There are two types of vascular tissue within plants. Water and minerals are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant in xylem, while sugars are transported from one part of the plant to another in phloem.
Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissue in plants that are responsible for the transport of substances throughout the plant. Xylem is specialized for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It is composed of specialized cells called tracheids and vessel elements, which are long, tubular structures that are lined up end-to-end to form a continuous pipeline. In contrast, phloem is specialized for the transport of organic compounds such as sugars and amino acids from the site of vascular tissue production to the rest of the plant. It is composed of specialized cells called sieve-tube members and companion cells, which are arranged in long, interconnected tubes. The phloem uses energy to transport these substances, a process known as translocation, from a source (where they are produced or stored) to a sink (where they are needed for growth or metabolism).
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in humans the allele for albinism is recessive to the allele for normal skin pigmentation. if two heterozygotes have children, what is the chance that a child will have normal skin pigment? what is the chance that a child will be albino? normal pigment: albino: a. if the child is normal, what is the chance that it is a carrier (heterozygous) for the albino allele? (careful!)
The chance that a child will have normal skin pigmentation is 3/4. The chance that a child will be albino is 1/4. If the child is normal, the chance that it is a carrier (heterozygous) for the albinism allele is 1/2.
Albinism is caused by a recessive allele, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the allele in order to display the phenotype. If two heterozygous parents (one dominant allele and one recessive allele) have children, there is a 3/4 chance that the child will inherit the dominant allele and have normal skin pigmentation, and a 1/4 chance that the child will inherit the recessive allele and be albino. If the child has normal skin pigmentation, it is equally likely to have inherited either one dominant allele and one recessive allele or two dominant alleles. Therefore, the chance that the child is a carrier (heterozygous) for the albinism allele is 1/2.
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in general, atp is generated in catabolic pathways and expended in anabolic pathways. t/f
This statement is generally true.ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy carrier molecule that is used by cells to power many different cellular processes. In general, ATP is generated during catabolic pathways, which break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process.
For example, cellular respiration, which occurs in the mitochondria, is a catabolic pathway that produces ATP from the breakdown of glucose. On the other hand, ATP is expended during anabolic pathways, which build larger molecules from smaller ones and generally require energy input. For example, protein synthesis is an anabolic pathway that requires ATP to link amino acids together into a protein chain. Of course, there are many exceptions to this general pattern, and ATP is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, both catabolic and anabolic. However, in general, ATP is produced in catabolic pathways and used in anabolic pathways.
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3. According to the Law of Superposition, in undisturbed, horizontal, sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom. Each higher layer is younger than the rocks below it. Why is it important that the rock layers be undisturbed? SC.7.E.6.3
A. If the rock layers are disturbed, the absolute age of the rocks will change
B. If the rock layers are disturbed, certain layers may be missing or relocated
C. If the rock layers are disturbed, the Law of Superposition is proven wrong
Please explain why you chose this
Answer: law of superposition, a major principle of stratigraphy stating that within a sequence of layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in the sequence. On occasion, however, deformation may have caused the rocks of the crust to tilt, perhaps to the point of overturning them. Moreover, if erosion has blurred the record by removing substantial portions of the deformed sedimentary rock, it may not be at all clear which edge of a given layer is the original top and which is the original bottom.
law of superposition, a major principle of stratigraphy stating that within a sequence of layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in the sequence.
how the increasing concentration of atmospheric oxygen in earth’s early atmosphere?
Tiny organisms known as cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are the increasing concentration of atmospheric oxygen in earth early atmosphere.
Cyanobacteria, sometimes known as blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms. These microbes use photosynthesis to make carbohydrates and, yes, oxygen by utilising sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. To this day, all plants on Earth integrate symbiotic cyanobacteria (known as chloroplasts) to perform photosynthesis for them.
During the Archean aeon, before the emergence of these cyanobacteria, more primitive microbes lived the old-fashioned way: anaerobically. These ancient organisms—and their modern "extremophile" descendants—survived in the lack of oxygen, relying on sulphate for energy.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding glycine? Glycine is an asymmetric amino acid. Glycine is a large, polar amino acid.
The correct way to put it is that glycine makes the peptide backbone more flexible.
The amino acid glycine is non-polar, symmetric, non-essential, and proteinogenic. The glycine molecule is symmetrical because it contains two hydrogen groups. Glycine is not absolutely necessary because the living body can produce it on its own.
The structure known as a peptide is made up of several amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
A peptide is smaller than a protein in size. Nitrogen, carbon, and the carboxyl carbon make up the backbone of a peptide molecule. The formation of the backbone does not involve the side chains of amino acids.
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Complete Question -
Which of the statements is true regarding glycine?
R=H
Select all that apply
Glycine is a polar amino acid.
Glycine is a large amino acid.
Glycine is an asymmetric amino acid.
Glycine increases the flexibility of the peptide backbone.
The side chain is small so it tucks in
Glycine is kinky (causes a bend in protein backbone) because the side chain binds to the central carbon AND the amino o group.
Glycine is special because it contains a -SH group important in protein folding.
As the earth , heavier elements such as and nickel moved to the center of the earth. This was the beginning of the layers of the earth with the outer layer being covering the magma
Answer:
That is correct. The heavier elements such as iron and nickel sank to the center of the earth due to its higher density and gravity, forming the core. This created layers of the earth with the outer layer, or crust, covering the magma.
Explanation:
A solid that forms when liquids are mixed during a chemical reaction is called:
What is happening when the enzymes are produced? Water is the trigger for the embryo to begin the enzymatic breakdown of the starchy endosperm.
The biological molecules known as enzymes function as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed themselves.
After the end product is produced, what happens to the enzyme?Because they are not reactants, enzymes are not depleted during a reaction. An enzyme can be employed for other reactions after it has catalysed a reaction and been released from its binding to a substrate. This indicates that the ratio of enzyme to substrate molecules does not have to be 1:1 for every reaction.
How is an enzyme made?Microorganisms are the ones that make enzymes. It is possible to alter these microbes to create enzymes with much improved production and purity characteristics.
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Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?
A. It develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore.
B. It functions as a diploid food reserve.
C. It functions as a triploid food reserve.
D. It functions as a haploid food reserve.
E. It is the remnant of the pollen tube.
Regarding the gametophyte tissue that encases the pine embryo, the following is true: (d) It acts as a haploid food reserve (This gametophyte tissue provides nutrients to the embryo.
One of the two alternate multicellular stages that develops during the life cycles of plants and algae is the gametophyte.
It develops from a single-chromosome haploid spore into a multicellular haploid organism. Gametophyte refers to the sexual stage of the life cycle of plants and algae. Gametophytes are the collective term for all tissues and organs produced by the haploid generation.
There are two distinct stages in the development of the gametophyte: the protonema and the gametophore. The first part of the moss to emerge from the spore is the protonema.
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Why do we only see neanderthal input in non-african genomes?
Neanderthals were an ancient human species that lived in Eurasia for hundreds of thousands of years.
They interbred with modern humans when our ancestors migrated out of Africa and into Eurasia. As a result of this interbreeding, some modern humans have small amounts of Neanderthal DNA in their genomes. However, this Neanderthal genetic input is only found in non-African populations.
The reason for this is that modern humans evolved in Africa, and it is thought that the first humans to leave Africa did so around 70,000 years ago. These humans interbred with Neanderthals as they migrated through the Middle East, but then continued on to settle in other parts of the world. Since the Neanderthals lived only in Eurasia, the only modern humans who have Neanderthal DNA are those whose ancestors interbred with Neanderthals in Eurasia.
Additionally, the small amount of Neanderthal DNA in non-African populations suggests that the interbreeding events between Neanderthals and modern humans were relatively infrequent. This could be due to a number of factors, including differences in behavior, habitat, and population size.
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Which kind of laboratory is independent and analyzes samples from other health care facilities?
Reference laboratories are independent labs that examine samples from various healthcare facilities.
An autonomous reference laboratory is what?An independent laboratory is a location that is licensed to offer diagnostic laboratory services under the Clinical Development Act (CLIA) of 1988 but is not a hospital or clinic.
Which organization offers laboratories proficiency testing of unidentified samples?All non-waived diagnostic laboratories are required to take proficiency testing, according to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) (PT). A CMS-approved PT providers program sends unidentified samples to a laboratory for examination. The two primary methods of phlebotomy are capillary and venipuncture.
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movement of water down its concentration gradient are called?
Osmosis is a sort of simple diffusion inside which water molecules move from areas with greater water to areas with a lower water concentration through a selectively porous membrane.
Why is gradient significant?an inclined layer; grade; ramp; the amount of inclination or the speed of ascension or descent in a highway, train, etc. Physics. the rate of fluctuation of a dependent variable, such as pressure or temperature with regards to the distance towards the direction of motion movement.
What is gradient, exactly?Gradient is a differential operator used in mathematics to transform a three-dimensional vector-valued functional into a vector whose three elements are the partial derivative of the signal with respect to its three independent variables. Gradient is represented by the symbol.
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Muscle cell adaptations that enable the cell carry out its function?
Answer:
Muscle cells, also known as muscle fibers, undergo several adaptations that enable them to carry out their functions, which include contractions, generating force, and producing movement. Some of these adaptations include:
1. Hypertrophy: an increase in the size of the muscle fibers, which allows for a greater ability to generate force.
2. Increased number of myofibrils: the contractile units within muscle fibers, which increases the overall contractile ability of the muscle.
3. Increased levels of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins: these proteins are involved in the contraction process, and their increased levels lead to improved muscle function.
4. Increased levels of enzymes and energy-rich molecules: these help to support the high metabolic demands of muscle contraction.
5. Increased number of mitochondria: the powerhouses of the cell, which help to supply energy to the muscle fibers.
6. Increased capillarization: the development of a greater network of blood vessels, which helps to supply the muscle with oxygen and nutrients, and to remove waste products.
These adaptations enable muscle fibers to carry out their functions effectively, and can be achieved through various forms of exercise and physical activity.
T/F
Serial dilutions can be used to estimate the total number of bacterial cells in a solution, including living and dead cells.
False. Serial dilutions can not be used to estimate the total number of bacterial cells in a solution, including living and dead cells.
A serial dilution is an incremental dilution of a substance in solution. The dilution factor is usually constant at each step, resulting in a logarithmic geometric series of concentrations. Ten-fold serial dilutions are 1M, 0.1M, 0.01M, 0.001M, etc.
A sample is serially diluted by diluting it in a succession of standard quantities of sterile diluent, either distilled water or 0.9% saline. A small measured amount of each dilution is then used to make a series of casts or spreader plates. In microbiology, serial dilution (logarithmic dilution) is used to reduce the concentration of bacteria to that required for a particular test procedure or to a concentration that is easy to count when plated on agar plates.
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which of these is an example of negative feedback? A. Constriction of skin blood vessels and contraction of skeletal muscles when it is too cold. B. calcium decreases. C. the parathyroid glands sense.
Option A is correct. Examples of negative feedback: Too cold causes the blood vessels in the skin to constrict and skeletal muscles to contract.
What is Body Negative Feedback?A negative feedback loop, also called an inhibition loop, allows the body to regulate itself. This process begins when the body system performs better, resulting in higher levels of certain proteins and hormones. This stops (neutralizes or reverses) future production by the system.
What is Negative Feedback in Homeostasis?Negative feedback mechanisms, better known as negative feedback homeostasis, are pathways triggered by performance deviations, causing performance changes in the opposite direction to the initial deviation.
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consider the following situation: a site is contaminated by a leaking underground gasoline storage tank. the remediation firm that you work for would like to use bioremediation to clean the site. given the structure of gasoline components (which typically include simple aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic compounds), what other nutrients may be required to complete bioremediation? explain.
Bioremediation is a process of cleaning up contaminated sites by using microorganisms that of gasoline require additional nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements to grow and function effectively.
Nitrogen is required for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, while phosphorus is necessary for the production of ATP, DNA, and cell membranes. Trace elements such as iron, copper, and manganese are also necessary for the functioning of enzymes that are involved in the degradation of organic compounds. Additionally, the microorganisms may require oxygen, so it is important to ensure that the site has adequate aeration to support aerobic respiration.
By adding these nutrients, it is possible to enhance the activity of microorganisms and speed up the process of bioremediation. However, the specific nutrients and environmental conditions required will depend on the type of microorganisms present at the site and the specific type of gasoline contaminants present.
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image that a scientist decides to investigate what happens when two different genetic strains of mice are bred together. the resulting offspring mice have severely underdeveloped basal ganglia. what behavioral symptoms do you think these mice will display?
Both of the two characteristics being investigated in mice are controlled by a single gene, and the researcher is aware that both of these genes are found on the same chromosome. The mice's pups do not always inherit the two traits simultaneously from the genetic strains.
A genetic strains variation or subtype of an organism (e.g., a virus, bacterium or fungus). A "flu strain," for example, is a specific biological variety of the influenza virus. The different surface protein isoforms of these influenza strains allow for easy differentiation between them. New viral strains may naturally arise when two or more viruses infect the same cell as a result of mutation or genetic component swapping. These events are referred to as "antigenic drift" and "antigenic shift". Metagenomic techniques can also be used to identify between microbial strains based on their genetic makeup, which can increase resolution within species.
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What are the main differences between domain bacteria and archaea?
The key distinction between archaea and normal bacteria is that the cell wall of an archaeon is made up of a special kind of chemical called pseudo murein, which is not present in bacteria.
In contrast to bacteria, archaea can survive in more friendly conditions like salt lakes and hot springs. More so than bacteria, archaea rely on anaerobic respiration and fermentation to exist. They also have a different form of metabolism. Finally, compared to bacteria, archaea have a different set of genetic material that is all their own. The Bacteria and Archaea domains have very different cell walls in terms of composition. peptidoglycan, a mixture of proteins and sugars, makes up the cell walls of bacteria, whereas polysaccharides make up the cell walls of archaea (sugars).
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The primers play three roles in a PCR reaction. Select all of the answers that are correct.
They denature the double-stranded DNA
They serve as the templates onto which the new complementary strands are made.
They determine what region of the genome will get amplified.
They determine the size of the resulting PCR product.
They provide a double-stranded region for Taq to initiate synthesis
They are the monomers that are polymerized by Taq to make the new complementary strands
Role of primers in the PCR reaction: They determine the size of the resulting PCR product and provide the double-stranded region for Taq to initiate synthesis.
What are the three steps of PCR amplification?PCR is based on the three simple steps required for a DNA synthesis reaction: (1) Denaturation of the template to single strands. (2) Annealing of primers to each original strand for neustrand synthesis. (3) Extension of a new DNA strand from the primer.
Why is 3 end of the primer important?The presence of G and C bases (GC clamp) at 3′ end of the primer helps promote correct binding at the 3′ end due to stronger hydrogen bonding of G and C bases. GC coupling contributes significantly to stability like Increased Melting Temperature - Increases temperature of primer and template, resulting in more binding than AT binding.
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in prokaryotes, transcription and translation can happen simultaneously. this never happens in eukaryotes. why?
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can happen simultaneously. this never happens in eukaryote because the Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei, which list the reason for the processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously, whereas not in eukaryotes.
also, in prokaryotes the process of transcription and translation can occur at the same time as also the both of them takes place at cytoplasm
we can see that in prokaryotic transcription that it can cover down the more genes and also produce polycistronic mRNAs and can specify more than 1 protein also.
RNA polymerase enzyme is used by prokaryotes transcription.
The synthesis of mRNA is generally at the promoter sequence present on the DNA template
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You examine a tissue sample under the microscope and discover that the tissue appears to be striated muscle. What can be concluded from this observation?
Select one:
a. The sample is voluntary muscle
b. The sample can generate its own action-potentials
c. More information is needed to answer the question
d. The sample is cardiac muscle
e. The sample could regulate movement in the digestive system
Answer:
You have a fluorescently tagged antibody that binds to actin.
Explanation:
I took the test and got this one right ^^
in cellular respiration; which molecules are broken down to form oxygen and carbon dioxide?
In cellular respiration, oxygen is not broken down to form carbon dioxide and water.
What is cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It involves a series of metabolic reactions that occur within the mitochondria of cells. The process can be divided into three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation.
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, which then enters the citric acid cycle. In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is further broken down, and carbon dioxide is produced. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses electron transport chains to generate ATP. Cellular respiration is essential for the survival and functioning of all living organisms.
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represents a metabolic process involving the regulation of lactose metabolism by E. coli bacteria. Lactose is utilized for energy by E coll when glucose is not present. Allolactose is an isomer of lactose that is in the environment of these bacteria when lactose is present. The CAP site prevents the binding of RNA polymerase when glucose is present in the environment. The lacZ, lacY, and lac A genes code for proteins needed for lactose metabolism.
The scientific claim that is consistent with the information provided in the figure 1 is allolactose acts as an inducer that binds to the operator, allowing E. coli to metabolize lactose. Therefore, the correct option is D.
What is lactose metabolism?It is also referred to as lactose degradation, where breakdown of alpha lactose to constituent sugars take place, thereby producing energy.
The figure shows that the lac operon is regulated by a repressor protein and an activator protein (CAP) in response to the presence of lactose and glucose in the environment. When lactose is present, it is converted to allolactose which binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the genes involved in lactose metabolism.
This process is known as induction, and it enables E. coli to use lactose as an energy source when glucose is not available. Therefore, the correct option is D.
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The question is incomplete, but most probably the complete question is,
Figure 1 represents a metabolic process involving the regulation of lactose metabolism by E. coli bacteria. Lactose is utilized for energy by E coll when glucose is not present. Allolactose is an isomer of lactose that is in the environment of these bacteria when lactose is present. The CAP site prevents the binding of RNA polymerase when glucose is present in the environment. The lacZ, lacY, and lac A genes code for proteins needed for lactose metabolism.
Which is the scientific claim that is consistent with the information provided in the figure 1.
a. The presence of excess lactose blocks the functioning of RNA polymerase in this operon.
b. When bound to the operator, the repressor protein prevents lactose metabolism in E. coli.
c. The binding of the repressor protein to the operator enables E. coli to metabolize lactose.
d. Allolactose acts as an inducer that binds to the operator, allowing E. coli to metabolize lactose.
which structural feature of the seventh cervical vertebra (c7) allows it to be easily palpated through the skin of the shoulder blades and inferior to the neck?
The cervical spine consists of seven vertebrae that extend from the base of the skull to the shoulders' highest point. These vertebrae, the smallest in the entire spinal column, support the head.
Shield the spinal cord, give the neck structure, and allow for head and neck movements. The "normal" cervical vertebrae, which range in size from C3 to C7, have a similar structure and function. Round forms make up the vertebral bodies. The C3-C7 bones are smaller than the cervical vertebrae when compared to the lumbar and thoracic (mid- and low-back) vertebrae. In comparison to other vertebrae, the spinous process of C7 is longer. Your hand will feel this bone poking through the skin at the back of your neck.
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which organelle controls what goes in and out of the cell?
the human gut is home to about how many microorganisms?
The human gut is a home to approximately about 30 to 400 trillion microorganisms. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes.
This collection of microorganisms is commonly referred to as the gut microbiome, and it is believed to play an important role in human health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiome can vary widely from person to person, and it can be influenced by factors such as diet, genetics, and environment. The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract. The majority of these microorganisms are bacteria, and there are estimated to be more than 1,000 different species of bacteria in the gut. Other microorganisms found in the gut microbiome include viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea. The gut microbiome is an important part of the human body, and it is involved in many physiological processes, including digestion, immune function, and metabolism. The gut microbiome can also have an impact on overall health, and disruptions to the gut microbiome have been linked to a variety of conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and even neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and depression.
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What are the 5 layers of the skin in order?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosums, tratum lucidum, stratum corneum in this order are the five layers that make up our skin.
what is skin?Protection, regulation, and sensation are the three main functions of skin. It is the outer layer of tissue that covers the body of a vertebrate animal and is often soft and flexible.
Arthropod exoskeletons, for instance, differ from other animal coverings in terms of their developmental origin, structure, and chemical composition. The Latin word cutis, from which the English word cutaneous is derived, meaning "of the skin." Mammals' skin, an element of the integumentary system that guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs, is composed of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue. The skin types of birds, reptiles, and amphibians are all distinctive. Skin has a significant role in the development, maintenance, and function of extraskeletal apparatus, particularly the horns of bovids (including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues).
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the temperature of a substance is not a measure of its heat content, but a measure of the average kinetic energy of this molecules. Tue or False
true is the right response. A substance or body's temperature refers to the amount of heat it contains and can be determined using a variety of scales, including the Kelvin scale and the Celcius scale.
The average kinetic energy of molecules, or the energy created by a substance's molecules as a result of their movement and the generation of heat, is also equivalent to temperature. This holds true for a variety of substances, but ideal gases especially. This suggests that it is accurate to say that a substance's average kinetic energy is measured by temperature.
Kinetic energy: A gas's average particle temperature and kinetic energy are inversely correlated. As the gas warms, the particles must move more quickly because their mass is constant.
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Recall that your chambers had a set amount of CO 2 entering each chamber and then you measured how much CO 2 was exiting the chamber. Suppose you conducted your experiment and discovered one of your chambers had a lower in-flow of air relative to the other chambers. What would this do to your data in that chamber?a. It would not change the results.b. It would bias the results toward more respiration. c. It would bias the results toward less photosynthesis.d. It would bias the results toward more photosynthesis.
Results would be biased towards less photosynthesis if one compartment had a lower air inflow of carbon dioxide than the other chambers. The right response is C.
The amount of CO2 entering one chamber would be lowered if that chamber got less outside air than the other chambers, which would lead to lower carbon dioxide exit levels in that chamber. This might skew the data from that chamber, leading to suspect observations and deductions. If precise measurements are to be done, it is essential to make sure that the air flowing into each chamber is uniform. If you wish to avoid such errors, it is essential to make sure that the airflow into each chamber is uniform. One of two methods—maintaining a constant flow rate inside each chamber or using flow meters to monitor and control the airflow—can be used to achieve this.
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when a hair cell stereocilia bend away from the kinocilium, a. voltage-gated calcium channels open when the membrane potential of the hair cell increases.b. it does not release neurotransmitters. c. it releases neurotransmitters.d. it generates an action potential to communicate with the auditory nerve.w
when a hair cell stereocilia bend away from the kinocilium it releases neurotransmitters option C.
The cell becomes hyperpolarized when the stereocilia are bent away from the kinocilium, which lowers afferent activity. The stereocilia protrude into the ampullary cupula and the hair cells are located in the crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals. The stereocilia in this instance are all pointed in the same direction.
Tiny hair cells bend when the waves reach their apex, turning the vibrations into electrical messages. Stereocilia are the name for these little hair cells (types of receptors that can detect sound). Electrical impulses are sent from the inner ear to the brain via the auditory nerve.
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