there is usually a positive side and a negative side to each new technological improvement?

Answer:

Under the normal sign convention, the distributed load on a beam is equal to the: O The second derivative of the bending moment with respect to the length of the beam O Negative of the rate of change of the shear force with respect to the length of the beam.

Sorry if the answer is wrong

Answer:

[tex]W_{net} = - 1223 kJ[/tex]

Explanation:

State 1:

[tex]P_1 = 20 bar\\T_1 = 360^{0}C\\ h_1 = 3159.3 kJ/kg\\S_1 = 6.9917 kJ/kg[/tex]

State 2:

[tex]P_2 = 20 bar\\x_2 = 1 \\ h_2 = 2799.5 kJ/kg\\u_2 = 2600.3 kJ/kg\\v_2 = 0.09963m^3/kg[/tex]

State 3:

[tex]P_2 = 5 bar\\v_2 = v_3 \\v_3 = v_f + x_3 (v_g - v_f)\\0.09963 = (1.0926 * 10^{-3}) +x_3 (0.3749 - (1.0926 * 10^{-3}))\\x_3 = 0.263[/tex]

[tex]u_{3} = u_f + x_3 ( u_g - u_f)\\u_{3} = 639.68 + 0.263 (2561.2 - 639.68)\\u_{3} = 1146.2 kJ/kg[/tex]

State 4:

[tex]P_{4} = 5 bar\\T_4 = 360^0 C\\h_4 = 3188.4 kJ/kg\\S_4 = 7.660 kJ/kg-K\\Q_{12} = h_2 - h_1 = 2799.5-3159.3 = -359 kJ/kg\\Q_{23} = u_3 - h_2 =1146.2-2006.3 = -1454.1 kJ/kg\\Q_{34} = h_4 - h_3 = 3188.4-1196.04 = 1992.36 kJ/kg\\Q_{41} = T(S_1 - S_4) = (360 + 273) (6.9917 - 7.660) = -423.04 kJ/kg[/tex]

Calculate the network done for the cycle

[tex]W_{net} = m( Q_{12} + Q_{23} + Q_{34} + Q_{41})\\W_{net} = 5( -359.8 - 1454.1 + 1992.36 - 423.04)\\W_{net} = -1223 kJ[/tex]

Answer:

The total percentage is 3.16237%

Explanation:

Solution

Now,

We have to know what a random error is.

A random error is an error in measured caused by factors or elements which varies from one measurement to another.

The random error is shown as follows:

The average random error  is = the error found in one measurement/n^1/2

Where

n =Number ( how many times the experiment was done)

Now that we added 10 times we have that,

n → 10

Thus,

The error in one measurement = 10%

So,

The average random error = 10 %/(10)^1/2

= (10)^1/2 %

√10%

The total percentage is = 3.16237%

Answer:

(a) The volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the inlet is 0.3078 m3/s

(b) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 2.695 kg/s

(c) The velocity and volume flow rate at the exit is 6.017 m/s

Explanation:

According to the given data we have the following:

diameter of the pipe=d=28 cm=0.28 m

inlet pressure P1=200 kPa

inlet temperature T1=20°C

inlet velocity V1=5.5 m/s

Exit pressure P2=180 kPa

Exit Temperature T2=40°C

a. To calculate the volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the inlet we would have to use the following formula:

V1=AV1

=π/4(0.28∧2)5

V1=0.3078 m3/s

b. To calculate the mass flow rate of the refrigerant we would have to use the following formula:

m=p1 V1

m=V1/v1

=0.3078/0.11418

=2.695 kg/s

c. To calculate the velocity and volume flow rate at the exit we would have to use the following formula:

m=m1=m2

V1/v1=V2/v2

V2=(v2/v1)v1

=(0.13741/0.11418)5

=6.017 m/s

Answer:

Explanation:

D ( diameter ) = 125 m

convection coefficient of  h = 700 W/m^2

Calculate THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

Ac = [tex]\frac{\pi }{4} * D^2[/tex]  = [tex]\frac{\pi }{4} * ( 125 )^2[/tex] = 0.79 * 15625 = 12343.75 m^2

perimeter

p = [tex]\pi * D[/tex]  = 3.14 * 125 = 392.5 m

at 300k temperature the thermal conductivity of copper and constantan from the thermodynamic property table are :

Kcu = 401 w/m.k

Kconstantan = 23 W/m.k

To calculate the length of copper wire of the thermocouple junction

L 1 = 4.6 ([tex]\frac{Kcv Ac}{h P}[/tex]) ^ 1/2 = 4.6 [tex](\frac{401 *12343.75 }{700 *392.5})^\frac{1}{2}[/tex]

L 1 = 4.6 ( 4949843.75 / 274750 )^1/2

L 1 = 9.48 m

calculate length of constantan wire

L 2 = 4.6 [tex](\frac{kcons*Ac}{hp} )^\frac{1}{2}[/tex]

     = 4.6 ( (23 * 12343.75) / ( 700 * 392.5) ) ^1/2

L 2 = 4.6 ( 283906.25 / 274750 ) ^ 1/2

L 2 = 4.68 m

I)  therefore the minimum separation distance between the two legs of the sting L = L 1 + L 2

L = 9.48 + 4.68  = 14.16 m

ii)  Evaluating the thermal conductivity of copper and constantan

Kc ( thermal conductivity of chromel) = 19 w/m.k

Ka ( thermal conductivity of alumel ) = 29 W/m.k

distance between the legs L = L 1 + L 2

THEREFORE

L = 4.6 ( (Kcn * Ac ) / ( hp ) )^1/2  +  4.6 ( (Kac * Ac)/(hp) )^1/2

L = 4.6 [tex](\frac{Ac}{hp} )^\frac{1}{2} [ (Kcn)^\frac{1}{2} + (Kal)^\frac{1}{2} ][/tex]

L = 4.6 ( 12343.75 /( 700 * 392.5) )^1/2   * [ 19^1/2  + 29^1/2 ]

L = 4.6 ( 12343.75 / 274750 ) ^1/2  * 5.39

L = 1.14 m

Question:

A piston–cylinder device contains 0.85 kg of refrigerant- 134a at -10°C. The piston that is free to move has a mass of 12 kg and a diameter of 25 cm. The local atmospheric pressure is 88 kPa. Now, heat is transferred to refrigerant-134a until the temperature is 15°C. Determine (a) the final pressure, (b) the change in the volume of the cylinder, and (c) the change in the enthalpy of the refrigerant-134a.

Answer:

a) 90.4 kPa

b) 0.0205 m³

c) 17.4 kJ/kg

Explanation:

Given:

Mass, m = 0.85 kg

a) The final pressure here is equal to the initial pressure. Let's use the formula:

[tex] P_2 = P_1 = P_a_t_m + \frac{mg}{\pi D^2 / 4}[/tex]

[tex] = 88*10^3 + \frac{12kg * 9.81}{\pi (0.25)^2 / 4} [/tex]

= 90398 Pa

≈ 90.4 KPa

Final pressure = 90.4 kPa

b) Change in volume of the cylinder:

To find the initial and final volume, let's use the values from the A-13 table for refrigerant-134a, at initial values of 90.4 kPa and -10°C and final values of 90.4 kPa and 15°C

v1 = 0.2302m³/kg

h1 = 247.76 kJ/kg

v2 = 0.2544 m³/kg

h2 = 268.2 kJ/kg

Change in volume is calculated as:

Δv = m(v2 - v1)

Δv = 0.85(0.2544 - 0.2302)

= 0.0205 m³

Change in volume = 0.0205 m³

c) Change in enthalpy

Let's use the formula:

Δh = m(h2 - h1)

= 0.85(268.2 - 247.76)

= 17.4 kJ/kg

Change in enthalpy = 17.4 kJ/kg

Answer:

Time delay increases

Explanation:

Time delay is the delay between occurance of signal. If sampling time that is time between two samples is increased, the delay in the occurance of regenerated samples is also increased.

Answer:

A.) Time = 17.13 seconds

B.) Distance = 31.9 m

C.) V = 11.18 m/s

D.) V = 7.1 m/s

Explanation:

The initial velocity U of the automobile is 15.65 m/s.

 At the instant that the two vehicles are abreast of each other, the police car starts to pursue the automobile with initial velocity U = 0 at a constant acceleration of 1.96 m/s². Because the police is starting from rest.

For the automobile, let us use first equation of motion

V = U - at.

Acceleration a is negative since it is decelerating with a = 3.05 m/s² . And

V = 0.

Substitute U and a into the formula

0 = 15.65 - 3.05t

15.65 = 3.05t

t = 15.65/3.05

t = 5.13 seconds

But the motorist noticed the police car in his rear view mirror 12 s after the police car started the pursuit and applied his brakes and decelerates at 3.05 m/s².

The total time required for the police car to overtake the automobile will be

12 + 5.13 = 17.13 seconds.

b.) Using the third equation of motion formula for the police car at V = 11.18 m/s and a = 1.96 m/s²

V^2 = U^2 + 2aS

Where S = distance travelled.

Substitute V and a into the formula

11.18^2 = 0 + 2 × 1.96 ×S

124.99 = 3.92S

S = 124.99/3.92

S = 31.88 m

c.) The speed of the police car at the time it overtakes the automobile will be in line with the speed zone which is 11.18 m/s

d.) That will be the final velocity V of the automobile car.

We will use third equation of motion to solve that.

V^2 = U^2 + 2as

V^2 = 15.65^2 - 2 × 3.05 × 31.88

V^2 = 244.9225 - 194.468

V = sqrt( 50.4545)

V = 7.1 m/s

Answer:

The Poisson's Ratio of the bar is 0.247

Explanation:

The Poisson's ratio is got by using the formula

Lateral strain / longitudinal strain

Lateral strain = elongation / original width (since we are given the change in width as a result of compession)

Lateral strain = 0.15mm / 40 mm =0.00375

Please note that strain is a dimensionless quantity, hence it has no unit.

The Longitudinal strain is the ratio of the elongation to the original length in the longitudinal direction.

Longitudinal strain = 4.1 mm / 270 mm = 0.015185

Hence, the Poisson's ratio of the bar is 0.00375/0.015185 = 0.247

The Poisson's Ratio of the bar is 0.247

Please note also that this quantity also does not have a dimension

Answer:

South Pole and South Pole or North Pole and North Pole.

Answer:

The total force resisted by the flange bolts is  163.98 N

Explanation:

Solution

The first step is to find  the pipe cross section at the inlet section

Now,

A₁ = π /4 D₁²

D₁ =  diameter of the pipe at the inlet section

Now we insert 8 cm for D₁ which gives us A₁ = π /4 D (8)²

=50.265 cm² * ( 1 m²/100² cm²)

= 5.0265 * 10^⁻³ m²

Secondly, we find cross section area of  the pipe at the inlet section

A₂ = π /4 D₂²

D₂ =  diameter of the pipe at the inlet section

Now we insert 5 cm for D₁ which gives us A₁ = π /4 D (5)²

= 19.63 cm² * ( 1 m²/100² cm²)

= 1.963 * 10^⁻³ m²

Now,

we write down the conversation mass relation which is stated as follows:

Q₁ = Q₂

Where Q₁ and Q₂ are both the flow rate at the exist and inlet.

We now insert A₁V₁ for Q₁ and A₂V₂ for Q₂

So,

V₁ and V₂ are defined as the velocities at the inlet and exit

We now insert 5.0265 * 10^⁻³ m² for A₁ 5 m/s for V₁ and 1.963 * 10^⁻³ m² for A₂

= 5.0265  * 5 = 1.963 * V₂

V₂ = 12.8 m/s

Note: Kindly find an attached copy of the part of the solution to the given question below

Answer:

  9.29 N . . . . weight of 0.948 kg sphere

Explanation:

The sum of torques on the link BOA is zero, so we have ...

  (right force at A)(OA) = (up force at B)(OB·sin(135°))

Solving for the force at B, we have ...

  up force at B = (10.53 N)(253 mm)/((553 mm)/√2) ≈ 6.81301 N

This force is due to the difference between the buoyant force on the float sphere and the weight of the float sphere. Dividing by the acceleration due to gravity, it translates to the difference in mass between the water displaced and the mass of the sphere.

  ∆mass = (6.81301 N)/(9.8 m/s^2) = 0.695205 kg

__

The center of the sphere of diameter 0.1553 m is below the waterline by ...

  (553 mm)cos(45°) -(353 mm) = 38.0300 mm

The volume of the spherical cap of radius 155.3/2 = 77.65 mm and height 77.65+38.0300 = 115.680 mm can be found from the formula ...

  V = (π/3)h^3(3r -h) = (π/3)(115.680^2)(3·77.65 -115.68) mm^3 ≈ 1.64336 L

So the mass of water contributing to the buoyant force is 1.64336 kg. For the net upward force to correspond to a mass of 0.695305 kg, the mass of the float sphere must be ...

  1.64336 kg -0.695205 kg ≈ 0.948 kg

The weight of the float sphere is then (9.8 m/s^2)·(0.948 kg) = 9.29 N

The weight of the 0.948 kg float sphere is about 9.29 N.

Answer:

The ABC Corporation

a) Total Expected Revenue (in dollars) for 20XX:

Revenue from T1 = 60,000 x $165 = $26,400,000

Revenue from T2 = 40,000 x $250 = $10,000,000

Total Revenue from T1 and T2 = $36,400,000

b) Production Level (in units) for T1 and T2

                                           T1                       T2

Total Units sold             160,000           40,000

Add Closing Inventory   25,000             9,000

Units Available for sale 185,000           49,000

less opening inventory  20,000             8,000

Production Level          165,000 units 41,000 units

c) Total Direct Material Purchases (in dollars):

Cost of direct materials used    T1                T2

A:       (165,000 x 4 x $12)   $7,920,000   $2,460,000 (41,000 x 5 x $12)

B:       (165,000 x 2 x $5)       1,650,000          615,000 (41,000 x 3 x $5)

C:                                                           0          123,000 (41,000 x 1 x$3)

Total cost                            $9,570,000     $3,198,000 Total = $12,768,000

Cost of direct per unit = $58 ($9,570,000/165,000) for T1 and $78 ($3,198,000/41,000) for T2

Cost of direct materials used for production $12,768,000

Cost of closing direct materials:

                 A  (36,000 x $12)  $432,000

                 B (32,000 x $5)        160,000

                 C (7,000 x $3)            21,000             $613,000

Cost of direct materials available for prodn   $13,381,000

Less cost of beginning direct materials:

                 A  (32,000 x $12)        $384,000

                 B  (29,000 x $5)            145,000

                 C  (6,000 x $3)                18,000        $547,000

Cost of direct materials purchases               $12,834,000

d) The Total Direct Manufacturing Labor Cost (in dollars):

                                             T1                         T2

Direct labor per unit              2 hours                  3 hours

Direct labor rate per hour    $12                        $16

Direct labor cost per unit   $24                          $48

Production level              165,000 units        41,000 units

Labor Cost ($)                $3,960,000        $1,968,000

Total labor cost  $5,928,000 ($3,960,000 + $1,968,000)

e) Total Overhead cost (in dollars):

Overhead rate  = $20 per labor hour

Overhead cost per unit: T1 = $40 ($20 x 2) and T2 = $60 ($20 x 3)

T1 overhead = $20 x 2  x 165,000) = $6,600,000

T2 overhead = $20 x 3 x 41,000) =    $2,460,000

Total Overhead cost =                        $9,060,000

Cost of goods produced:

Cost of opening inventory of materials  = $547,000

Purchases of directials materials             12,834,000

less closing inventory of materials     =      $613,000

Cost of materials used for production    12,768,000

add Labor cost                                           5,928,000

add Overhead cost                                    9,060,000

Total production cost                            $27,756,000

f) Total cost of goods sold (in dollars):

Cost of opening inventory =          $3,928,000

Total Production cost             =    $27,756,000

Cost of goods available for sale  $31,684,000

Less cost of closing inventory       $4,724,000

Total cost of goods sold            $26,960,000

g) Total expected operating income (in dollars)

Sales Revenue:  T1 and T2  $36,400,000

Cost of goods sold                 26,960,000

Gross profit                             $9,440,000

less marketing & distribution      400,000

Total Expected Operating Income = $9,040,000

Explanation:

a) Cost of beginning inventory of finished goods:

T1, (Direct materials + Labor + Overhead) X inventory units =

T1 = 20,000 x ($58 + 24 + 40) = $2,440,000

T2 = 8,000 ($78 + 48 + 60) = $1,488,000

Total cost of beginning inventory = $3,928,000

b) Cost of closing Inventory of finished goods:

T1 = 25,000 x ($58 + 24 + 40) = $3,050,000

T2 = 9,000 ($78 + 48 + 60) = $1,674,000

Total cost of closing inventory = $4,724,000

Answer:

a) 4160 V

b) 12 kW and 81 kVAR

c)  54 kW and 477 kVAR

Explanation:

1) The phase voltage is given as:

[tex]V_p=\frac{3810.5}{\sqrt{3} }=2200 V[/tex]

The complex power S is given as:

[tex]S=560.1(0.707 +j0.707)+132=660\angle 36.87^o \ KVA[/tex]

[tex]where\ S^*\ is \ the \ conjugate\ of \ S\\Therefore\ S^*=660\angle -36.87^oKVA[/tex]

The line current I is given as:

[tex]I=\frac{S^*}{3V}=\frac{660000\angle -36.87}{3(2200)} =100\angle -36.87^o\ A[/tex]

The phase voltage at the sending end is:

[tex]V_s=2200\angle 0+100\angle -36.87(0.4+j2.7)=2401.7\angle 4.58^oV[/tex]

The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line ([tex]V_{sL}=\sqrt{3} |V_s|=\sqrt{3} *2401.7=4160V[/tex]

b) The Total real and reactive power loss in the line is:

[tex]S_l=3|I|^2(R+jX)=3|100|^2(0.4+j2.7)=12000+j81000[/tex]

The real power loss is 12000 W = 12 kW

The reactive power loss is 81000 kVAR = 81 kVAR

c) The sending power is:

[tex]S_s=3V_sI^*=3(2401.7\angle 4.58)(100\angle 36.87)=54000+j477000[/tex]

The Real power delivered by the supply = 54000 W = 54 kW

The Reactive power delivered by the supply = 477000 VAR = 477 kVAR

Answer:

A. True

Explanation:

When an electromagnetic field wave strikes a conductor, say a wire, it induces an alternating current that is proportional to the wave in the conductor. This is a reversal of generating electromagnetic wave from accelerating a charged particle. This phenomenon is used in radio antena for receiving radio wave signals and also use in medicine for body scanning.

Note: The diagram referred to in this question is attached as a file below.

Answer:

The block descended a distance of 9.75m from the instant the brake is applied until it stops.

Explanation:

For clarity and easiness of expression, the calculations and the Free Body Diagram are contained in the attached file. Check the attached file below.

The block descended a distance of 9.75 m

Answer:

A periodic function is a function that returns to its value over a certain period at regular intervals an example is the wave form of flux density (B) = sin wt

Explanation:

A periodic function is a function that returns to its value over a certain period at regular intervals an example is the wave form of flux density (B) = sin wt

attached to the answer is a free plot of the output starting with zero degree for one coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field

B ( wave flux density ) = Bm sinwt  and w = 2[tex]\pi[/tex]f = [tex]\frac{2\pi }{T}[/tex] rad/sec

Answer:

With the Breakthrough of Technology, the rate at which things are done are becoming much more easy. but without basic science, innovation towards technology cannot occur, so the both work hand in hand in the world of technology today.

Explanation:

Technological innovation and Basic science research plays a major role in the world of science and technology today, while we all want technology innovation the more, without basic science, innovation cannot come in place,

Just as we are going further in technology, breakthroughs and growth are been made which helps on the long run in science research which in turn has made things to be done much better and easily.

Answer:

a. T-V and P-V diagram are included

b. State 1: Specific volume = 0.0811753 m³/kg

State 2: Specific volume = 0.0811753 m³/kg

State 3: Specific volume = 0.0804155 m³/kg

c. Z = 51.1

d. Quality for state 1 = 100%

Quality for state 2 = 63.47%

Quality for state 3 = 100%

Explanation:

a. T-V and P-V diagram are included

b. State 1: Water vapor

P₁ = 3.0 MPa = 30 bar

T₁ = 300°C = 573.15

Saturation temperature = 233.86°C Hence the steam is super heated

Specific volume = 0.0811753 m³/kg

State 2:

Constant volume formula is P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂

Specific volume = 0.0811753 m³/kg

T₂ = 200°C = 473.15

Therefore, P₂ = P₁/T₁ × T₂ = 3×473.15/573.15 = 2.4766 MPa

At T₂ water is mixed water and steam and the [tex]v_f[/tex] = 0.00115651 m³/kg

[tex]v_g[/tex] = 0.127222 m³/kg

State 3:

P₃ = 2.5 MPa

T₃ = 200°C

Isothermal compression P₂V₂ = P₃V₃

V₃ = P₂V₂ ÷ P₃ = 2.4766 × 0.0811753/2.5 = 0.0804155 m³/kg

Specific volume = 0.0804155 m³/kg

2) Compressibility factor is given by the relation;

[tex]Z = \dfrac{PV}{RT} = \dfrac{3\times 10^6 \times 0.0811753 }{8.3145 \times 573.15} = 51.1[/tex]

Z = 51.1

3) Gas quality, x, is given by the relation

[tex]x = \dfrac{Mass_{saturated \, vapor}}{Total \, mass} = \dfrac{v - v_f}{v_g - v_f}[/tex]

Quality at state 1 = Saturated quality = 100%

State 2 Vapor + liquid Quality

Gas quality = (0.0811753 - 0.00115651)/ (0.127222-0.00115651) = 63.47%

State 3: Saturated vapor, quality = 100%.

Answer:

What is the probability of selecting the 4 of spade or black diamond from a deck of 52 playing cards?

a) 2/52

b) 4/52

c) 3/52

d) 1/5

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

Given that:

Torque T = 2300 lb - ft

Bending moment M = 1500 lb - ft

axial thrust P = 2500 lb

yield points for tension  σY= 100 ksi

yield points for shear   τY = 50 ksi

Using maximum-shear-stress theory

[tex]\sigma_A = \dfrac{P}{A}+\dfrac{Mc}{I}[/tex]

where;

[tex]A = \pi c^2[/tex]

[tex]I = \dfrac{\pi}{4}c^4[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_A = \dfrac{P}{\pi c^2}+\dfrac{Mc}{ \dfrac{\pi}{4}c^4}[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_A = \dfrac{2500}{\pi c^2}+\dfrac{1500*12c}{ \dfrac{\pi}{4}c^4}[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_A = \dfrac{2500}{\pi c^2}+\dfrac{72000c}{\pi c^3}}[/tex]

[tex]\tau_A = \dfrac{T_c}{\tau}[/tex]

where;

[tex]\tau = \dfrac{\pi c^4}{2}[/tex]

[tex]\tau_A = \dfrac{T_c}{\dfrac{\pi c^4}{2}}[/tex]

[tex]\tau_A = \dfrac{2300*12 c}{\dfrac{\pi c^4}{2}}[/tex]

[tex]\tau_A = \dfrac{55200 }{\pi c^3}}[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_{1,2} = \dfrac{\sigma_x+\sigma_y}{2} \pm \sqrt{\dfrac{(\sigma_x - \sigma_y)^2}{2}+ \tau_y^2}[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_{1,2} = \dfrac{2500+72000}{2 \pi c ^3} \pm \sqrt{\dfrac{(2500 +72000)^2}{2 \pi c^3}+ \dfrac{55200}{\pi c^3}} \ \ \ \ \ ------(1)[/tex]

Let say :

[tex]|\sigma_1 - \sigma_2| = \sigma_y[/tex]

Then :

[tex]2\sqrt{( \dfrac{2500c + 72000}{2 \pi c^3})^2+ ( \dfrac{55200}{\pi c^3})^2 } = 100(10^3)[/tex]

[tex](2500 c + 72000)^2 +(110400)^2 = 10000*10^6 \pi^2 c^6[/tex]

[tex]6.25c^2 + 360c+ 17372.16-10,000\ \pi^2 c^6 =0[/tex]

According to trial and error;

c = 0.75057 in

Replacing  c into equation (1)

[tex]\sigma_{1,2} = \dfrac{2500+72000}{2 \pi (0.75057) ^3} \pm \sqrt{\dfrac{(2500 +72000)^2}{2 \pi (0.75057)^3}+ \dfrac{55200}{\pi (0.75057)^3}}[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_{1,2} = \dfrac{2500+72000}{2 \pi (0.75057) ^3} + \sqrt{\dfrac{(2500 +72000)^2}{2 \pi (0.75057)^3}+ \dfrac{55200}{\pi (0.75057)^3}} \ \ \ OR \\ \\ \\ \sigma_{1,2} = \dfrac{2500+72000}{2 \pi (0.75057) ^3} - \sqrt{\dfrac{(2500 +72000)^2}{2 \pi (0.75057)^3}+ \dfrac{55200}{\pi (0.75057)^3}}[/tex]

[tex]\sigma _1 = 22193 \ Psi[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_2 = -77807 \ Psi[/tex]

The required diameter d  = 2c

d = 1.50 in   or   0.125 ft

Answer:

Explanation:

Given that:

V = 12.5m/s

L= 2.70m

b= 0.65m

[tex]T_{ \infty} = 27^0C= 273+27 = 300K[/tex]

[tex]T_s= 127^0C = (127+273)= 400K[/tex]

P = 1atm

Film temperature

[tex]T_f = \frac{T_s + T_{\infty}}{2} \\\\=\frac{400+300}{2} \\\\=350K[/tex]

dynamic viscosity =

[tex]\mu =20.9096\times 10^{-6} m^2/sec[/tex]

density = 0.9946kg/m³

Pr = 0.708564

K= 229.7984 * 10⁻³w/mk

Reynolds number,

[tex]Re = \frac{SUD}{\mu} =\frac{\ SUl}{\mu}[/tex]

[tex]=\frac{0.9946 \times 12.5\times 2.7}{20.9096\times 10^-^6} \\\\Re=1605375.043[/tex]

we have,

[tex]Nu=\frac{hL}{k} =0.037Re^{4/5}Pr^{1/3}\\\\\frac{h\times2.7}{29.79\times 10^-63} =0.037(1605375.043)^{4/5}(0.7085)^{1/3}\\\\h=33.53w/m^2k[/tex]

we have,

heat transfer rate from top plate

[tex]\theta _1 =hA(T_s-T_{\infty})\\\\A=Lb\\\\=2.7*0.655\\\\ \theta_1=33.53*2.7*0.65(127/27)\\\\ \theta_1=5884.51w[/tex]

Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

See the document for the complete FBD and the introductory part of the solution.

Static Balance ( Sum of Forces = 0 ) in all three directions

                 ∑[tex]F_G_X = W - G_x = 0[/tex]

                 [tex]G_X = W = 1500 lb[/tex]

                 ∑[tex]F_G_Y = P - G_Y = 0[/tex]

                 [tex]G_Y = P = -10,800 lb[/tex]

                ∑[tex]F_G_Z = - G_Z = 0[/tex]

Where, ( [tex]G_X, G_Y, G_Z[/tex] ) are internal forces at section ( G ) along the defined coordinate axes.

Static Balance ( Sum of Moments about G = 0 ) in all three directions

              [tex]M_G = r_O_G x F_O[/tex]

Where,

              r_OG: The vector from point O to point G

              F_OG: The force vector at point O

- The vector ( r_OG ) and ( F_OG ) can be written as follows:

              [tex]r_O_G = [ -( 3 + \frac{H}{2} ) i + (\frac{r_o}{12})j - ( \frac{r_o}{12} + \frac{L}{2})k ] \\\\r_O_G = [ -( 6 ) i + (0.25)j - (6)k ] \\[/tex]

              [tex]F_O_G = [ ( W ) i + ( P ) k ]\\\\F_O_G = [ (1500) i - ( 10,800 ) k ] lb[/tex]

- Then perform the cross product of the two vectors ( r_OG ) and ( F_OG ):

     [tex]( M_G_X )i + (M_G_Y)j+ (M_G_Z)k = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}i&j&k\\-6&0.25&-6\\1500&-10,800&0\end{array}\right] \\\\\\( M_G_X )i + (M_G_Y)j+ (M_G_Z)k = -( 6*10,800 ) i - ( 6*1500 ) j + [ ( 10,800*6) - ( 0.25*1500) ] k\\\\( M_G_X )i + (M_G_Y)j+ (M_G_Z)k = - (64,800)i - (9,000)j + (64,425)k[/tex]

- The internal torque ( T ) and shear force ( V ) that act on slice ( G ) are due to pressure force ( P ) as follows:

             [tex]T = P*[\frac{L}{2}] = (10,800)*(6) = 64,800 lb.ft[/tex]

             [tex]V = P = -10,800 lb[/tex]

- For the state of stress at point "C" we need to determine the the normal stress along x direction ( σ_x ) and planar stress ( τ_xy ) as follows:-

             σ_x = [tex]-\frac{G_x}{A} - \frac{M_G_Y. z*}{I_Y_Y} + \frac{M_G_Z. y*}{I_Z_Z}[/tex]

Where,

          A: The area of pipe cross section

          [tex]A = \pi * [ ( \frac{r_o}{12})^2 - ( \frac{r_i}{12})^2 ] = \pi * [ ( \frac{3}{12})^2 - ( \frac{2.75}{12})^2 ] = 0.03136 ft^2[/tex]

          z*: The distance of point "C" along z-direction from central axis ( x )

          [tex]z*= [\frac{r_i}{12} ] = [\frac{2.75}{12} ] = 0.22916 ft[/tex]

         I_YY: The second area moment of pipe along and about "y" axis:

         [tex]I_Y_Y = \frac{\pi }{4} * [ (\frac{r_o}{12})^4 - (\frac{r_i}{12})^4 ]=\frac{\pi }{4} * [ (\frac{3}{12})^4 - (\frac{2.75}{12})^4 ] \\\\I_Y_Y = 0.00090 ft^4[/tex]

         y*: The distance of point "C" along y-direction from central axis ( x )

         [tex]y* = 0[/tex]

- The normal stress ( σ_x ) becomes:

          σ_x = [tex][-\frac{1500}{0.03136} - \frac{-9,000*0.22916}{0.00090} + \frac{64,425*0}{0.00090} ] * (\frac{1}{12})^2 = 15.5 ksi[/tex]

- The planar stress is ( τ_xy ) is a contribution of torsion ( T ) and shear force ( V ):

           τ_xy = [tex]- \frac{T.c}{J} + \frac{V.Q}{I.t}[/tex]

Where,

           c: The radial distance from central axis ( x ) and point "C".

           [tex]c = \frac{r_i}{12} = \frac{2.75}{12} = 0.22916 ft[/tex]

          J: The polar moment of inertia of the annular cross section of pipe:

          [tex]J = \frac{\pi }{2}* [ ( \frac{r_o}{12})^4 - ( \frac{r_i}{12})^4 ] = \frac{\pi }{2}* [ ( \frac{3}{12})^4 - ( \frac{2.75}{12})^4 ] = 0.00180 ft^4[/tex]

          Q: The first moment of area for point "C" = semi-circle

          [tex]Q = Y_c*A_c = \frac{4*( r_m)}{3\pi } * \frac{\pi*( r_m)^2 }{2} = \frac{2. ( r_m)^3}{3} \\\\Q = \frac{2. [ ( \frac{r_o}{12})^3 - ( \frac{r_i}{12})^3] }{3} = \frac{2. [ ( \frac{3}{12})^3 - ( \frac{2.75}{12})^3] }{3} = 0.00239ft^3[/tex]

          I: The second area moment of pipe along and about "y" axis:

         [tex]I_Y_Y = \frac{\pi }{4} * [ (\frac{r_o}{12})^4 - (\frac{r_i}{12})^4 ]=\frac{\pi }{4} * [ (\frac{3}{12})^4 - (\frac{2.75}{12})^4 ] \\\\I_Y_Y = 0.00090 ft^4[/tex]    

         t: The effective thickness of thin walled pipe:

         [tex]t = 2* [ \frac{r_o}{12} - \frac{r_i}{12} ] = 2* [ \frac{3}{12} - \frac{2.75}{12} ] = 0.04166 ft[/tex]

- The planar stress is ( τ_xy ) becomes:

        τ_xy =  [tex][ - \frac{-64,800*0.22916}{0.0018} + \frac{-10,800*0.00239}{0.0009*0.04166} ] * [ \frac{1}{12}]^2 = 52.4 ksi[/tex]

- The principal stresses at point "C" can be determined from the following formula:-

       σ_x = 15.55 ksi,  σ_y = 0 ksi , τ_xy = 52.4 ksi

       σ_1 =[tex]\frac{sigma_x+sigma_y}{2} + \sqrt{(\frac{sigma_x+sigma_y}{2})^2 + (tow_x_y)^2 }[/tex]

       σ_2 = [tex]\frac{sigma_x+sigma_y}{2} - \sqrt{(\frac{sigma_x+sigma_y}{2})^2 + (tow_x_y)^2 }[/tex]

        σ_1 = [tex]\frac{15.55+0}{2} + \sqrt{(\frac{15.55+0}{2})^2 + (52.4)^2 } = 60.75 ksi[/tex]

        σ_2 =[tex]-\sqrt{\left(\frac{15.55+0}{2}\right)^2\:+\:\left(52.4\right)^2\:}+\frac{15.55+0}{2} = -45.20 ksi[/tex]

- The angle of maximum plane stress ( θ ):

       θ = [tex]0.5*arctan ( \frac{tow_x_y}{\frac{sigma_x-sigma_y}{2} } )= 0.5*arctan*( \frac{52.4}{7.8} ) = 40.8 deg[/tex]

Note: The plane stresses at point D are evaluated using the following procedure given above. Due to 5,000 character limit at Brainly, i'm unable to post here.

Complete Question:

Grain diameter 1 (mm) = 4.4E-02

Yield stress 1 (MPa) = 131

Grain diameter 2 (mm) = 7.7E-03

Yield Stress 2 (MPa) = 268

The yield strength for an alloy that has an average grain diameter, d1, is listed above as Yield Stress 1 . At a grain diameter of d2, the yield strength increases Yield Stress 2. At what grain diameter, in mm, will the yield strength be 217 MPa

Answer:

d = 1.3 * 10⁻² m

Explanation:

According to the Hall Petch equation:

[tex]\sigma_y = \sigma_0 + k/\sqrt{d} \\[/tex]

At [tex]d_{1} = 4.4 * 10^{-2} mm[/tex], [tex]\sigma_{y1} = 131 MPa = 131 N/ mm^2[/tex]

[tex]131 = \sigma_0 + k/\sqrt{4.4 * 10^{-2}} \\k = 27.45 - 0.2096 \sigma_0[/tex]

At [tex]d_{2} = 7.7 * 10^{-3} mm[/tex], [tex]\sigma_{y2} = 131 MPa = 268 N/ mm^2[/tex]

[tex]268 = \sigma_0 + (27.45 - 0.2096 \sigma_0)/\sqrt{7.7 * 10^{-3}} \\23.5036 = 27.47 - 0.1219 \sigma_0\\ \sigma_0 = 32.45 N/mm^2[/tex]

k = 27.45 - 0.2096(32.45)

k = 20.64

At [tex]\sigma_y = 217 MPa[/tex], reapplying Hall Petch law:

[tex]\sigma_y = \sigma_0 + k/\sqrt{d} \\[/tex]

[tex]217 =32.45 + 20.64/\sqrt{d} \\217 - 32.45 = 20.64/\sqrt{d}\\184.55 = 20.64/ \sqrt{d} \\\sqrt{d} = 20.64/184.55\\\sqrt{d} = 0.11184\\d = 0.013 mm[/tex]

d = 1.3 * 10⁻² m

Answer:

The goal of the software is to observe the software behavior to meet its requirement expectation. In software engineering, validating software might be harder since client's expectation may be vague or unclear.

Explanation:

Answer:

Roll force, F = 5.6 MN

Explanation:

Sheet width, b = 0.5 m

Roll contact length, [tex]l_{p} = 40 mm[/tex]

Strength coefficient, [tex]\sigma_{0} = 200 MPa[/tex]

Thickness, h = 11 mm

Since the sheet of metal is cold worked by 40%, the reduction in thickness will be:

Δh = 40% * 11 = 0.4 * 11 = 4.4 mm

Strain, e = (Δh)/h

e = 4.4/11 = 0.4

The roll force is calculated by the formula:

[tex]F = \sigma_{f} l_{p} b[/tex]

[tex]\sigma_{f} = \sigma_{0} (e+1)\\\sigma_{f} = 200 (0.4+1)\\\sigma_{f} = 200 *1.4\\\sigma_{f} = 280 MPa[/tex]

Substituting the value of [tex]\sigma_{f}[/tex], [tex]l_{p}[/tex], and b into the formula for the roll force:

[tex]F = \sigma_{f} l_{p} b\\F = 280 * 0.04 * 0.5\\F = 5.6 MN[/tex]

Answer: $17,206.13

Explanation:

Hi, to answer this question we have to apply the next formula:  

Annual electricity cost = (P x 0.746 x Ckwh x h) /η  

P = compressor power = 78 hp  

0.746 kw/hp= constant (conversion to kw)

Ckwh = Cost per kilowatt hour = $0.11/kWh  

h = operating hours per year = 2500 h  

η = efficiency = 93% = 0.93 (decimal form)  

Replacing with the values given :  

C = ( 78 hp x 0.746 kw/hp x 0.11 $/kwh x 2500 h ) / 0.93 = $17,206.13  

Answer:

The minimum diameter to withstand such tensile strength is 22.568 mm.

Explanation:

The allow is experimenting an axial load, so that stress formula for cylidrical sample is:

[tex]\sigma = \frac{P}{A_{c}}[/tex]

[tex]\sigma = \frac{4\cdot P}{\pi \cdot D^{2}}[/tex]

Where:

[tex]\sigma[/tex] - Normal stress, measured in kilopascals.

[tex]P[/tex] - Axial load, measured in kilonewtons.

[tex]A_{c}[/tex] - Cross section area, measured in square meters.

[tex]D[/tex] - Diameter, measured in meters.

Given that [tex]\sigma = 75\times 10^{3}\,kPa[/tex] and [tex]P = 30\,kN[/tex], diameter is now cleared and computed at last:

[tex]D^{2} = \frac{4\cdot P}{\pi \cdot \sigma}[/tex]

[tex]D = 2\sqrt{\frac{P}{\pi \cdot \sigma} }[/tex]

[tex]D = 2 \sqrt{\frac{30\,kN}{\pi \cdot (75\times 10^{3}\,kPa)} }[/tex]

[tex]D = 0.0225\,m[/tex]

[tex]D = 22.568\,mm[/tex]

The minimum diameter to withstand such tensile strength is 22.568 mm.

Answer:

(a) k = 0.09 s⁻¹

(b) The velocity= ± 16.97 mm/s

Explanation:

(a) Given that the acceleration = a = k(100 - x)

Therefore;

[tex]a = \dfrac{dv}{dt} = \dfrac{dv}{dx} \times \dfrac{dx}{dt} = \dfrac{dv}{dx} \times v = k(100 - x)[/tex]

When x = 40 mm, v = 0 mm/s hence;

[tex]\int\limits^v_0 {v } \, dv = \int\limits^x_{40} {k(100 - x)} \, dx[/tex]

[tex]\dfrac{1}{2} v^2 = k \cdot \left [100\cdot x-\frac{1}{2}\cdot x^{2} \right ]_{x}^{40}[/tex]

[tex]\dfrac{1}{2} v^2 = -\dfrac{ k\cdot \left (x^{2}-200\cdot x+6400 \right ) }{2}[/tex]

At x = 100 mm, v = 18 mm/s hence we have;

[tex]\dfrac{1}{2} 18^2 = -\dfrac{ k\cdot \left (100^{2}-200\times 100+6400 \right ) }{2} = 1800\cdot k[/tex]

[tex]\dfrac{1}{2} 18^2 =162 = 1800\cdot k[/tex]

k = 162/1800 = 9/100 = 0.09 s⁻¹

(b) When x = 120 mm, we have

[tex]\dfrac{1}{2} v^2 = -\dfrac{ 0.09\times \left (120^{2}-200\times 120+6400 \right ) }{2} = 144[/tex]

Therefore;

v² = 2 × 144 = 288

The velocity, v = √288 = ±12·√2 = ± 16.97 mm/s.