The four hallmarks of successful gene delivery are Targeting the right cells, activating the gene, integrating the gene into the cells, and avoiding harmful side effects.
Target the right cells. If you want to deliver a gene into cells of the liver, it shouldn't wind up in the big toe.
Integrate the gene in the cells. You need to ensure that the gene integrates into, or becomes part of, the host cell's genetic material, or that the gene finds another way to survive in the nucleus without being trashed.
Activate the gene. A gene must go to the cell's nucleus and be "turned on," meaning that it is transcribed and translated to make the protein product it encodes. For gene delivery to be successful, the protein must function properly.
Avoid harmful side effects. Any time you put an unfamiliar biological substance into the body, there is a risk that it will be toxic or that the body will mount an immune response against it.
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aamc 2022 free practice exam bbquestion a particular diploid organism is heterozygous in each of 3 unlinked genes. considering only these 3 genes, how many different types of gametes can this organism produce?
A diploid organism is one that has two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. A diploid organism that is heterozygous for a gene has two different alleles for that gene, one inherited from each parent.
If an organism is heterozygous in each of the 3 unlinked genes, it means that for each of these genes, the organism has two different alleles, one inherited from each parent. Since these genes are unlinked, meaning they are located on different chromosomes, the alleles for each gene are inherited independently of one another.
In terms of gamete production, each parent contributes one allele for each gene to the offspring. The number of different types of gametes that can be produced by a heterozygous organism for a particular gene is 2.
For 3 unlinked genes, the number of different types of gametes that can be produced is 2^3 = 8. So, the diploid organism in this scenario can produce 8 different types of gametes.
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true/false. Ribosomes provide the scaffolding on which tRNAs interact with mRNA during translation of an mRNA sequence to a chain of amino acids. A ribosome has three binding sites, each of which has a distinct function in the tRNA-mRNA interactions.
It will Leave site E open because on In site P, the codon with A U A at the bottom goes at the place, or it's the one that has three things on top rather than the one circle.
On the other hand In site A the codon with U C C at the bottom goes at the place , and it has just a circle attached to the top. In general, ribosomal subunits gets assemble together and forms a sandwich like structure on the strand of mRNA, from this place they starts to attract tRNA molecules tethered to amino acids (circles). As a result a long chain of amino acids molecules ger emerged when ribosome starts decoding the mRNA sequence results to polypeptide or new protein.
So , Ribosomes helps to provide the scaffolding structure on tRNAs that interact with mRNA during translation of an mRNA sequence to the amino acid chain .
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which gland is responsable for secreting sweat and is the most numerous type of gland in the intergument?
Eccrine sweat glands responsable for secreting sweat and is the most numerous type of gland in the intergument.
Eccrine sweat glands, which open directly onto the skin's surface, cover the bulk of the body. Apocrine glands emerge from the skin's surface through the hair follicle. Apocrine glands develop in areas with a lot of hair follicles, such the scalp, armpits, and groyne. Eccrine sweat glands are what induce hyperhidrosis, while apocrine glands may also be implicated. The sympathetic nervous system, which also controls the eccrine sweat gland, controls body temperature. When internal temperatures rise, eccrine glands secrete water to the skin's surface, where it evaporates to dissipate heat.
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what would the effect be if a cell made defective tyrosine kinase proteins that were unable to dimerize?
A cell that does not have a functioning receptor tyrosine kinase would not be able to effectively respond to the signaling molecule.
An enzyme known as a tyrosine kinase is capable of transferring a phosphate group from ATP to specific protein tyrosine residues within a cell. In many aspects of cellular operation, it serves as an "on" or "off" button.
The cell with the defective receptor will not respond to the binding of the signaling molecule, which will have an impact on cell-to-cell communications as well as cell growth and motility. As a result, a defect in the production of receptor kinase proteins will eventually result in impaired growth and the end of intercellular communication.
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1. (i) What biological knowledge or study is required in dealing with locusts that infest a maize
(ii) State the functions of the following cell structures.
(a) Sapvacuole.
(b) Nucleolus.
Answer:
Hope this helps found them on the web.
Explanation:
I- Control of grasshopper sand locusts has traditionally relied on synthetic insecticides, and for emergency situations this is unlikely to change. However, a grow-ing awareness of the environmental issues associated with acridid control as well as the high costs of emergency control are expanding the demand for biological control. In particular, preventive, integrated control strategies with early interventions will reduce the financial and environmental costs associated with large-scale plague treatments.The recent development of effective oil formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae sporesin Africa, Australia, and Brazil opens new possibilities for environmentally safe con-trol operations. Metarhizium biopesticide kills 70%–90% of treated locusts within14–20 days, with no measurable impact on nontarget organisms. An integrated pest management strategy, with an emphasis on the use of Metarhizium, that incorporate srational use of chemical pesticides with biological options such as the micro sporid-ian Nosema locustae and the hymenopteran egg parasitoids Scelio spp., has become arealistic option.
ii- a) It creates a sealed compartment within the cell that is filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes). It stores food and a range of nutrients that the cell requires to thrive, as well as waste products that protect the cell from contamination
b)The primary function of the nucleolus is in facilitating ribosome biogenesis, through the processing and assembly of rRNA into prerbosomal particles. OR is where ribosomes are made.
the somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. how do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46? the somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. how do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46? the genes on this plant's largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome. this plant is more like animals than like another plant that has 10 total chromosomes. this plant's sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory. this plant's sex cells would have 92 chromosomes when entering meiosis.
The correct response is C) Human and privet chromosome genes differ significantly.
Humans and privet shrubs both have 46 chromosomes per diploid cell. Only mitosis takes place for privy chromosomes. Privet chromosomes have unique shapes. Genes on human chromosomes are arranged differently. The genes between the two species differ noticeably. It is incorrect to compare the two species because their chromosome shapes differ significantly. Privets, also referred to as Ligustrum, are quick-growing, low-maintenance evergreen shrubs. Enjoy the late spring or summer when tiny, fragrant white flowers bloom. These hardy plants can withstand heat, pollution, and drought as well as pests, deer, and disease. They work well as privacy hedging.
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the laboratory received a specimen that did not contain enough serum to perform the required blood test. how is this reported? review later qns sos q qs
the laboratory received a specimen that did not contain enough serum to perform the required blood test. this is reported as QNS (Quantity Not Sufficient).
"Quantity Not Sufficient" is abbreviated as QNS. When there are insufficient specimens for the laboratory to perform the requested test, the specimen is reported as QNS (s). The amount of blood collected in the tube does not correspond to the proper blood :anticoagulant ratio. Incorrect anticoagulant ratios can lead to inaccurate test results. The use of expired tubes with reduced vacuum (i.e. there is insufficient vacuum to fill properly). Difficult patient drawings Not ensuring that the tube is completely filled before removing it from the needle and tube holder. Check that the tube is at least halfway full for most serum and plasma tests.
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this tissue type can perform absorption or secretion in the body.
In your body, epithelial tissue can perform protection, secretion, and absorption.
The epithelium, which is the main tissue in glands, is a type of body tissue that covers all of your body's internal and external surfaces, lines body cavities, and lines hollow organs. The functions of epithelial tissue might vary depending on where it is in the body, including absorption, secretion, and defense.
The smallest biological unit capable of independent life is a cell. Cells make up all living things, including the tissues in your body.
Kidney tubules and glandular (secreting) tissue frequently contain simple cuboidal epithelium.
Apical cilia or microvilli are typically present in simple columnar epithelium, which is frequently specialized for absorption. Your intestines and stomach are lined by these cells.
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in a population of seals in the arctic ocean, the total population is 1,500 seals. the birth rate of the seal population is 12/100, and the death rate is 8/100. how many seals were added to the population in one year?
The one year of population is 48
How to calculate population in one year?Step 1
Total population =1500
for every 100 seals, there are 12 births
so 12*12= 144
for every 100 seals there are 8 deaths
so 8*12= 96
Step 2
144-96=48
the answer is 48
so the one year of population is 48
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a person carrying disease-producing bacteria or viruses with no recognizable symptoms of the disease is called a(n):
Asymptomatic refers to a person who is infected with disease-causing bacteria or viruses but shows no outward signs of the illness.
What does asymptomatic stage mean?There aren't any symptoms when a condition is asymptomatic. When you: Have overcome a disease or ailment and are free of symptoms, you are deemed asymptomatic. Despite not displaying any symptoms, you have a disease or condition (such as glaucoma or early-stage high blood pressure).
When a person tests positive but has no symptoms, how long are they infectious?In the first five days after the symptoms begin, you are most communicable (or contagious). The 48 hours prior to the onset of your symptoms are also a transmission window for COVID-19. Think of the five days following a positive test as your most contagious period if you never exhibit any symptoms.
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Which of the following is used by plants
to attract pollinators?
A. ovary size
B. stamen length
C. sweet-tasting fruit
D. cellulose
Answer:
C. sweet-tasting fruit
Explanation:
Natural selection acts only on traits that are _____.a. advantageous in a certain environmentb. advantageousc. heritabled. disadvantageous
Only heritable features in the population are affected by natural selection, which favours b. advantageous alleles by increasing their frequency in the population while favouring detrimental alleles by decreasing their frequency. This process is known as adaptive evolution.
Evolution is the shift through time in the inherited traits of biological populations. Genes, which are transmitted from parent to offspring during reproduction, express themselves in the form of certain traits. As a result of genetic recombination and mutation, variation frequently exists within a particular population. When these variations are subjected to evolutionary processes like natural selection (which includes sexual selection) and genetic drift, they give rise to evolution, which is when particular traits within a population start to become more or less prevalent. A change in heritable features emerges across successive generations as a result of the shifting evolutionary pressures that determine whether a trait is frequent or rare within a population. Every level of biological organisation, including has experienced the emergence of biodiversity as a result of this process of evolution.
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there is a heard of deer in a field that has an area of 6km^2 and a population of 54 deer. what is the population density of this herd of deer?
Which of the following individuals developed a staining method to identify classes of microorganisms
An individual cell or a collection of cells can be a microorganism, also referred to as a microbe. Hans Gram developed a staining method to categorize the bacteria. Therefore, option 1 is the appropriate one.
Staining is a technique used in microbiology to enlarge and contrast a biological item at the microscopic scale. Stains and dyes are used to highlight the specimen at the microscopic level so that it can be examined at a higher magnification for histological examinations and diagnostic purposes.
In 1884, the physician Hans Christian Gram conducted study on the etiology (cause) of respiratory illnesses. In order to find the bacterium that causes a lethal form of pneumonia, he created a technique to identify bacteria in lung tissue removed from deceased patients.
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The complete question is:
Which of the following individuals developed a staining method to identify classes of microorganisms?
1) Gram
2) Whittaker
3) Woese
4) Mendel
the trna anticodon, gac, is complementary to the mrna codon with the sequence _____.
CAG
CTG
GAC
CUG
TCG
The correct option is D ; CUG , We may use a codon table to identify whether the codon CUG codes for Leu or leucine.
Ribosomes will read codons on an mRNA sequence to produce a functioning protein with the aid of transfer RNAs. Any CUG codon inside an mRNA sequence will only code for leucine and nothing else.
During translation, a free ribosome will read an mRNA sequence and manufacture a polypeptide that will become a functional protein. The mRNA sequence will be read as codons, which are three-nucleotide sequences. One amino acid will be coded by one codon. An amino acid, on the other hand, may be coded for by several codons.
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which statement is true about the chemical elements found in living things? question 5 options: only haploid cells contain hydrogen and carbon unicellular organisms have different types of elements from multicellular organisms. animal cells and plant cells contain very different elements. all cells contain the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The statement that is true about the types of all cells contain the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are macro-elements?Macro-elements are elements that are needed by living organisms in large quantities.These elements are present in living cells to aid in growth and development. Examples of these elements include;CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenTherefore, the statement that is true about the types of chemical elements in living cells is that all cells contain the same key elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.Macro elements include chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron. The trace elements include cobalt, boron, chromium, copper, sulfur, iodine, fluoride, selenium, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum Macronutrients, or macros, are essential nutrients the body needs in large quantities to remain healthy. Macronutrients provide the body with energy, help prevent disease, and allow the body to function correctly. There are three main types of macronutrients: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.To learn more about macro-elements refers to:
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glucose and ? are the product of photosynthesis .
Answer:
glucose and oxygen are the products
Answer:
hope it helps
Explanation:
The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
5. describe the trend in the presence of smooth muscle as one proceeds from the larger structures of the respiratory tree, to the smaller structures. what effect does each of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ans) have on this smooth muscle?
As one proceeds from the larger structures of the respiratory tree, such as the trachea, to the smaller structures, such as the bronchioles, the presence of smooth muscle decreases.
The trachea and bronchi contain a thick layer of smooth muscle, allowing for strong contractions and dilation of the airways. However, as the bronchioles become smaller, the smooth muscle layer becomes thinner and less prominent.
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, have different effects on the smooth muscle of the respiratory tree. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and causes the airways to constrict and the heart rate to increase. This can lead to bronchoconstriction, making it harder to breathe. On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response and causes the airways to dilate and the heart rate to decrease. This can lead to bronchodilation, making it easier to breathe.
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At the end of the 19th century, what natural diater occurred throughout Pennylvania a a reult of the logging indutry cutting down about 5 million tree each year
More America dies in fires each year than in all other natural catastrophes combined. At minimum 80% of all burn deaths happen in residences, making fire the third most common unintentional death in the home. Each year, more than 1.5 million fires are reported.
What is the logging business?The activity, activity, or business of felling trees and moving the logs to produce items.
What are catastrophes?Disasters are significant setbacks to a community's ability to function that go beyond what it can handle on its own. Natural, man-made, and technical risks, as well as a number of other variables that affect a community's exposure and vulnerability, can all result in disaster.
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Pedigree chart of albinism. Brainliest!!!
In the given pedigree chart, the individuals with albinism have alleles dd whereas normal individuals may have alleles DD or Dd. Since albinism is a recessive trait, only homozygous dd individuals will be affected.
What is Albinism?Albinism is a genetic condition that results in a lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. People with albinism may have very pale skin, white hair, and light-colored eyes. Albinism can affect all ethnic and racial groups.
It is a lifelong condition that is usually present from birth. Albinism can cause physical and mental health challenges, such as poor vision and sensitivity to sunlight. People with albinism can benefit from specialized medical care, including regular checkups, vision therapy, and sun protection.
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the chart below shows a sequence of events that was observed at an abandoned ski center over a period of years: ecological succession
decreased biodiversity
biological evolution
environmental trade-off
The chart shows the sequence of events that occurred over a period of years at an abandoned ski center. Initially, the ski center was abandoned, leading to a decrease in human activity and an increase in available resources for other organisms.
1. Initial Abandonment of Ski Center: The ski center is abandoned, leading to a decrease in human activity and an increase in available resources for other organisms.
2. Ecological Succession: Without human interference, plant and animal species begin to move in and replace the formerly human-dominated environment. This leads to an increase in biodiversity and the emergence of new ecosystems.
3. Decreased Biodiversity: As the new species compete for resources, some species become extinct or are out-competed by other species. This leads to a decrease in overall biodiversity in the environment.
4. Biological Evolution: With the decrease in biodiversity, the surviving species begin to adapt to their environment in order to better survive. This leads to the emergence of new species and further increases in biodiversity.
5. Environmental Trade-Off: As the number of species increases, there is an inherent trade-off between species for resources. This leads to competition for resources, which can result in the extinction of certain species.
The chart shows the sequence of events that occurred over a period of years at an abandoned ski center. Initially, the ski center was abandoned, leading to a decrease in human activity and an increase in available resources for other organisms. This led to ecological succession and increased biodiversity, followed by a decrease in biodiversity due to competition between species. Biological evolution then took place, leading to the emergence of new species and further increases in biodiversity. Finally, an environmental trade-off occurred, resulting in competition for resources and the extinction of certain species.
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