molar mass of [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] = 18 g /mole
no. of moles = 60 / 18 = 3.33 moles
total heat energy required = n * [tex]C_{p}[/tex] *ΔT
= 3.33 * 4.2 J /g / ° C * 25 = 349.65 J
349.65 J energy is needed to change the temperature of 60. 0 g of water by 25. 0oc
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an electron moving at 4.00 x 103 m/s in a 1.25-t magnetic field experiences a magnetic force of 1.40 x 10-16 n . what angle does the velocity of the electron make with the magnetic field?
Angle, the velocity of the electron made with the magnetic field is 9.59° and 350.41°.
A magnetic field is a vector discipline that describes the magnetic effect on transferring electric costs, electric-powered currents, and magnetic materials. A shifting price in a magnetic subject reports a force perpendicular to its very own pace and to the magnetic area.
Calculation:-
F =qvB sin x
X is the angle between the strength of the magnetic field and the velocity of the charge.
q = 1.609×10^-19 C
v = 4×10³ m/s
B = 1.25 T
F = 1.40×10^-16 N
By substituting the parameters, we have that
1.40×10^-16 = 1.609×10^-19 × 4×10³ × 1.25 × sinx
sin x = 1.40×10^-16/ 1.609×10^-19 × 4×10³ × 1.25
sin x = 1.40×10^-16 /8.045*10^(-16)
sin x = 0.1666
x = 9.59°
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic effect on moving electric-powered expenses, electric-powered currents, and magnetic materials. A transferring rate in a magnetic discipline story a force perpendicular to its personal velocity and to the magnetic discipline.
The magnetic subject is the area around a magnet in which the impact of magnetism is felt. We use the magnetic field as a device to explain how the magnetic force is distributed inside the space around and within something magnetic in nature.
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How can planetary scientists estimate the ages of the outflow channels and valley networks on mars?.
Planetary scientists estimate the ages of the outflow channels and valley networks on mars by craters
Due to impact of meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion , there occurs a depression at a certain area , that is called crater .
Ages of the outflow channel and valley network can be estimated by counting the number of impact craters. Because of the almost constant rate at which impacts have occurred in the solar system .
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