Ocean water is hypotonic to the cells in the body. The osmotic pressure of sea water is higher than that of our body during the presence of large number of Na+ ions. As a result sea water is hypotonic with respect to our body.
What is Osmosis?Osmosis is the transport of a solvent by a semi-permeable membrane that separates two solutions of different solute concentrations. During osmosis, a solvent that has a lower solute concentration moves from a solution with a higher solute concentration.
When a substance is placed in a hypotonic solution, the solvent molecules move inside the cell, causing the cell to swell or undergo plasmolysis. This is known as endosmosis.
Thus, ocean water is hypotonic to the cells in the body. The osmotic pressure of sea water is higher than that of our body during the presence of large number of Na+ ions. As a result sea water is hypotonic with respect to our body.
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If the DNA of the provirus is transcribed
A latent contamination outcomes while the provirus is transcriptionally silent in place of activation then the DNA of the provirus is transcribed.
Proviral DNA. An inactive viral shape that has been incorporated into the genes of a number mobileular. For example, while HIV enters a number CD4 mobileular, HIV , RNA is first modified to HIV DNA (provirus). The HIV provirus then receives inserted into the DNA of the CD4 mobileular.
After a retrovirus enters a number mobileular, opposite transcriptase converts the retroviral RNA genome into double-stranded DNA. This viral DNA then migrates to the nucleus and turns into incorporated into the host genome.In a effective contamination, the provirus is transcribed into messenger RNA which without delay produces new virus, which in flip will infect different cells through the lytic cycle.
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the blood vessels and nerve in the figure are found within which type of space?
In the blood, vessels move waste away from organs and tissues and carry nutrients to those tissues. The vasculature's participation in oxygenating the organism serves as one of its main functions and important roles. As a result, there are five different types of blood vessels: arterioles, capillaries, veins, and venules.
Blood is transported from the left side of your heart to the rest of your body through the aorta, which is the main artery in your body, through a number of arteries. Oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste materials can travel through capillaries' thin walls and into and out of the tissue cells. Blood is delivered to human tissues by blood arteries, which act as conduits or channels. Two tube-like closed systems comprised of the vessels start and stop at the heart.
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This part of the middle ear vibrates and stimulates the bones of the ossicles when it perceives sounds waves.
The eardrum vibrates with incoming sound waves and sends the vibrations to three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) in the middle ear.
What is eardrum and its function?The eardrum (tympanic membrane) separates the outer ear from the middle ear. The membrane vibrates when sound waves hit it, starting the process of converting the sound waves into nerve impulses that travel to the brain.
Will your eardrum heal on its own?Most ruptured (perforated) eardrums heal within a few weeks without treatment. If there are signs of infection, antibiotic drip are prescribed by doctors. If the tear or hole in the eardrum does not heal on its own, treatment may include procedures to close the tear or hole.
Why do you feel your ears are clogged?Allergies, nasal congestion, pregnancy, air pressure, etc. are common reasons, ears feel clogged. Clogged ears usually go away in a few days. Decongestants and nasal sprays are the best remedies for ear clogs that cause allergies and runny noses.
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how is the proton gradient affected when the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane is increased
Increased mitochondrial membrane permeability results in a buildup of oxygen inside the mitochondrial matrix and a decrease in NADH oxidation as well as a decrease in the ability to pump hydrogens into the intermembrane gap ( this will stay in its reduced form).
What is mitochondrial membrane ?
As is typical of energy-transducing membranes, the mitochondrial membrane is a lamellar array rich in proteins. By fractionating the lamellae and isolating the numerous protein complexes buried within, the chemistry of its operation as a respiratory unit was ascertained. So that four electron-transport protein complexes may be resolved, the inner mitochondrial membrane can be divided and fractionated.
Initially, EMR was used to analyze these preparations in order to spectroscopically determine the metal ion composition of each of the protein complexes, which each include transition metal ions. The addition of exogenous substances like reductants and recognized enzyme substrates could change the EMR signal, it was soon discovered. Investigations of soluble proteins that were similar to those of the studies of mitochondrial protein complexes,63–73,98 were also conducted.
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the response of the dbms to a query is the ____.
The response of the dbms to a query is the Query result set.
When a database management system replies to an application This is known as a?The name for a response to a query which the DBMS provides to the application is a "query result set."
What function does a DBMS serve?Data storage administration:You are spared the challenging process of specifying and programming actual physical data properties because the DBMS constructs and controls the intricate structures needed for data storage.
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Handedness (whether you are right or left-handed) shows a 79% concordance in monozygotic twins and a 77% concordance in dizygotic twins. Using this information, do you expect handedness to have a large genetic influence?
No, although the concordance numbers are high, they are similar between MZ and DZ twins.
Yes, the concordance numbers are high in both MZ and DZ twins
Yes, the concordance numbers are high in both MZ twins
No, concordance is not 100%
Given this information, handedness is predicted to have a significant genetic component.
What exactly are monozygotic twins?Monozygotic twins, commonly referred to as identical twins, are created when a single egg is fertilized by a single sperm, resulting in the fertilized egg dividing into two. The genomes of identical twins are the same, and they are always the same gender. When one sperm and one egg are combined, monozygotic twins are the result. When two sperm and two eggs are combined, dizygotic twins are produced.
When a single egg cell and a single sperm cell fertilize each other, MZ twins, also referred to as identical twins, are created. Early in development, the resulting zygote divides into two, giving rise to the development of two distinct embryos.
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At what point did the two groups of anthropods split, and why?
Hexapoda (insects and springtails), Chelicerata (arachnids), Crustacea (crustaceans), and Myriapoda (myriapods) are the four subphyla of extant forms that make up the phylum Arthropoda.
What is meant by Arthropods?Any member of the invertebrate animal group (Arthropoda), which includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans, that has a segmented body, jointed limbs, a typically chitinous exoskeleton that sheds at regular intervals, and a ventral chain of ganglia connecting to the dorsal anterior brain.
Animals with joined legs are known as arthropods. Arthropoda, the name of the phylum, refers to invertebrates with jointed legs and an exoskeleton.
The existence of numerous joints, a chitinous exoskeleton, segmentation, and an open circulatory system define an arthropod as a living invertebrate. The internal organs of the organisms are shielded by the chitinous exoskeleton.
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a mutation that occurs in the gametes of a organism will most likely be transferred to which of the following?
1.siblings of the organism
2.Offspring of the organism
3.The other organisms living nearby
4. The mating partner of the organism
An organism's progeny will almost certainly inherit any mutation that occurs in the organism's gametes.
Option d is correct.
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can be the result of errors made during DNA replication in daughter cells or environmental influences like UV light and cigarette smoke.
There are various kinds of mutations, such as frameshift mutations, point mutations, and chromosomal abnormalities. These have the ability to alter DNA-derived proteins.
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the binding and release of sodium or potassium ions are due to conformational changes in the protein.
Yes it is True, the sodium-potassium pump is a trans-membrane protein.
What is sodium-potassium pump?
The sodium-potassium pump system transports sodium and potassium ions up and down steep concentration gradients. It pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid while pumping two potassium ions into the cell where potassium levels are high.
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?
The Na+ K+-ATPase pump aids in the preservation of membrane potential and osmotic balance in living cells. The gradients of concentration are resisted by the sodium and potassium. The gradient between a higher quantity of sodium extracellularly and a higher level of potassium intracellularly is maintained by the Na+ K+-ATPase pump.
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What one characteristic do all viruses have in common?
All viruses have nucleic acids in common.
A capsid is a protein covering that contains nucleic acids, which can be either DNA or RNA, that make up every virus. By procreating within the cells of the host, they all have an effect on various organisms. The virus is the smallest microbe. Some calculations state that 500 million rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold, could fit on the head of a pin. Being able to exclusively exist and reproduce inside the cells of other living things sets them apart from other living things. They only procreate within the host cell. A virus is made up of a genetic material core, either DNA or RNA, that is coated in a protein-based capsid that acts as its protective.
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what are reasons to be concerned about the loss of biodiversity worldwide? multiple select question.
Reasons to be concerned about the loss of biodiversity worldwideThe phrase biodiversity describes the diversity of life on Earth at all scales, from genes to ecosystems, and can also include the ecological, evolutionary, and cultural processes that support life.
The most intricate and crucial aspect of our world is its biodiversity.These frequently function as a component of a methodical endeavor that results in a significant alteration of a landscape's or a region's ecological trajectory. In order to obtain and produce food, alter the landscape to accommodate human settlement, and create possibilities for trading with other people in order to increase wealth, humans may alter the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems they depend on as human populations increase. Usually, these processes are accompanied with biodiversity losses.
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the giant amoeba ____________________ can be ____________________ micrometers in diameter
Amoeboid species and cells have a wide range of sizes.Only 2.3 to 3 micrometers in diameter, or within the range of many bacteria, is the ocean amoeboid Massisteria voersi.
How big is an amoeba in diameter?The average amoeba size ranges from 2.3 micrometers to 2,000 micrometers.Massisteria voersi, a marine amoeboid, has a diameter of only 2.3 to 3 micrometers.
What amoeba is the tiniest?Disk-shaped Dictyostelium In addition to being known as a slime mould, the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum also goes by the more endearing name Dicty.The most of the time, Dicty exists as a solitary cell, searching the vegetation for bacteria to consume.
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which of the following types of cells, found in connective tissue, are the most abundant?
The most prevalent form of connective tissue cells are fibroblasts. Both fibers and an amorphous ground substance are produced by them.
Only the oval nuclei are typically visible. The aforementioned fibers are found in close proximity to these cells. Fibroblasts are visible in the tendon as elongate nuclei situated in between collagen fibers.
Although they are often categorized among the connective tissues, skeletal tissues, cartilage, and bone have highly specific structures and functions that are discussed in Chapter 5. Similar to the general connective tissues, these specialized varieties are distinguished by their extracellular matrix, which constitutes the bulk of the tissues and is in charge of their characteristics.
Compared to cells found in ordinary connective tissues, resident cells are unique. Both mature chondrocytes and chondroblasts, which produce the matrix, are found in cartilage. Osteoblasts create the matrix of the bone. Osteocytes, their mature progeny, are embedded within the matrix, which they assist in mineralizing, renewing, and maintaining.
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QUESTION - Which cell type is most abundant in connective tissue?
A. Macrophages
B. Adipocyte
C. White blood cell
D. Melanocyte
E. Fibroblast
when two true-breeding plants that differ in a single character are crossed, the monohybrids display the trait, and the trait is masked.
A monohybrid cross occurs when fertilization takes place between two true-breeding parents that only differ in one trait, and the offspring are monohybrids as a result.
Mendel created each characteristic using seven monohybrid crossings with opposing characters.The phenotypic ratios can also be determined if the mode of inheritance (dominant or recessive) is known.Each parent contributes one kind of allele to a monohybrid cross between two true-breeding parents. There can only be one genotype in this situation. Yellow seeds are present in all YY progeny.All of the F1 hybrid progeny had yellow seeds when true-breeding plants were crossed, when one parent had yellow seeds and the other had green seeds. Because both of the parental pea plants produced gametes with the identical genetic information, they consistently produced genuine offspring in monohybrid.To know more about breeding check the below link:
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Label the following diagram of chromosomes that have undergone crossing-over: recombined chromosome parental chromosome after cytokinesls II (carnetes) metaphase Il metaphase
Chromosomes that have been crossed:
Metaphase IMetaphase IIAfter Cytokinesis II (gametes)Parental ChromosomesRecombines ChromosomesThe diagrams are in the picture.
Meiosis recombination is a recombination process that occurs in eukaryotic cells during the process of meiosis. In some respects, the mechanism of meiotic recombination is similar to that of homologous recombination in bacteria, although the initial steps are different. The process of meiotic recombination in eukaryotes begins with a double-strand break on one of the chromosomes.
The two cycles of meiosis are referred to as meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis I is a reduction division because there is a reduction in the number of chromosomes, while meiosis II is an equalization division. Each cycle has prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In one cycle of meiosis, DNA replication occurs twice and the cytoplasm divides twice, resulting in four haploid products, none of which are genetically identical. The result is four genetically distinct haploid cells.
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Which statement best describes the influence that parents have on whether or not offspring inherit a genetically inherited trait? A. Each parent contributes two alleles. B. Each parent contributes one allele. C. Each parent contributes one chromosome. D. Each parent contributes two chromosomes.
Each parent contributes one allele describes the influence that parents have on whether or not offspring inherit a genetically inherited trait.
What is inherit a genetically inherited trait?Allele is a form of gene present on the chromosome. Human have 2 alleles for a trait on a chromosome. Each parent contributes one of its allele to the progeny. The alleles for the gene are present on the same locus of chromosomes.The alleles are either dominant or recessive. The contribution of alleles and the expression of trait decide the alleles of offspring.The phenotype is determined by the allele expressed as short or tall and human ABO blood type.An allele is sequence of DNA. The organism having two same alleles are homozygous and having two different alleles are heterozygous.All traits of individuals are determined by specific genes of that trait. For example, there is a certain gene for height, certain gene for eye color, face shape etc.Genes are the units of hereditary, and for every trait there is one gene in every organism. However, one gene is present in two alternative forms called alleles in an organism. For example: There is a trait height, a person has two alleles for the height gene, one allele is for short height, and other allele is for tall height. The trait of tallness is dominant over the trait of shortness, Therefore, this person will have tall height.Now the alleles are transmitted from parents to offspring. Every parent contributes one allele for a specific trait, in the process and transmit it to offspring.The allele which will be dominant will be expressed while the one that is recessive will e suppressed.Therefore, option D is the right answer.
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Which type of noncovalent interaction supports the double helix of DNA, and produces the base pairings A-T and G-C?
a. ion-dipole interactions
b. dipole-dipole forces
c. ion-ion interactions
d. london dispersion forces
e. hydrogen bonding
DNA's double helix is supported by hydrogen bonds, which also provide the base pairings A-T and G-C.
When the DNA helix is split apart for replication, and two strands stable?Topoisomerases (red) (red) minimize torsional strain brought on by DNA double helix unwinding; DNA helicase (yellow) breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary base-pairs; single-strand binding proteins (SSBs) stabilize the split strands and stop them from coming back together.
What is the enzyme responsible for dividing the two strands of DNA during replication?The Enzymes called helicases can modify or bind to nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes. Both DNA and RNA have helicases. Because they convert double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA, DNA helicases are necessary for DNA replication.
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6.8. In SIR models; what two things drive the transmission rate, 8? a)The frequency of contact between susceptible and infected individuals and the length of the infectious period b)The frequency of contact between susceptible and infected individuals and the probability of infection per contact event c)The length of the infectious period and the probability of infection per contact event d)The number of recovered individuals and the probability of infection per contact event Submit
The likelihood of infection per contact event and the frequency of contact between susceptible and infected people are what determine the transmission rate.
How do the Sir models function?
The SIR model classifies every member of the population into one of three groups at any one time: those who are prone to illness, those who are infected, and those who have been "removed."
What is the SIR model's core relationship?One of the simplest compartmental models is the SIR model, named after its three compartments (susceptible, infected, and recovered). According to this hypothesis, the infection process starts when a susceptible person comes into contact with an infected person.
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which of the following is a physical barrier to microbial infection in innate immunity? choose one: a. antimicrobial peptides b. superoxide radicals c. tightly linked epithelial cells d. acidic ph
The solution is to safeguard the body against microbial infection.The epithelial cells that make up the physical barrier will typically be keratinized to further strengthen their durability.
They will physically obstruct the infection by blocking the cells, by to safeguard the body against microbial infection preventing it from penetrating deeper into the body. Immune cells, not epithelial cells, should be in charge of producing histamine and antibodies.All around the body, endothelia, mucous membranes, and skin act as physical barriers to stop germs from getting to possible infection sites.Physical barriers: Many microbial infections encounter mechanical barriers from them. These come in two varieties: mucous membranes and skin. Physical barriers: These include things like sweat, nose hair, lysozyme, stomach acidity, and the presence of these substances.The skin and mucous membranes on the body act as excellent barriers to prevent the initial attachment or penetration of microbes due to their structural integrity. Since bacteria cannot penetrate intact skin on their own, the skin serves as a particularly efficient barrier against them.
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use the figure to compare the quantity of carbon present in the atmosphere to that present in fossil fuels. what percent of the carbon in the fossil fuel compartment would double the amount of carbon in the atmosphere if it was burned?
When burned, 0.003% of the carbon in the fossil fuel compartment would cause a twofold increase in atmospheric carbon.
What is carbon used for?Coal, methane gas, and crude oil are all utilized as fuels (which is used to make gasoline). It is employed to create a variety of products, including plastic and metal alloys (a combination of carbon and iron). Even black ink for printers and painting is produced with it.
Why is carbon so important?All life on Earth depends on the atom carbon. Whether these life forms use charcoal to aid in food production or expel carbon through respiration, both intake and output of carbon are a constant.
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A species that is thought of as r-selected
will have all of the following
characteristics EXCEPT
A. many small offspring
B. high parental care
C. high population growth rate
D. early reproductive age
Answer:
B. High parental care
Explanation:
i need 3 good research qwestions for ducks i have to ask 3 qwestions and awnser them.
The 3 good research questions are How many eggs are laid by ducks annually?, Can Ducks Swim Without Water? and Should I Get a Male Duck?.
1. How many eggs are laid by ducks annually?
Depending on the type of duck you have, there are different options for an answer.
2. Can Ducks Swim Without Water?
Contrary to popular belief, ducks do not always require daily access to a pond or pool of any kind. Although they enjoy swimming, ducks are not required to do so.
3. Should I Get a Male Duck?
Depending on your reasons for keeping ducks, the answer to this query will vary. You would be alright with simply females if you were keeping them for eggs, meat, or even as pets. However, you'll need a drake if you're interested in hatching duck eggs. In this situation, choosing one drake for every four to six hens would be the greatest choice.
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What body region of the mollusk is makes the shell of the organism?
a. Head/Foot
b. Mantle
c. Shell
d. Visceral Mass
3. Allostichaster polyplax is a species of sea star that reprodu
Answer: The mantle
Explanation:
Mollusks also have an extension of the body wall called the mantle. This portion of the animal's anatomy is responsible for secreting the shell. The mantle encloses the mantle cavity which contains the Ctenidia (gills), anus and excretory pores.
a couple has decided to have a child through artificial insemination. they asked the physician for sex selection of the child
The choice of sex should not be based on preference However, it is appropriate to choose sperm based on sex in order to prevent a sex-related inheritable disease.
How is synthetic insemination carried out?"intrauterine insemination (IUI)" and is the most popular.
Can artificial insemination result in pregnancy?Couples with donor sperm are those who use intrauterine insemination the most frequently.IUI is the most popular method for women who need to use donated sperm to conceive to become pregnant.Before the IUI procedure, frozen donor sperm samples are obtained from accredited labs and thawed.
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based on their work with insertions and deletions of nucleotides in viral dna, crick and brenner were able to determine that the genetic code is read in increments of nucleotides.
Crick and Brenner determined that the genetic code was read in increments of three nucleotides.
Why does the genetic code is called triplet?
The same codon cannot code for more than one amino acid and for twenty proteins that are present. If the codons are triplet there will be 64 codons which are used to code for 20 amino acids. Hence, the genetic code is a triplet.
The three major codons are:
UAGUAAUGAThese codons terminate the polypeptide chain. Hence, these are called stop codons.
What is a frameshift mutation?
It is a change in the DNA caused by the insertion or deletion of fragments in a DNA sequence. This affects the reading of the genetic code. If one of the nucleotides is deleted from the sequence, then the entire reading of the sequence is changed.
Hence, Francis crick and Sydney Brenner concluded the order of three nucleotides in DNA through insertion (addition of one or more nucleotides to the DNA) and deletion (removal of at least one nucleotide in a gene).
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inhibitors of the electron transport system, such as cyanide (cn-) and carbon monoxide (co), inhibit complex iv by binding to the heme iron cofactor. what is the resulting effect on oxidative phosphorylation?
The resulting effect on oxidative phosphorylation is that electron transport is disabled, and no protons are pumped.
In proteins containing heme, cyanide binds to Fe³⁺. This prevents the electron transport chain's terminal cytochrome complex IV from functioning. Cyanide's blockade of complex IV depletes ATP, which leads to cell death. Cytochrome a3 that has been reduced cannot be reoxidized by oxygen. As a result, both cellular respiration and ATP generation are hindered, effectively depriving the cells, tissues, and ultimately the entire body of oxygen. Reduced oxygen saturation and metabolic acidosis develop as a result of hypoxia. The severity of cyanide poisoning is indicated by the degree of lactic acidosis. Plasma lactate is a sign of cyanide poisoning in a collapsed person. Up to 98% of the cyanide present in the bloodstream during severe cyanide poisonings is firmly attached to red blood cells.
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researchers recorded that a certain bacteria population declined from 270,000 to 200 in 36 hours. at this rate of decay, how many bacteria will there be in 18 hours? round to the nearest whole number
researchers recorded that a certain bacteria population declined from 270,000 to 200 in 36 hours. at this rate of decay, 3985200 bacteria will there be in 18 hours
What is the rate of decay?The rate of radioactive decay, also known as the rate of decay, tells us how quickly the decaying nuclei change over time. The activity of the unstable atom will be revealed if the decay rate is taken as an absolute value.
Given that,
A = 200
A₀= 270000
K=?
t= 36 hours
A=A₀[tex]e^k[/tex]t
Substitute the values in the formula.
200 = 270000 [tex]e^k[/tex] 36
Solve for k.
Divide each side by 270000.
7.41 × 10⁻⁴ = ek 36
Take the natural log of each side.
or, ln (7.41 × 10⁻⁴ ) = lnek 36
or, ln (7.41 × 10⁻⁴ ) =36 k lne
or, ln (7.41 × 10⁻⁴ ) = 36 k
or, -7.21 = 36 k
or, k = - 0.2003
We use this rate of growth to predict the number of bacteria there will be in 18 hours.
A=A₀[tex]e^k[/tex]t
Putting the values we get -
or, A = 270,000 × (0.82) × (18)
or, A = 3985200
At this rate of decay, researchers can expect 3985200 bacteria.
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a client has been experiencing a decrease in serum calcium. after diagnostics, the physician proposes the calcium level fluctuation is due to altered parathyroid function. what is the typical number of parathyroid glands?
There are typically four parathyroid glands in each person.
The thyroid gland contains four parathyroid glands, which secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Another hormone, calcitonin, is secreted by so-called C cells that are scattered throughout the thyroid gland, parathyroids, and thymus. The preservation of calcium homeostasis is significantly influenced by both hormones.
PTH, a polypeptide secreted in response to hypocalcemia, increases renal calcium reabsorption, mobilizes calcium from bones by stimulating osteoclastic activity, stimulates the absorption of calcium from the small intestine in the presence of sufficient amounts of vitamin D, and lowers plasma inorganic phosphate levels by inhibiting renal phosphate reabsorption.
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Dominance hierarchies are uncommon among folivores because food is clumped together. individuals must travel far for food sources. one individual monopolizes leaves for feeding. leaves tend to be evenly distributed.
Because food is grouped together, folivores don't typically have hierarchies of dominance. For food supplies, people must go far.
A dominance hierarchy is a type of animal social organization in which there is a linear or nearly linear ranking, with each species being dominant over those beneath it and submissive to those above it.
When members of animal social groups interact, a dominance hierarchy—previously and informally known as a pecking order—is a type of social hierarchy that develops. Sometimes, a submissive lower-ranking person is referred to as a beta, and a dominant higher-ranking person is referred to as an alpha. Depending on the species, different interactions, such as ritualized hostility displays or outright physical violence, might lead to dominance. better source is required Members of social dwelling groups are probably in competition for access to scarce resources and mate opportunities. Relative rank is created between people of the same sex, and instead of fighting every time they encounter, higher ranking people frequently have more access to resources and mates.
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Why is gaining electrons called reduction?
Gaining electrons is called reduction because the electron gain is associated with a decrease in the oxidation state of the atoms involved. In other words, the atom has been reduced from its original oxidation state.
It is the opposite of oxidation, which is the process of losing electrons. In a chemical reaction, when one substance gains electrons, it is said to be reduced, while when a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. This is because the oxidation state is determined by the number of electrons in a substance, and when the number of electrons increases, the oxidation state decreases.
Oxidation is the process of losing electrons, while reduction is the process of gaining electrons. Oxidation occurs when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons, making it more positively charged. Reduction occurs when an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, making it more negatively charged.
Electron-reduction is a type of chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, resulting in the reduction of one molecule and the oxidation of another.
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