The negative sign indicates that heat is being released from the ethanol as it cools down. So, 3,950.4 joules of heat are released when 60g of ethanol cools from 70°C to 43°C.
To calculate heat released when 60g of ethanol cools from 70°C to 43°C, we can use the following equation:
Q = m × c × ΔT
First, we need to calculate the change in temperature:
ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature
ΔT = 43°C - 70°C
ΔT = -27°C
Note that the change in temperature is negative because the ethanol is cooling down.
Next, we can calculate the heat released:
Q = m × c × ΔT
Q = 60g × 2.44 J/g°C × (-27°C)
Q = -3,950.4 J
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describe the pattern of the Lewis dot structures of the 18 elements (include periods and groups/famalies)
Lewis dot structures are diagrams that depict the interactions between atoms in molecules as well as any lone pairs of electrons that may be present.
What are Lewis dot structures?A Lewis electron dot diagram, also known as an electron dot diagram, Lewis diagram, or Lewis dot structure, is a diagram that employs dots to represent the valence electrons of an atom. The number of dots corresponds to the atom's valence electron count.
By including lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond, Lewis structures expand on the idea of the electron dot diagram.
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1. Describe the gas laws using the example of air inside of a balloon.
2. Identify another real-life example or phenomenon that is explained by at least one of the gas laws.
The gas laws are Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law.
Description of the gas laws using the example of air inside of a balloon?The physical properties of gases can be comprehended through the gas laws that describe their response when exposed to dissimilar circumstances such as temperature fluctuations or changes in pressure or volume.
Among these principles are Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law whose application allows for better comprehension of gas dynamics.
To illustrate Boyle's law’s formulation- when subjected to constant temperature changes- there exists inverse proportionality between pressure and volume in gaseous compounds with reducing volumes resulting from elevated compression. The relationship between gas temperature and its accompanying volume at fixed pressure is defined by Charles's Law. As an illustration, heating up a balloon causes an expansion in internal air that leads to an increase in its physical size.
Similarly, cooling down the same balloon yields contraction through reduced temperature leading to decreased internal air volumes. Gay-Lussac's observation reveals a similar pattern where at fixed volumes; increasing temperature translates into increased pressures. An increase in solar radiation on a balloon can lead to high temperatures that consequently elevate its internal pressure, eventually leading to it enlarging in size.
Boyle's Law finds practical implementation in several household appliances, including pressure cookers. The pressure cooker's mechanism involves trapping steam within a sealed pot, which consequently raises the temperature and pressure inside the container. This increase in temperature conforms to Boyle's law, that states an increase in pressure of gases results in enhanced temperatures as well. The heightened levels of pressure within the closed pot allow for quicker cooking times of food substances compared to standard pots.
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Le Chatelier's Principle states that when a reaction that was in equilibrium is stressed through the change in concentration, change in temperature or change in pressure, then the chemical reaction will:
a. adjust to re-reach equilibrium
b. create only products
c. become no longer in equilibrium
d. shut down entirely
Answer:
a. adjust to re-reach equilibrium
Explanation:
Le Chatelier's Principle can be logically understood based on the concept of equilibrium in chemical reactions. When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium, it means that the rate of the forward reaction (from reactants to products) is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction (from products to reactants), and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.
When an equilibrium reaction is subjected to a stress, such as a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, it disrupts the original balance between reactants and products. In response to this stress, Le Chatelier's Principle predicts that the system will adjust its position of equilibrium to counteract the change and restore balance.
For example, if the concentration of one of the reactants is increased, the system will shift the equilibrium position to the side that consumes that reactant in order to reduce its concentration and restore the original balance. Similarly, if the temperature of the system is increased, the system will shift the equilibrium position in the endothermic or exothermic direction to counteract the change in temperature. If the pressure of the system is increased, the system will shift the equilibrium position to the side with fewer moles of gas in order to reduce the pressure.
In other words, Le Chatelier's Principle states that a system at equilibrium will adjust its position of equilibrium in response to external stresses in order to re-establish a new equilibrium and restore balance between reactants and products. This logical understanding helps to explain why option a, "adjust to re-reach equilibrium," is the correct answer.
What are some potential real-world applications for renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power?
The some of the potential in the real world applications for the renewable energy sources such as the solar power and the wind power are electricity generation, the water heating and cooling, and the transportation.
Renewable energy defined as the energy produced from the sources like the sun and the wind energy which are the naturally replenished and which do not run out.
The Renewable energy which can be used for the electricity generation, and the water heating and the cooling, and the transportation. The most sustainable sources of the energy are the renewable bioenergy. The Renewable sources of the, like the wind and the solar, it will emit the little to no the greenhouse gases.
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1. Someone Please help me! List the main types of EMR that have an impact on living tissue. Explain this impact and provide examples from this lesson.
2. Eating one banana is equivalent to receiving 0.01 mrem. How many bananas would you have to consume before you risk increasing your probability of developing cancer? Explain your answer.
To make a 4 cup pot of green tea, one must heat the water to the boiling point at standard pressure. If the pot contains 680 grams of water, and the temperature at the tap is 20.0°C, how much heat must be absorbed by the water?
a chemistry student collected 0.032l of h2gas at 1.1 atm pressure and 24 C using the following chemical reaction how man grams of magnesium must have reacted.
Mg(s) + HCL (aq) to H2 9g) + MgCL2 (aq)
In order to calculate the number of grams of magnesium reacted, we must first calculate the moles of hydrogen gas produced. The ideal gas law can be used to calculate the moles of a gas, given the pressure, temperature, and volume of the gas.
The ideal gas law is PV=nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature. By calculating the given values, we get 0.032L*1.1atm/24C*0.08206L*atm/mol*K=0.0077 mol.
Since 1 mole of hydrogen gas is produced for every mole of magnesium that reacts, 0.0077 moles of magnesium have reacted.
Finally, to calculate the grams of magnesium, we multiply the moles of magnesium by the molar mass of magnesium, which is 24.31 g/mol. This gives us 0.0077 mol*24.31 g/mol = 0.186 grams of magnesium.
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Americium-241 is used in some smoke detectors. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 432 years
. How long will it take in years for 45.0 %
of an Am-241 sample to decay?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
It will take 585.5 years for 45.0% of the Am-241 sample to decay.
Half-life calculationThe half-life of Am-241 is 432 years, which means that half of the sample will decay in 432 years. We can use the half-life formula to find the time it takes for a certain percentage of the sample to decay:
N(t) = N₀(1/2)^(t/T)
where:
N(t) is the amount of Am-241 remaining after time tN₀ is the initial amount of Am-241T is the half-life(1/2)^(t/T) is the fraction of Am-241 remaining after time t.We want to find the time it takes for 45.0% of the sample to decay, so we can set N(t) equal to 0.450 N₀ and solve for t:
0.450 N₀ = N₀(1/2)^(t/T)0.450 = (1/2)^(t/T)Taking the natural logarithm of both sides:
ln(0.450) = ln(1/2)^(t/T)ln(0.450) = -(t/T)ln(2)t/T = -ln(0.450)/ln(2)t = -ln(0.450)/ln(2) x Tt = -ln(0.450)/ln(2) * 432 yearst = 585.5 yearsIn other words, it will take 585.5 years for 45.0% of the Am-241 sample to decay.
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Prescription number
Prescription #1
Prescription #2
Prescription #3
mLs needed of soda mLs needed of solution
Most people will take prescription medicines to prevent, treat or to manage the illness. The effective use of medicines can help us to stay healthy for longer. The prescription number is often shown as ''Rx#''.
The prescription number is defined as the number you will call to place the refill. Although a pharmacist can look up your prescription in the computer, the refill process will go a lot faster if you have this number handy as it is the short code for your prescription.
Reading the label correctly can help the patients to take right amount of the medicine and that it won't negatively react with other medications.
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Solutions are also known as analogous substances.
True
False
that's completely false because a solution is a homogeneous substance, not an analogous
In the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases, a base __________
Answer: is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions.
Consider this reaction taking place in a closed 2 liter container:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
If the volume of the container is decreased to 1 liter, what will happen to the equilibrium of the reaction?
Question 16 options:
It will shift left.
It will remain constant.
It will shift right.
It will decrease by half.
Put the following in order from SMALLEST to LARGEST: cell, nucleus, gene,
chromosome, DNA, organism,
Answer:
Here is the correct order (ascending order):
gene, DNA, chromosome, nucleus, cell, organism.
A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein or RNA molecule. DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information and makes up genes. A chromosome is a structure made of DNA and protein that carries genes. A nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomes. A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of living organisms, consisting of a nucleus (or nucleoid in prokaryotes) and cytoplasm. An organism is an individual living entity, such as a plant, animal, or bacterium, that consists of multiple cells.
What did the Constitutional Convention decide to do about the slave trade?(1 point)
Responses
It expanded it.
It expanded it.
It restricted it to slave states.
It restricted it to slave states.
It banned it.
It banned it.
It delayed taking action.
If a material is ductile, it is mostly likely a
nonmetal
metal
metalloid
Gas
Answer:
Explanation:
Which of the following is most likely to be ductile?
a. Metal
b. Nonmetal
c. Metalloid
d. Gas
Answer: a. MetalMetal
4. For the listed alkenes , make up the equations of reactions of interaction with bromine
a) propylene
b) methylvinylmethane
c) butylene
5. What compounds will result from the interaction of the below-mentioned alkenes with hydrogen bromide in the absence and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
a) 3-methyl-1-Butene
b) 2-methyl-1-Butene
c) 2-methyl-1-pentene
d) 3-methyl-1-pentene
6. Make up the equations of reactions of addition of water to alkenes.
a) 1,1-dimethyl-2-ethylethylene
b) 1,1-dimethyl-2-propylethylene
c) 1,2-dimethyl-1-ethylethylene
d) 1,2-dimethyl-1-tert-butylethylene
7. For the following alkenes, write the oxidation reactions: a)with a dilute aqueous solution of KMnO4 (Wagner reaction); b)with a concentrated aqueous solution of KMnO4.
a) 2-methyl-1-pentene
B) 3-methyl-1-pentene
C) 3-methyl-1-Butene
D) 1-Butene
4. a) Propylene + Br2 → 1,2-dibromopropane
b) Methylvinylmethane + Br2 → 2,3-dibromobutanec) Butylene + Br2 → 1,2-dibromobutane and 2,3-dibromobutane (both isomers are formed)5. a) In the absence of H₂O₂: 3-bromo-3-methylbutane; In the presence of H₂O₂: 2-bromo-3-methylbutane
b) In the absence of H₂O₂: 2-bromo-2-methylbutane; In the presence of H₂O₂: 2,3-dibromobutanec) In the absence of H₂O₂: 3-bromo-3-methylpentane; In the presence of H₂O₂: 2-bromo-3-methylpentaned) In the absence of H₂O₂: 3-bromo-3,4-dimethylpentane; In the presence of H₂O₂: no reaction occurs6. a) 1,1-dimethyl-2-ethylethylene + H₂O → 2,2-dimethyl-3-ethylbutanol
b) 1,1-dimethyl-2-propylethylene + H₂O → 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanolc) 1,2-dimethyl-1-ethylethylene + H₂O → 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanold) 1,2-dimethyl-1-tert-butylethylene + H₂O → 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentanol7. a) 2-methyl-1-pentene: 2-methyl-2,3-dihydroxypentane;
b) 2-methyl-1-pentene: no reaction occurs due to the highly oxidizing nature of concentrated KMnO₄;c) 3-methyl-1-pentene: 3-methyl-3,4-dihydroxypentane;d) 1-butene: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane4. Alkenes react with bromine to form vicinal dihalides. The reaction is an addition reaction, where the bromine molecule adds to the double bond, breaking it and forming two new single bonds.
5. Alkenes react with hydrogen bromide (HBr) to form alkyl bromides. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the reaction follows the Markovnikov's rule, where the bromine atom adds to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms. In the presence of H₂O₂, the reaction follows anti-Markovnikov's rule, where the bromine atom adds to the carbon atom with fewer hydrogen atoms.
6. Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), to form alcohols. The reaction is an addition reaction, where the water molecule adds to the double bond, breaking it and forming a new single bond.
7. Alkenes can be oxidized by potassium permanganate (KMnO₄). In a dilute aqueous solution, the reaction produces vicinal diols. In a concentrated aqueous solution, the reaction can lead to cleavage of the double bond, forming carboxylic acids and/or carbon dioxide.
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An unknown radioactive substance has a half-life of 3.20 hours.If 25.3 g
of the substance is currently present, what mass A0
was present 8.00 hours ago?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
Therefore, mass A0 that was present 8.00 hours ago is 143.1g
Mass calculation.
The half life of the substance is 3.20 which means the substance will be halved at 3.20 hours.
At =AO*(1/2)(t/3.20)
We were given 25.3 g so lets substitute the value.
25.3 =AO*(1/2)(t/3.20)
25.3=AO*(1/2)(8/3.20)
25.3=AO*0.1768
AO= 25.3/0.1768
AO=143.1g
Therefore, mass A0 that was present 8.00 hours ago is 143.1g
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A proton is approximately 2000 times heavier than an electron. How would the speeds of these particles compare if their corresponding wavelengths were equal?
The speed of the electron will be 44.72 times faster than the proton if their corresponding wavelengths were equal.
Thus, the speeds of the particles is inversely proportional to the square root of their masses, if their corresponding wavelengths were equal. As the proton is 2000 times heavier than the electron, its speed will be 1/44.72 times the speed of the electron which results in 44.72 times faster the speed of the electron than the proton if their corresponding wavelengths were equal.
According to Broglie equation, the wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum. Therefore, if the proton is 2000 times heavier than the electron, it will have lower velocity to achieve the same wavelength as the electron which results in 44.72 times faster its speed than the proton.
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explain how to prepare aluminium hydroxide starting with aluminium sulphate
We can see here that in preparing aluminum hydroxide starting with aluminum sulphate, we have:
Aluminum sulfate should be dissolved with water to create a solution. [tex]Al_{2} (SO_{4})^{3} + 6H_{2}O[/tex] → [tex]Al(OH)^{3} + 3H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] is the solution.Ammonium hydroxide addition: While continually stirring the mixture, gradually add ammonium hydroxide. Aluminum hydroxide precipitates as a white gelatinous precipitate thanks to the ammonium hydroxide's role as a precipitating agent.What is aluminum hydroxide?Chemically speaking, aluminum hydroxide has the formula Al(OH)3. It is an amorphous, white powder that has no smell and is insoluble in water.
Continuation of preparation of aluminum hydroxide:
For the aluminum hydroxide to completely precipitate, the mixture needs to be stirred for a few minutes.Filter the mixture: Use filter paper to remove the precipitate from the solution by filtering the mixture.Wash the precipitate: To get rid of any contaminants, wash the precipitate with water.Dry the precipitate: To produce pure aluminum hydroxide and remove any leftover water, dry the precipitate in an oven at a low temperature.Learn more about aluminum hydroxide on https://brainly.com/question/28272266
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50 POINTS help me pls someone
The values provided for the heat of reaction are missing some detail, therefore, the exact value of the heat of the reaction and percentage errors cannot be determined.
However, the heat of the reaction and the percentage error of the values obtained can be calculated using the formula below:
The heat of reaction = mass * specific heat capacity of water * temperature changePercentage error = error/true value * 100%What is the heat of a reaction?The change in enthalpy that takes place during a chemical reaction at constant pressure is known as the Heat of Reaction or the Enthalpy of Reaction.
The heat of reaction Formula is given below:
Q = mc∆T
where;
Q is the Heat of the Reactionm is the mass of mediumc = specific heat capacity of the reaction medium∆T = difference in temperature of the medium.Learn more about the heat of reaction at: https://brainly.com/question/31687844
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How has the increase in human population impacted earths resources?
Answer:
The increase in human population has impacted Earth's resources in several major ways:
• Increased demand for food, water, and shelter. A larger population requires massive increases in food, water, and living spaces which strains natural resources and infrastructure. Producing enough food alone is a significant challenge.
• Accelerated consumption of resources. As population grows, the use of resources like forests, minerals, fossil fuels also increases rapidly to meet demands. This accelerated depletion of resources threatens long term sustainability.
• Increased pollution. A bigger population produces more pollution, waste, emissions, and environmental degradation as a byproduct of energy usage, transportation, industrialization, and land/resource use. This pollution harms ecosystems and contaminates the air, water and land.
• Biodiversity loss. As natural habitats are destroyed or fragmented to enable more human use, many plant and animal species lose their homes and face a higher risk of extinction. Tropical rainforests, in particular, have been heavily impacted.
• Inequality. While resources are limited, population growth often exacerbates inequality in access to and distribution of resources. Poor or developing regions typically have the highest populations but fewest resources per capita.
• Migration and conflict. Shortages of resources in certain areas or regions may lead to migration, economic troubles, social unrest, and in some cases even resource conflicts or wars.
• Slower development. Extremely rapid population growth rates make it difficult for governments, organizations and societies to effectively manage development, improve standards of living, advance technology, and make other progress at an optimal pace. Slower, more stabilized population growth may enable a higher overall quality of life.
So in many profound and troubling ways, increased population size has created immense pressures on Earth's resources and made it more difficult to meet present and future needs in a sustainable manner. Most experts agree that slowing population growth is critical to ensuring resource security for future generations.
Explanation:
1. Define enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. What do they have in common? How are they different from one another? You may include an image to support your answer.
Enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and free energy (G) are thermodynamic properties that describe the behavior of a system.
Enthalpy (H) is the total heat content of a system, including both internal energy and the energy required to create a system's volume and pressure. It is often used to describe heat transfer in chemical reactions. Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. It reflects the number of ways in which the molecules of a system can be arranged, and it generally increases with temperature.
Free energy (G) is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system. It accounts for the enthalpy and entropy of a system and can be used to predict whether a reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous. All three properties are related to the state of a system and can be used to predict the behavior of a reaction. Enthalpy and entropy are related by the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, and free energy is related to both enthalpy and entropy by the Gibbs free energy equation.
While all three properties relate to the behavior of a system, they differ in terms of what they measure and how they are used in calculations. Enthalpy is concerned with the total energy content of a system, while entropy measures the degree of disorder. Free energy is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system and can predict whether a reaction will occur spontaneously.
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Can someone help me please. Use your knowledge of waves and the electromagnetic spectra to explain how electromagnetic radiation affects molecules? Be sure to include 3 specific examples
What is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change? Explain with good explanation
Answer:
Chemical and physical changes refer to different types of changes that occur in matter. A physical change involves a change in the physical properties of matter without altering the identity of the substance. On the other hand, a chemical change occurs when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, resulting in the formation of a new substance with a different chemical composition.
Physical changes involve changes in the form, shape, or size of matter, such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensing. These changes are usually reversible, and the substance retains its chemical identity. For example, melting ice is a physical change since the ice changes from a solid to a liquid without altering its chemical composition.
Chemical changes, on the other hand, involve the rearrangement of atoms and the formation of new chemical bonds, resulting in the formation of a new substance with different chemical properties. Examples of chemical changes include burning, rusting, or digesting food. For instance, burning wood is a chemical change as the heat and oxygen cause the wood to decompose into ash, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, forming a new substance with different properties than the original wood.
In summary, the key difference between physical and chemical changes is that physical changes only affect the physical properties of matter, whereas chemical changes result in the formation of a new substance with different chemical properties.
Explanation:
You are a scientist studying the effects of hydration on a person's ability to recover from the effects of VarGoViv, a virus that destroys hair follicles. You find 30 people who have VarGoViv and who normally drink about 8 oz of water per day.
You count the number of hair follicles on a marked 3" x 3" section of their head at the start of the experiment.
You tell 10 of them to drink their usual 8 cups of water a day.
You tell 10 of them to drink 12 cups of water a day.
You tell 10 of them to drink 16 cups of water a day.
The people keep up with your directions for two week. At the end of the two weeks, you count the number of hair follicles in the same section to see how the number of hair follicles changed.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
A. The number of people in each group
B. The color of hair for each person
C. The number of hair follicles in the marked section.
D. The different amounts of water consumption
A scientist can conduct an experiment by infecting hair follicle cells with the VarGoViv virus in vitro and then treating them with different concentrations of the electrolyte solutions.
The recovery of hair follicle cells can be assessed by measuring various parameters such as cell viability,the morphology, and proliferation rates. The experiment can be designed to test different types of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ions at varying concentrations. By analyzing the data, the scientist can determine the optimal concentration and type of electrolyte solution that promotes the recovery of the hair follicle cells from VarGoViv virus infection.
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--The complete Question is, What is the effect of different concentrations of electrolyte solutions on the recovery of hair follicles from VarGoViv virus infection in vitro? --
A sample of ammonia gas has a volume of 3218 mL at 13°C and a pressure of 824 torr. What will the volume of the gas be in liters if the moles of gas and the temperature do not change but the pressure changes to 2.36 atm?
The final volume of the gas at a pressure of 2.36 atm is 1.188 L.
The first step is to convert the initial volume to liters and the initial pressure to atm:
V₁ = 3218 mL = 3.218 L
P₁ = 824 torr = 1.084 atm
Using the combined gas law equation: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
We can solve for V₂, the final volume:
V₂ = (P₁V₁T₂) / (P₂T₁) = [(1.084 atm) x (3.218 L) x (286 K)] / [(2.36 atm) x (286 K)] = 1.188 L
As a result, the ultimate volume of the gas at 2.36 atm is 1.188 L.
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(30 pts) Please find the correct answer.
Answer:2
Explanation: Acids do indeed conduct electricity (Love the one peice pfp btw)
Question 1 of 30
What is the change in entropy (AS) when a solid substance decomposes and
produces gaseous products?
A. 1
B. Greater than 0
C. 0
D. Less than 0
SUBMIT
Greater than 0 is the change in entropy (AS) when a solid substance decomposes and produces gaseous products. The correct option is B.
The change in entropy (ΔS) is a measure of the degree of randomness or disorder in a system. When a solid substance decomposes and produces gaseous products, the number of particles (molecules or atoms) in the system increases, and the arrangement of the particles becomes more disordered. This results in an increase in entropy, which is greater than 0.
When a solid substance decomposes and produces gaseous products, the change in entropy (ΔS) is greater than 0. This is because the number of particles in the system increases, leading to an increase in disorder or randomness.
The entropy of a system is a measure of the degree of disorder, and it tends to increase in processes that lead to a greater dispersion of energy or matter. In the case of the decomposition of a solid substance into gaseous products, the transition from a more ordered solid state to a more disordered gas state leads to an increase in entropy.
This phenomenon is a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of a closed system tends to increase over time.
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Nadia runs from her house to a fiend's house that is 24 meters away. How much time she will take to reach her friend's house, knowing that Nadia's speed is 3 m/s .
Nadia will take 8 seconds to reach her friend's house.
Speed is the measure of the distance traveled by an object per unit of time. It is a scalar quantity and is typically expressed in units such as meters per second (m/s), miles per hour (mph), or kilometers per hour (km/h).
To calculate the time Nadia will take to reach her friend's house, we can use the formula;
time = distance / speed
where distance is the amount of space traveled by an object, and time is the duration of travel.
Put the values given in the problem, we have:
time = 24 meters / 3 m/s
time = 8 seconds
Therefore, Nadia will take 8 seconds.
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For the cell shown, the measured cell potential, Ecell, is -0.3677 V at 25°C.
Pt(s) | H2(g,0.729atm) | H^+ (a,? M) || Cd^2+(aq,1.00M) | Cd(s)
The balanced reduction half-reactions for the cell, and their respective standard reduction potential values, E°, are
2H^+ (aq) + 2e^- --> H2(g) E° = 0.00 V
Cd^2+(aq) + 2e^- --> Cd(s) E° = -0.403V
Calculate the H^+ concentration.
The concentration of H⁺ is 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ M, under the condition that Ecell, is -0.3677 V at 25°C and 2H⁺ (aq) + 2e⁻-> H₂(g) E° = 0.00 VV
Here we have to calculate the H⁺ concentration
Now, we have to evaluate the cell potential at standard conditions applying the standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions
E°cell = E°reduction (cathode) - E°reduction (anode)
E°cell = 0.00 V - (-0.403 V)
E°cell = 0.403 V
Secondly, we need to evaluate the reaction quotient Q using the measured cell potential
Ecell = E°cell - (RT/nF)lnQ
-0.3677 V = 0.403 V - (0.0257 V/K)(298 K)/(2 mol e⁻/mol Cd²+)lnQ
lnQ = -1.02
[tex]Q = e^{-1.02}[/tex]
Q = 0.364
Hence, we could apply the balanced equation for the half-reaction involving H⁺ to calculate its concentration
2H⁺ + 2e⁻- --> H₂(g)
Kc = [H2]/[H⁺]²
Then, H2 is a gas and its concentration is negligible, we can consider that Kc is equal to the equilibrium constant for water
Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻]
Kw = 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴
[H⁺] = √(Kw/Kc)
[H⁺] = √(1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴/1)
[H⁺] = 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ M
Hence, the H⁺ concentration is 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ M.
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