The primary immune response involves:
A slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline.Organism has with a particular antigen which will result in the production of effector T and B cells which are activated cells that defend against the pathogenWhat are 3 examples of primary immune response?When an antigen comes into touch with the immune system for the first time, the primary immune response takes place. The immune system must learn to identify antigen, how to build an antibody against it, and finally produce memory cells throughout this period.
Primary immune responses in vitro require antigen to be particularly immunogenic. Examples of primary immune response are:
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Why is nucleic acid important to the body?
Large macromolecules called nucleic acids are necessary for all organisms and viruses to function. The preservation and expression of genetic data is a key role of nucleic acids.
The information cells require to make proteins is encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Ribonucleic acid (RNA), a related type of nucleic acid that may take on several molecular structures and function in a variety of biological processes including protein synthesis.
You wouldn't believe how many songs there are about nucleic acids. They have an aesthetic influence. I won't sing any of them, however in chemistry class, I did first learn about nucleic acids through a song. Bases that contain nitrogen, phosphate groups, and sugar molecules make up nucleic acids. Each kind of nucleic acid has a unique structure and functions in our cells in a different way. When scientists first looked at the chemicals that make up a cell's nucleus, they discovered a strange substance that was neither a protein nor a lipid nor a carbohydrate. It was fresh. The eventual discovery of DNA was sparked by the discovery of this molecule, nuclein, which later evolved into nucleic acid.
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a nonsense mutation typically reduces the length of the polypeptide and thus alters its function. this is due to the fact that the of the protein is terminated prematurely. State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
A nonsense mutation often shortens the polypeptide, changing its function in the process. This is brought on by the premature termination of the protein. This statement is true.
How does protein affect your body?An essential component of a balanced diet is protein. Amino acids are the chemical "building blocks" that make up proteins. Amino acids are used by your body to create hormones, enzymes, and to build that repair bone and muscle tissue. They may be utilized as a source of energy as well.
I require how much protein each day?For a typical sedentary adult, the suggested good nutrition is body weight per pound of body weight. A 165-pound (75-kilogram) individual should eat 60 pounds of protein per day, for instance.
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the primary function of the probe is to
the respondents to provide more detailed responses
What is the probe's primary purpose?A single-stranded DNA or RNA sequence used as a probe is one that is used to look because of its corresponding sequence inside a sample genome.In order for the probe's sequence t interbreed with its complementary strand, the sample and probe are in touch.
What is the probing quizlet's main purpose?The probe's main purpose is to prompt the reply to provide a more thorough response.Survey research is generally a suitable observational technique for... characterizing a population that is too big to observe directly.
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Hubbard brook New Hampshire watershead
The brook New Hampshire watershead is done by Hubbard abd ut is watershed experiment that is about the mountain ridges.
As the research at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest have demonstrated, woodland clearing will dramatically modify watershed hydrology (expanded water loss and sediment loss), nutrient cycling (with multiplied nutrient loss), microclimate, and species composition for years or decades. The Hubbard Brook flows thru New Hampshire's White Mountain National Forest and drains a variety of small mountains.
The tributaries of Hubbard Brook shape a hard and fast of discrete watersheds, separated with the aid of using mountain ridges. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study is a long-term, collaborative studies software centered on enhancing our know-how of the reaction of northern woodland ecosystems to herbal and anthropogenic disturbances.
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the majority of the lymph returns to the blood system by way of the __________.
the majority of the lymph returns to the blood system by way of the lymphatic system.
In vertebrates, the lymphatic system, also known as the lymphoid system, is an organ system that is a part of the immune system and works in conjunction with the circulatory system. Lymphatic tissues, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid organs, and a vast network of lymphatic veins make up this system. The vessels transport a clear fluid known as lymph, which is carried back towards the heart for re-circulation (the Latin name lympha refers to the goddess of fresh water, "Lympha").
The lymphatic system is open, in contrast to the circulatory system, which is a closed system.
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Genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. Where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur?
A. in sequences that code for tRNA
B. in the homeotic genes
C. in the mitochondrial DNA
D. in single nucleotide-polymorphisms
Since all humans have a common ancestor, only a tiny subset of variations varies significantly in frequency between groups. In single nucleotide polymorphisms in humans, genome diversity occurs.
Do humans differ from other species in terms of genetic diversity more or less?When a species' nucleotide diversity is greater than 5%, it is said to be genetically hyperdiverse. Nucleotide diversities in most plants and animals are less than that quantity. Humans, by way of comparison, have a nucleotide diversity of roughly 0.1%, according to Cutter.
Why is there so little genetic variation in humans?Evolutionary geneticists have now demonstrated that during two severe bottlenecks that occurred between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago as modern humans left Africa, a significant portion of our ancestors' genetic variation was lost.
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once the carrying capacity of an environment is reached, the population generally _______.
A species' population will grow within an ecosystem until it exceeds its carrying capacity. The population size then essentially stays the same. The carrying capacity also fluctuates as biotic or abiotic variables vary.
What transpires when carrying capacity is reached?Resources start to run out. When the population exceeds the carrying capacity, there are more deaths than births since there aren't enough resources to support everyone. The population shrinks below its carrying capacity when people pass away. Population stabilization is described by carrying capacity.
What does the carrying capacity of the population mean?capacity for carrying. a population's maximum size that can be sustained eternally by the resources and services provided by the environment in a particular location without compromising that area's capacity to produce those resources or provide those services.
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the cardiac output is equal to the stroke volume less the end systolic volume
a. true
b. false
The volume of blood the heart pumps in a minute is measured in liters/minute and is called cardiac output. Logic dictates that cardiac output is equal to the sum of the stroke volume and the number of beats per minute (heart rate).
Do end volume and stroke volume systolic match up?When calculating stroke volume, end-systolic volume—the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of a beat—is subtracted from the volume of blood right before the beat using measurements of ventricular volumes from an echocardiography (called end-diastolic volume).
What has the same stroke volume?End-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume is the definition of stroke volume, and cardiac output is the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate.
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substrate level phosphorylation occurs within a metabolic pathway where sufficient energy is released by a given chemical reaction to drive the synthesis of atp from adp and phosphate. substrate level phosphorylation is seen in which metabolic pathway(s)?
Substrate level phosphorylation is seen in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
What is Phosphorylation?
Phosphorylation is a biochemical process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, usually a protein or other organic molecule. This process is important in many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, metabolism, and gene expression. Phosphorylation typically occurs when a protein is activated or deactivated by a specific chemical signal, such as a hormone.
What is the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondria of cells. It is the central metabolic pathway of cellular respiration, where energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, the primary energy source of the cell. The Krebs cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.
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what would you predict would happen if the water temperature of the sheepshead minnows environment were to suddenly decrease from 24 oc to 6oc? why? a the population size will decrease because sheepshead minnows burrow into bottom mud during cold temperatures. answered incorrectly b the population size of sheepshead minnows will remain unchanged because the organism can tolerate water temperatures down to 0oc. c the population size will remain the same because in colder waters sheepshead minnow females lay eggs from february through october. d the population size will increase because female sheepshead minnows can produce 100 to 300 eggs at 1-7 day intervals during spawning season.
Our research suggests that sheepshead minnows may use two alternative acclimation procedures, which would lead to varied swimming abilities.
What defenses does a sheepshead minnow have?To evade predators or find cover from extremely hot or cold water, sheepshead minnows burrow into sediment. They will occasionally hide amid seagrass or algae. They frequently travel in schools, particularly when they are scared.
When do sheepshead minnows reach adulthood?Longevity: probably won't survive past three years (Foster 1967). Omnivorous, consuming algae, microcrustaceans, dipteran larvae, and organic debris (Gunter 1950; Simpson and Gunter 1956; Doherty 1987). (Harrington and Harrington 1961).
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Time Which statement is best describes invasive species? Question 1 O a. Invasive species keep the ecosystems in equilibrium by controlling the number of other species Not yet answered Marked out of 100 O b. Invasive species have no predators, as a consequent they grow at exponential rate Oc Invasive species are prey to many animals thus help them to increase their numbers O d. Invasive Species are native to an area and have all recourses therefore grow very quickly Oe. Invasive species move to new ecosystems to maintain and control number of native species
To preserve and regulate the number of native species, invasive species relocate to new environments.
What are the seven types of species?Wilkins divided these species concepts further into seven fundamental categories: (1) Asexual species of creatures (2) biological species of sexually isolated organisms ecological species based on ecological niches (4) species that have evolved based on lineage (5) Taxonomy based on genetic diversity morphospecies: six.
How many species types are there?Around 8.7 million species of plants and animals are thought to exist, according to scientists. However, to far, only about 1.2 million species, the majority of which are insects, have been recognized or described. This implies that the identities of millions of other creatures are yet unknown.
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what is the term for two circular dna molecules that differ only in the number of helical turns, also called linking number?
Topoisomers is the answer as two forms of a circular DNA that differ only in a topological property such as linking number.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer consisting of two polynucleotide chains that form a double helix around one another (DNA). Genetic material included in all recognized creatures, including many viruses, is essential to their growth, development, function, and reproduction. DNA and ribonucleic acid are examples of nucleic acids (RNA). Along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids are one of the four primary types of macromolecules required for all known forms of life (polysaccharides).
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imagine that in 100,000 years from now, you resample these same populations. what is your hypothesis for how the slope of this mean heterozygosity vs. km from addis ababa relationship will look then?
The existence of two distinct alleles at a locus—a need for studying genetic diversity in populations—is crucial. In fact, Mendel's original research focused on determining how the two alleles present in heterozygosity individuals at certain loci or combinations of loci are passed down to progeny. addis ababa relationship will look different
The study of genetic variation in populations depends on heterozygosity, the state of possessing two distinct alleles at a location. In fact, Mendel's original research focused on determining how the two alleles present in heterozygous individuals at certain loci or combinations of loci are passed down to progeny. Our knowledge of the roles of mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and migration in sustaining heterozygosity in populations was developed by Sewall Wright's groundbreaking theoretical work beginning in the 1920s (see Maintenance of Heterozygosity). Heterozygosity in natural populations was difficult for early empirical population geneticists to identify and quantify. Since all living things share the same basic molecular biology, population geneticists have been able to detect heterozygosity in all organisms since the 1960s thanks to the advent of biochemical tools.
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which of the following statements about speciation is false? group of answer choices it has occurred in spotted owl populations, so that 2 separate species of spotted owls now exist, one in the northwestern us and one in the southwestern us. it can occur as a result of reproductive isolation between populations. it can occur when gene flow occurs between populations. it is the genetic divergence of populations that no longer exchange alleles. it is the formation of new species.
Allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric are the four main types of speciation. A new plant or animal species is developed through speciation.
It has affected spotted owl populations, resulting in the existence of two distinct species, one in the northwest and one in the southwest of the United States.
The northern spotted owl, an important indicator species, is still in danger due to habitat damage brought on by humans, which is causing population reduction, and competition with invasive species. Its major rival is the barred owl.
The process by which new species emerge is known as speciation. It happens when populations within a species separate and experience reproductive isolation.
Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics
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facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that allows solutes to move across the plasma membrane of a cell. which statements describe facilitated diffusion?
Through specific membrane proteins, solutes transverse the membrane along their gradient of concentration.
What claims apply to aided diffusion?Through the phospholipid holes in the membrane, solute transport is facilitated. To move a concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion needs energy. Protein pores for assisted diffusion come in a single kind. Through channel or transport proteins in the membrane, solute diffusion may be facilitated.
How do solutes traverse the plasma membrane through the process of assisted diffusion?With the aid of membrane proteins like channels and carriers, assisted diffusion allows molecules to diffuse across the plasma membrane. These molecules can diffuse into (or out of) the cell by travelling down a concentration gradient since one exists for them.
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objects such as the great nebula in andromeda were once called extragalactic nebulae. it is now realized that they are actually (A) inside our own galaxy.
(B) small objects just outside our own galaxy.
(C) other galaxies much like our own.
Other galaxies much like our own. A list of extragalactic nebula definitions. A group of star systems; any of the billions of systems, each with a large number of stars, nebulae, and dust.
Describe a nebula?In space, a nebula is a huge cloud of gas and dust. Some nebulae, including multiple nebulae, are made of gas and dust that have been released from the explosion of a dead star called a supernova. There are other nebulae that are star-forming regions.
Which 4 varieties of nebula are there?These include planetary nebulae, emission nebulae, reflection nebulae, dark nebulae, and supernova remnants. The appearance of emission and reflection nebulae is often hazy, with no discernible shape or structure. They go by the name diffuse nebulae as well.
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Which of the following is not directly involved in translation?
DNA is not directly engaged in translation during the process. DNA is first converted to RNA to create mRNA, which is then translated to create the amino acid chain.
In order to begin translating, ribosomes self-assemble on the strands of mRNA. The smaller subunit binds to the RNA, and the bigger subunit serves as the location where the tRNA attaches. Three separate areas, A, P, and E, make up the bigger component. The DNA molecule binds to the A site and leaves through the E site. Until the entire chain of amino acids is produced, this process continues. RNA also goes by the name transfer RNA. Its structure resembles a clover leaf. Three loops are found in it.
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_____ a group of organisms of the same species in the same geographic location.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species in the same geographic location.
A population is the total number of organisms from the same species that can interbreed and are present at the same time in a specific region. For interbreeding to occur, individuals must be able to mate with any other members of the population and produce fruitful offspring. But genetic variation exists within populations, and not every member of a community has an identical chance of surviving and reproducing. Various scales exist for populations. A local population can be confined to a small geographical area, just as the fish in a single pond. This location can still be functional on a regional, national, island, or continental scale; it might even represent the entire species. Members of local populations can freely travel among other local populations in a metapopulation.
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oncogenes a. often regulate cell growth. b. all of the answers are correct. c. can be found in some viruses. d. have been found to be normal parts of cellular function. e. are mutated or dysregulated in cancer.
An oncogene is a gene that has undergone mutation and may be carcinogenic.
What part do oncogenes play?In addition to regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis, they also control cell development, differentiation, and proliferation. Oncogenes also produce chromatin remodelers, signal transducers, transcription factors, apoptotic regulators, growth factors, growth factor receptors, and signaling molecules.
Why do oncogenes become cancerous?Gene variations/mutations: In certain persons, there are variances in the 'coding' of their genes, which might lead to an oncogene that is constantly activated. These kinds of gene alterations can be inherited from a parent or they might happen spontaneously over a person's lifetime when a transcription error occurs during cell division.
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if you performed a pcr experiment starting with only one copy of the double-stranded dna , approximately how many dna molecules would be present in the reaction tube after 26 cycles of amplification?
Two strands of DNA are each copied. There are 26 cycles of PCR. Take 2^26 molecules would be present in the reaction tube after 26 cycles of amplification.
After n cycles of PCR's , there are 2n (2 to the n:th power) copies of DNA molecules since each cycle results in the doubling of the number of double-stranded DNA fragments. As an illustration, after 10 cycles, PCR's you have 1024 copies molecules , after 20 cycles, about 1 million copies, etc. There are more than one billion precise duplicates of the original DNA segment after several iterations of the cycle of denaturing and synthesising new DNA. PCR's whole cycle procedure is automated and may be finished in a matter of hours.
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3. Electromagnetic radiation travels in waves. Waves have energy. What is the relationship between the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation and the energy of the wave?
Answer: The relationship between the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation and the energy of the wave is inversely proportional. This means that as the wavelength of the radiation increases, the energy of the wave decreases, and vice versa.
Explanation:
Since the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to its frequency, this means that waves with shorter wavelengths (and higher frequencies) have more energy than waves with longer wavelengths
What is the name of the special cardiac cells that work with the autonomic nervous system to tell the heart to speed up or slow down the rate of the heartbeat?
During contractions that pump blood throughout the body, contractile cells carry out impulses. The conduction system of the heart is made up of autorhythmic myocardial conducting cells, which make up 1% of all cells.
What is the name of the unique subset of cells that regulates heart rate?The natural pacemaker of the heart is the sinus node. In the right atrium's upper portion, there is a small collection of specialized cells (upper chamber of the heart). The electrical impulses that cause your heart to beat are created by it. A cardiac chamber that receives an electrical impulse or signal contracts.
What precisely are specialty cardiac cells?The walls of the heart are composed of a network of specialized muscle cells. These muscle cells communicate with the other heart muscle cells, prompting the other cells to contract. The cardiac conduction system is the name given to this collection of muscle cells.
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"All of the following power plants use steam to drive the turbines to produce electricity except
a. hydropower
b. geothermal
c. coal-fired
d. nuclear
"
Nuclear, geothermal, and hydropower facilities use steam to turn turbines, whereas hydropower plants utilize the energy of falling water.
What are hydroelectric plants?
In hydropower plants, water passes through a pipe called a penstock, pushing against and turning turbine blades to turn a generator and generate energy. Run-of-the-river systems, where the power of the river's current exerts pressure on a turbine, are examples of conventional hydroelectric plants.
What are advantages of hydropower?
cheapest form of energy.Hydropower plants are flexible and quick to react.Water carries a tremendous amount of energy.Demand may be met via production.Negligible indirect emissions.To know more about Power Plant, visit:
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If bicoid mRNA is injected at the anterior end of an egg from a bicoid mutant mother, what would the phenotype of the resulting larva be?
If the larva had one head at the posterior pole, it would be normal. The larva would have two heads, one at the front of its body and the other in the center.
What is bicoid mRNA?
When translated, bicoid protein forms a morphogen gradient that shapes the embryo's head and thorax if bicoid mRNA localizes to the anterior of the Drosophila egg.
How does the egg's bicoid RNA influence development?
According to recent research, Bicoid specifies the anterior of the Drosophila embryo in two different ways. It initially suppresses posterior development. It accomplishes this by attaching to and preventing caudal RNA, which is distributed throughout the egg and early embryo, from being translated.
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Which statement about DNA replication is correct? (klu) New DNA molecules are synthesized using short sequences of nucleotides form both old and new strands New DNA molecules are synthesized by producing new complementary strand on an Original template strand A new DNA molecule is produced when two new strands are combined none of the above
The correct statement is, 'new DNA molecules are synthesized by producing a new complementary strand on an original template strand'.
Cells copy DNA from the genome through a process called DNA replication. A cell must first copy (or duplicate) its entire genome before it can divide, ensuring that each daughter cell has a complete genome upon division.
One new and one old chain of nucleotides make up each of the two DNA molecules produced by DNA replication. Because only half of the chain comes from the original DNA molecule and the other half is completely new, DNA replication is referred to as semi-conservative.
Each strand of the DNA double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand since DNA replication is semi-conservative. Through this process, we go from a single starting molecule to two "daughter" molecules, each of which has a new and an old strand.
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mary hanson, a 2-year-old, was brought to the doctor's office by her mother after she discovered two swollen and painful lumps in mary's groin. staphylococcus aureus was cultured from phagocytic cells obtained from the affected lesions and granulomas were noted. additional tests revealed that neutrophils from mary do not activate respiratory bursts after phagocytosis. the most likely protein defect causing the inability to generate reactive oxygen intermediates during the respiratory burst in mary's neutrophils would be
The most plausible protein flaw responsible for Mary's neutrophils' failure to produce reactive oxygen intermediates during the respiratory burst would be granulomatous.
Two-year-old Mary Hanson was taken to the doctor by her mother after she saw two uncomfortable and swelling lumps in Mary's groin. Granulomas were discovered after staphylococcus aureus was cultivated from phagocytic cells taken from the afflicted lesions. Additional research showed that after phagocytosis, Mary's neutrophils do not initiate respiratory bursts.
Biopsies of a 67-year-old man with several skin lesions that developed over a 2-year period revealed granulomatous dermatitis with accompanying tiny yeasts. The findings of the urine antigen test were negative for Histoplasma infection, and no fungi or other possible pathogens grew in the cultures made from the biopsies. The results of the chest roentgenogram were normal. An analysis of the morphology indicated characteristics of a Malassezia species.
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Which of the following is a viral skin disease that serves as an example of a latent infection? A. erypsela B. measles C. herpes simplex D. rubella
A latent disease is an example of erypsela, a viral skin condition.
A bacterial skin disease called erysipelas affects the top dermis and often spreads into the segmentation is dividing lymphatics. Erysipelas can affect anybody, however it most frequently strikes newborns and those over 60. Neither is erysipelas hereditary or communicable. The legs and face are the most common areas where erysipelas develops, with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (or, less commonly, group C or G) as the cause. Staphylococcus aureus (including penicillin S. aureus) and other factors have been implicated, though. Correct personal cleanliness and the appropriate application of external antiseptics in the event of flesh effraction, even when it is little, are required to prevent an episode of erysipelas. When erysipelas is present, problems from streptococcal gangrene can be avoided by starting an antibiotic therapy right away and continuing it for a while.
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vesicoureteral reflux occurs in children because: a. the trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped. b. the submucosal segment of the ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient. c. as the bladder in infants and children fill, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters so that the reflux valves are ineffective. d. they do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner and urine is forced up into the ureters.
Because the ureter's submucosal section is small in youngsters, the anti-reflux mechanism is ineffective, leading to vesicoureteral reflux.
Urine flowing backward from the bladder to one or both ureters and occasionally the kidneys is known as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Infants and young children are most frequently affected by VUR. Most kids with VUR don't experience long-term issues.
Normally, urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters and bladder before exiting the body. When a person has VUR, some urine may reflux through one or both ureters and perhaps reach the kidneys.
VUR is often graded by doctors from 1 to 5. The severity of the ailment ranges from grade 1 (the mildest) to grade 5 (the most severe).
Consequently, the right response is B.
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In three to five sentences, describe the advantages and disadvantages of these maps in modeling mitosis.
The advantage of the maps in modeling mitosis is that it denotes the various processes and stages which are involved while the disadvantage is that the exact mechanism is missing which makes the information not fully adequate for understanding.
What is a Model?This is referred to as a representation of the structure and function of biological molecules or maybe an event thereby providing information about it.
Mitosis on the other hand is referred to as a type of cell division in which the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells and is involved in the growth and replacement of tissues of organisms.
The use of maps in the modeling of mitosis represents the various processes and stages which are involved in this type of cell division.
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many of the characters in the novel frankenstein share traits. match the characters to the traits they share.
Love of nature in Frankenstein and the Creature. Agatha and Elizabeth are passive. Frankenstein and Walton: blind ambition.
What are the roles of men and women in Frankenstein?While the feminine characters are gentle and selfless, the masculine characters are ambitious and self-centered. Victor Frankenstein, the main character, epitomizes patriarchal ideas because he lacks any feminine characteristics, which causes the deaths of everyone he loves about as well as himself.
Who are Frankenstein's two main characters?Victor Frankenstein, a science student who develops an obsession with learning how to create life, and the creature he creates and gives life to are the main characters in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein."
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Answer: Walton and Frankenstein : Blind ambition, for wanting to create immortal and find the secret to life
Frankenstein and the Creature : Love of nature. They originally were loving creatures
Elizabeth and Agatha : Passiveness. Elizabeth patiently for Victor's attention
