Answer:
Gene duplication can provide new genetic material for mutation, drift and selection to act upon, the result of which is specialized or new gene functions. Without gene duplication the plasticity of a genome or species in adapting to changing environments would be severely limited. the first mechanism, duplicated genes arise from the duplication of complete chromosomes, which correspond to what is called whole genome duplication (WGD) ). In that case, all chromosomes from a genome will be duplicated, leading each gene from the genome to exist in two copies.
Explanation:
Explain how natural selection is related to individuals and populations.
Answer: Natural selection applies to both individuals and populations because natural selection is the process of something adapting. An Individual adapts to extreme heat, heavy rain, etc. This individual then has offspring which the adaptation passes off to and to his offspring and so forth. Another way it affects population is by the area in which the population lives. If the individual and other individuals live in the same area, the other individuals are likely to adapt to the environment as well.
what is the phylum of plant that is identified by having no true leaves, dichotomous branching as well as lobed sporangia (usually yellow in color).
Lycophyta and monilophyta is the phylum of plant that is identified by having no true leaves, dichotomous branching as well as lobed sporangia (usually yellow in color).
Lycophytes, also known as "ferns," are a group of vascular plants similar to ferns, but with distinctive leaves called microphylls. They are primitive plants, devoid of seeds, trees, fruits and flowers.
Monophytes: These are ferns and their allies. they form a monophyletic group of euphyletic plants (having true leaves)
lycophytes have proto-stelae. A very simple stele of vascular tissue without a marrow. In monophytes, the gametophyte dies once the sporophyte is firmly established and reaches a sufficient size. Seed plants and monocotyledonous plants contain large leaves, whereas lycophytes contain small leaves in their structure.
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Nerve cells have the same three fundamental physiological properties as muscle cells do: excitability, conductivity, and secretion. T/F.
Answer:
False (F)
Explanation:
Muscle cells and nerve cells differ physiologically from one another. Excitability, conductivity, and secretion are characteristics of nerve cells while excitability, contractility, and secretion are characteristics of muscle cells. Excitability is a cell's capacity to react to stimuli, conductivity is a cell's capacity to transfer electrical signals, and secretion is a cell's capacity to discharge chemical messages. Muscle and nerve cells both exhibit excitability and secretion, but only nerve cells can carry electrical impulses.
The actions of which of the following enzymes are responsible for ensuring that chromosomes do not decrease in length with every round of replication?(A) telomerase(B) DNA ligase(C) DNA polymerase(D) helicase(E) primase
Telomerase enzymes are crucial for ensuring sure chromosomes do not shorten with each round of replication.
A chromosome is just a lengthy DNA molecule that contains some or all of an organism's genetic material. The extremely long thin DNA strands in most chromosomes are wrapped by packing proteins; the most essential of these proteins in eukaryotic cells are the histones. Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for telomere length maintenance through the insertion of guanine-rich repetitive sequences.
Telomerase activity is seen in gametes, stem cells, and tumor cells. Inhibiting the catalytic function of telomerase, and therefore the preservation of telomere length, will aid in the limiting of tumor cell reproduction capacity. However, the production of a momentarily active enzyme by intracellular activation or stimulation of telomerase component expression results in telomerase activation or telomere extension, which can be employed to reverse degenerative alterations.
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pasteur discovered that microbes can cause food spoilage. his solution to protect wine from spoiling was a process called pasteurization, which is based on what principle?
By inactivating the majority of vegetative spoilage microorganisms and all non-spore-forming harmful bacteria, pasteurization generally aims to increase the shelf-life of products. which is based on what principle It also inhibits or stops microbial and enzyme activity environment.
. French chemist Louis Pasteur created the current germ theory during his experiments in the 1860s. He demonstrated that food spoilage results from infection by undetectable microorganisms, not pasteurization creation. Infection and sickness were brought on by microbes, according to Pasteur. Because of his research in the late nineteenth century that popularized the germ theory of illness and fostered the idea that all infectious diseases could be both prevented and treated by prophylactic vaccination, Louis Pasteur is typically regarded as the father of modern immunology.
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the offspring of two true-breeding plants is . a. a true-breeder b. a hybrid c. a genotype d. a phenotype
the offspring of two true-breeding plants is d. a phenotype
What holds true for plants that truly propagate themselves?
A plant is said to be true breeding if it exclusively produces offspring that share the same characteristics after self-fertilization. True breeding organisms have the same alleles for the desired features and are genetically similar. For this kind of creature, the alleles are homozygous.
When an organism is heterozygous, it signifies that there are two distinct alleles present at a certain genetic location. A dihybrid organism is one that has two genetic loci where heterozygosity has been detected.
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Given that a human normally contains 46 chromosomes, give the chromosome number for each of the following conditions:
Turner syndrome (female, no Barr bodies)
Klinefelter syndrome (male, one Barr body)
Answer:
Turner syndrome = 45 chromosomes, Klinefelter syndrome = 47 chromosomes
Explanation:
Turner syndrome is a condition where a female's 23rd pair (the pair that determines sex) consists of only X, while Klinefelter is defined by a male's 23rd pair consisting of XXY.
traits associated with ancestry are one way that modern human skeleton morphology varies between individuals. true false
traits associated with ancestry are one way that modern human skeleton morphology varies between individuals. This is a true statement.
The skeletal system is a network of numerous components that cooperate to support your movement. Your bones, which are solid objects that form the skeleton of your body, make up the majority of your skeletal system. The skeleton of an adult human has 206 bones.
Biology's study of the dimensions, forms and internal relationships of animals, plants, and microbes is known as morphology. The phrase describes the basic biological features of a plant's or animal's component arrangement and structure.
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Isotonic,hypertonic, or hypotonic
condition plant cells require?
condition that animal cells
require?
plant shrinks
(plasmolysis)?
The condition plant cells require is the hypotonic environment.
The condition that animal cells require is isotonic environment.
plant shrinks when placed in a hypertonic solution.
What is hypertonic solution?
A hypotonic solution is described as a solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.
If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the plant cell loses water and hence turgor pressure by plasmolysis.
This means that the pressure decreases to the point where the protoplasm of the cell peels away from the cell wall, leaving gaps between the cell wall and the membrane and making the plant cell shrink and crumple.
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What fissure separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum?
The fissure that separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum is called the transverse cerebellar fissure or horizontal cerebellar fissure.
The cerebellum is a structure located at the lower back of the brain, beneath the occipital lobe. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement, balance and posture. The transverse cerebellar fissure separates the cerebellum into two hemispheres and helps to distinguish it from the occipital lobe which is responsible for processing visual information and lies above the cerebellum. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles, which are the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle.
The fissures are helpful to demarcate the various regions of the brain that then make study of the organ easier.
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reproductive structure called (Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction)
Answer:
asexual reproductive tungkol sa sex? mga sperm cell maale cell female cell?
Write a list of 10 words that describe what happened at the cross. Write a few sentences about how each word is relevant to the events surrounding Jesus' crucifixion.
Answer:
Betrayal - Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus' disciples, betrayed Jesus by leading the Roman authorities to him in exchange for 30 pieces of silver.
Crucifixion - The Roman method of execution in which the condemned person is nailed or tied to a cross and left to die.
Redemption - Jesus' death on the cross is believed by Christians to have paid the price for the redemption of humanity's sins.
Sacrifice - Jesus' death is seen as a sacrifice for the sins of humanity.
Atonement - Through his death, Jesus is believed to have made atonement for the sins of humanity.
Forgiveness - Jesus' death is seen as a means of obtaining forgiveness for sins.
Victory - Christians believe that through his death and resurrection, Jesus achieved victory over sin and death.
Suffering - Jesus suffered a great deal of physical and emotional pain during the events leading up to and including his crucifixion.
Triumph - Jesus' resurrection is seen as a triumph over death.
Salvation - Jesus' death is believed to have made salvation possible for humanity.
Which period occurred after the extinction of the dinosaurs?
Answer:
The Cretaceous
Explanation:
hope this helps
Answer:
Lystrosaurus and other mammal-like reptiles dominated the early Triassic. The Triassic Period (252-201 million years ago) began after the biggest extinction catastrophe in Earth's history decimated life
Explanation:
glass lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several-fold by the end of the century. in addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. the lake experienced an overgrowth of algae, and a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. sport fishing declined, and the lake became murky, while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. the symptoms of the lake suggest .
The symptoms of the lake with overgrowth of algae and a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity suggest it is eutrophication.
What are the causes of eutrophication?The process of eutrophication, which happens when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients, increases the quantity of plant and algae development in estuaries and coastal waters, is what causes harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and fish kills.
What other name does eutrophication go by?Dystrophic and hypertrophic conditions are other terms for advanced eutrophication. Systems with freshwater or saltwater can be impacted by eutrophication. Excess phosphorus is nearly often the culprit in freshwater ecosystems.
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which of the following organisms is most likely to have the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid chains in their membranes? (hint: organisms try to preserve the balance for their membrane dynamics) a: antarctic bacterium b: desert iguana c: human being d: polar bear e: thermophilic bacterium
Antarctic bacterium is most likely to have the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid chains in their membranes. These organisms try to preserve the balance for their membrane dynamics.
If the chain of the fatty acid has at least one double bond, the fat or fatty acid is considered unsaturated. While unsaturated fatty acid chains only contain one double bond, polyunsaturated fatty acid chains have several double bonds. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms from the carbon chain are lost. Because it lacks double bonds and has the most hydrogen atoms linked to the carbons, a saturated fat is referred to as being "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. When compared to an equivalent amount of saturated fat, unsaturated fat molecules have a little reduced energy content (i.e., fewer calories) during cellular metabolism. The greater the unsaturation of a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid).
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A pea plant will be tall if it has at least one tall allele in its genome. A plant will be dwarf only if it has two alleles for the dwarf phenotypes. What conclusion can be drawn based on this information?
Assume that a cross is made between AaBb and aabb plants and that the offspring occur in the following numbers: 106 AaBb, 48 Aabb, 52 aaBb, 94 aabb. These results are consistent with the arrangement of genes?
The gene mutations are on 1 homologue and indeed the dominant genes seem to be on the other in the AaBb parent.
Describe a homologue.a chromosome that separates from a companion chromosome during the initial meiotic division. a gene that has a common ancestor's DNA sequence with another gene. a chromosomal that pairs with yet another chromosome during meiosis and shares physical characteristics and genetic markers with that other chromosome.
The homologous structure is what?Complementary physical characteristics found in species with a shared origin are known as homologous structures, although these characteristics have entirely different biological purposes. The appendages of humans, cat, whales, and bats are examples of anatomical features.
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during the process of meiosis, part of one chromosome detaches and reattaches to a different chromosome in the cell of an individual. which of the the following is true regarding this mutation?
In a person's cell, meiosis occurs when a portion of one chromosome separates and attaches to another chromosome. The individual's progeny might inherit the mutation.
When a chromosome segment dissociates (detaches) and reattaches to a different, nonhomologous chromosome, the process is known as translocation. Depending on how the placements of genes in relation to regulatory sequences are altered, translocations can be beneficial or have disastrous consequences.
Notably, particular translocations have been linked to schizophrenia and a number of malignancies. When two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange chromosome regions, a reciprocal translocation occurs in which no genetic information is gained or lost.
a chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome segment separates and reattaches in the opposite direction.
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During the process of meiosis, part of one chromosome detaches and reattaches to a different chromosome in the parent cell of an individual. Which of the following is TRUE regarding this mutation?
- The mutation could get passed on to the individual's offspring.
- The mutation could cause cancer in the individual.
- The mutation will affect only somatic cells in the individual.
- The mutation could affect protein production in other cells of the body.
Baldness is a dominant trait that is influenced by an individual's sex. a man will become bald if he has the genotype bb or bb. a man who is bb will not become bald. a woman will have thinning hair, but not become totally bald, if she is bb. a woman will not become bald, or have thinning hair, if she is bb or bb.
what will be the outcome if a woman who is xxbb produces a child with a man who is xybb?
a
there is a 75% chance that the child will be a female who will have thinning hair.
b
there is a 50% chance that the child will be a male who will become bald.
c
there is a 12.5% chance that the child will be a male who will not become bald.
d
there is a 25% chance that the child will be a female who will not have thinning hair.
Answer:
C. There is a 12.5% chance that the child will be a male who will not become bald. This is because the man is xybb, which means he has one copy of the baldness gene (B) and one copy of the non-baldness gene (b). The woman is xxbb, which means she has two copies of the non-baldness gene. Since the man has one copy of the baldness gene, there is a 50% chance that any male offspring will inherit the baldness gene, and a 50% chance that any female offspring will inherit the non-baldness gene. Therefore, the chances of the male offspring not inheriting the baldness gene (and not becoming bald) is 50% * 50% = 12.5%.
Match the Terms the the appropriate definition.
Terms and definitions of skeletal structure:
Appendicular skeletonAxial skeletonDiaphysisPeriosteumSkeletonSynovial jointGreen stick fractureWhat is the role of the skeletal system?The human body's skeletal system serves as a support structure. It shapes the body, allows movement, produces blood cells, protects organs, and stores minerals. The musculoskeletal system is another name for the skeletal system.
The skeleton is the framework of the body made up of bones and other connective tissues that protects and supports the body's tissues and internal organs. The periosteum is the tough, thin outer membrane that covers the bones.
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if the anti-inflammatory drug in treatment 1 interfered with dna replication, in which phase of the cell cycle would cells tend to be arrested?
In the S phase of the cell cycle, cells typically become arrested.A single chromosome that fails to correctly adhere to a mitotic spindle might cause cell cycle arrest inside the M phase.
A single chromosome that fails to correctly adhere to a mitotic spindle might cause cell cycle arrest inside the M phase. When cells are exposed to medications that either disrupt as well as hyperstabilize spindle microtubules, the same cell cycle checkpoint that causes S phase arrest also causes M phase arrest. phase S. The cell creates a full molecule of dna inside its nucleus during the S phase. Additionally, it makes duplicates of the centrosome, a structure that organises microtubules. The G0 phase, also known as the quiescent stage, occurs when cells stop dividing (do not enter S-phase after G1 - phase), differentiate, and go through apoptosis.
(If the anti-inflammatory drug in Treatment 1 interfered with DNA replication, in which phase of the cell cycle would cells tend to be arrested?
A) Go phase
B) G1 phase
C) S phase
D) G2 phase)
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The body is able to regulate how much energy it produces by monitoring the relative amounts of ATP and ADP or AMP in the body.
Why is visualization not sufficient to properly identify bacteria? Bacteria have a limited set of shapes. Identification is only needed in clinical specimens. Many unrelated bacteria can share the same shape. Bacteria have a limited set of shapes and many unrelated bacteria share the same shape. Not all bacteria can be seen with a light microscope.
Since bacteria only have a variety of forms and many unrelated bacteria have the same shape, visualization alone is insufficient to accurately identify germs. The right response in this case is option D.
Bacteria only come in a few different forms. Only clinical specimens need identification. The shapes of several unrelated bacteria can be similar.
While visualization has a place in the data science skill set, it's crucial to be aware of its limitations, including the halo effect and the fact that human vision is imperfect.
However, images can also be changed to fit the story the author wishes to tell. Images that are misleading and unclear have the potential to distort data and influence key choices in the wrong way. Deceptive data representations have lasting repercussions including misunderstandings and a decline in confidence.
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lo5 explain the implications of the principle of independent assortment in dihybrid crosses adermatoglyphia (no fingerprints) is caused by a dominant allele in the gene smarcad1 in chromosome 4 (nousbeck et al, 2011). would bone density and adermatoglyphia follow mendel's principle of independent assortment?
The principle of independent assortment states that during meiosis, the segregation of one pair of alleles for a given gene is independent of the segregation of alleles for other genes.
In the case of adermatoglyphia, caused by a dominant allele in the gene smarcad1 on chromosome 4, and bone density, which is a separate trait, it is likely that these traits would follow Mendel's principle of independent assortment. This means that the inheritance of the allele for adermatoglyphia would not affect the inheritance of the allele for bone density, and vice versa. Therefore, the presence or absence of fingerprints would not indicate anything about an individual's bone density and vice versa.
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Based on their locations, in which city would you expect the biggest change between weather in the summer and weather in the winter? a. winnipeg
b. vancouver
c. san diego
Based on their locations, you would expect the biggest change between the weather in the summer and the weather in the winter in Winnipeg. Here option A is the correct answer.
Winnipeg is located in the Prairie region of Canada and it has a continental climate characterized by cold, snowy winters, and warm summers. Vancouver is located on the west coast of Canada, it has a mild oceanic climate with milder winters and less hot summers.
San Diego is located on the coast of California and has a Mediterranean climate characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The change in temperature between the summer and winter in Winnipeg is the most significant, with average summer temperatures around 20-25C and winter temperatures around -20C or below.
This is a much greater change than the temperature variation in Vancouver and San Diego, which have milder temperature variations throughout the year.
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the pedigree below shows the inheritance of an autosomal trait. which individuals in this pedigree have the genotype -> bb ? choose all that apply.
A pedigree is a diagram that shows a family tree or the transmission of a certain feature. They may be instructive to observe and useful instruments for identifying patterns of inheritance of particular features.
When there is evidence of a genetically inherited illness in one or both families, genetic counsellors frequently utilise pedigrees to assist couples in making the decision to have children. They are also employed when attempting to ascertain a person's propensity for carrying a genetic illness, such as familial breast cancer.
The synthesis of an aberrant form of the protein neurofibromin results in neurofibromatosis, which is the predominant type. Affected people have aberrant skin pigmentation patches and benign tumours that might damage the neurological system and result in blindness. Some tumours have the potential to develop into cancer.
There is no neurofibromatosis in the recessive variant of the gene since it is a normal protein.
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micro tears in the skin have been discussed in class as increasing the chance of passing or receiving an infection (if one is present in a partner). what has not been mentioned as potentially increasing one's risk to micro tears: group of answer choices silcone-based lubrication spermicidal lubrication
Silicone-based lubrication has not been mentioned as potentially increasing one's risk of micro tears in the skin.
Spermicidal lubrication is a type of lubricant that contains chemicals that kill sperm and it has been mentioned as potentially increasing one's risk of micro tears in the skin. These lubricants tend to be harsher than other types of lubricants and may cause irritation or dryness, which can lead to micro tears in the skin, making it easier for pathogens to enter the body.
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throughout human history, animals have been bred by _______________ selection. Compared to their ancient ancestors, todays farm animals mature more quickly and grow much larger. They also produce more offspring more quickly. Today, the practice of ________________ is being enhanced by genetic __________________. artificial•engineering•genetic•
human•husbandry•manipulation•
natural
Throughout human history, animals have been domesticated by artificial selection. Today's farm animals mature more quickly and grow much larger than their ancient ancestors. They also produce more offspring more quickly. Today, the practice of animal husbandry is being increased by genetic engineering.
What is Animal husbandry?Animal husbandry is defined as the branch of agriculture that involves the day-to-day care, selective breeding, and raising of animals that are raised for meat, fiber, milk, or other products.
Animal husbandry helps in proper management of livestock by providing adequate food, shelter and protection to domestic animals which provides employment to a large number of farmers thus raising their standard of living and to produce high yielding breeds of livestock. Helps in crossbreeding.
Thus, throughout human history, animals have been domesticated by artificial selection. Today's farm animals mature more quickly and grow much larger than their ancient ancestors. They also produce more offspring more quickly. Today, the practice of animal husbandry is being increased by genetic engineering.
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Which of the following gas is released during the process of photosynthesis? A.HydrogenB.NitrogenC.OxygenD.Carbon dioxide
Answer: C. Oxygen
Explanation:
Oxygen is the gas which is released during the process of photosynthesis. It is due to the hydrolysis of water.
[tex]H_{2} O[/tex] → [tex]H^{+}[/tex] + [tex]O_{2}[/tex] (g)
the relationship between the steroid hormone, estrogen, and the peptide hormone, insulin, is being investigated. in order to quantify levels of each of these hormones, tissue samples were homogenized and then placed in a mixture of 2:1 hexane/water. what is the expected result from this extraction method?
The correct option is a) oestrogen would be in the hexane phase; and insulin would be in the aqueous phase.
The regulation of the female menstrual cycle and the growth and development of females depend on the hormone oestrogen. An essential hormone that controls blood sugar is insulin. According to the structural characteristics of peptides and steroids, oestrogen is hydrophobic and insulin is hydrophilic. The hydrophobic oestrogen hormone would segregate into the hexane phase, whereas the hydrophilic insulin peptide would be anticipated to be present in the aqueous phase.
Hexane and water in a 2:1 ratio are combined with the hormones insulin and oestrogen. Because it is a hydrophilic molecule, insulin dissolves readily in water. Hydrophobic molecules like oestrogen readily dissolve in hexane.
Thus, alternative is the right response (A).
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