Autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that involves involuntary physiological processes.
It contains three anatomically distinct divisions - sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) contain both afferent and efferent fibers that provide sensory input and motor output, respectively, to the central nervous system. Generally, the SNS and PNS motor pathways consist of a two-neuron series: a preganglionic neuron with a cell body in the CNS and a postganglionic neuron with a cell body in the periphery that innervates target tissues.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive, web-like structure that is capable of functioning independently of the remainder of the nervous system. It contains over 100 million neurons of over 15 morphologies, greater than the sum of all other peripheral ganglia, and is chiefly responsible for the regulation of digestive processes.
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a plant is placed near a window. instead of growing straight up, the plant grows toward the window. what is this plant demonstrating?(1 point) responses gravitropism gravitropism thigmotropism thigmotropism phototropism phototropism dormancy dormancy
This plant is demonstrating phototropism, the growth of a plant in response to light. Phototropism allows the plant to optimize its exposure to light for photosynthesis.
phototropism is the growth of a plant in response to light. It is a type of tropism, which is a growth response in which a plant or organism moves or orientates itself in response to an external stimulus. Phototropism is the response of a plant to light, where the plant will grow towards the light source. It is a response that allows the plant to optimize its exposure to light for photosynthesis, the process by which the plant converts light energy into chemical energy. Phototropism is mediated by a hormone called auxin, which is produced in the apical meristem and redistributes unevenly in the stem of the plant.
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Which of the following statements is supported by the trophic relationships shown in the diagram?Fishes eat elephant seals.Copepods eat krill.Leopard seals eat elephant seals.Squids eat fishes.
Squids eat fishes statements is supported by the trophic relationships.
As a predator, the enormous squid swoops down into the murky ocean depths in search of prey.
Since the enormous squid displayed at Te Papa was caught on a toothfish longline and was still linked to the fish it had been eating, we are aware that toothfish are a common meal for colossal squid. Squid injury is frequently visible in toothfish taken on longlines. The giant squid is obviously a skilled hunter, especially at night. Adult toothfish can grow to be up to two meters long. The enormous squid lowers its arms and tentacles as it lunges forward to capture its food, propelling itself with its enormous fins.
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The rate with which an action potential travels along an axon _______.- is measured in meters/sec- is called the conduction velocity- is called the conduction velocity and is measured in volts/sec- is measured in volts/sec- is called the conduction velocity and is measured in meters/sec
The rate at which an action potential travels along an axon: is known as the conduction velocity which is measured in meters/sec.
Action potential is defined as the rapid fall and rise of the voltage across the plasma membrane of the neuron. The action potential is generated due to the influx or efflux of ions across the membrane. The action potential is required for transmission of signals across the neuron.
Axon is the slender long projection that emerges out from the nerve cell. It is responsible for carrying signals away from the cell body to another nerve cell. The ending portion of axon is called axon the axon terminal.
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the oxygenic pathway was a significant achievement in life. the oxygen comes from the photosynthesis cycle. specifically what event in photosynthesis provides the oxygen?
Plants make energy during photosynthesis by utilising sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. As a byproduct of this process, oxygen gas is released.
The oxygen in the air is produced by the catalytic centre of the multi-subunit enzyme photosystem II, which is responsible for the energy oxidation of water (PSII). Which of the following circumstances contributed to the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis? Energy sources used by photosynthetic organisms initially included ATP and NADPH. Light energy is used in oxygenic photosynthesis to convert water (H2O) absorbed by plant roots into CO2 and generate carbohydrates. In this process, the water is "oxidised," or loses electrons, while the CO2 is "reduction," or gains electrons. Carbohydrates are generated along with oxygen. The evolution of molecular oxygen occurs in photosynthetic organisms photosynthetic systems as a result of the splitting of Oxygen molecules in PSII. The consumption of O2 molecules, on the other hand, results from their reduction.
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Explain how the immune system uses the other body's other systems to protect the body. Please answer in a couple of sentences using proper grammar and mechanics.The immune system is essential for the body to live. The most important is the T helper cell. The immune system uses B and killer T cells to get rid of the virus. The antibodies connect to the virus and kill it. Once someone can kill a virus, it shares with other cells so all the cells can work together to kill the virus.
The immune system is required for the body to function. The T helper cell is the most crucial. To eliminate the virus, the immune system employs B and killer T cells. Antibodies bind to the virus and destroy it. Once a virus is killed, it is shared with other cells, allowing all cells to work together to eliminate the virus.
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism against disease. It recognises and responds to a broad variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and things such as wood splinters, separating them from the organism's own healthy tissue.
Many animals have two primary immune system subsystems. The innate immune system has a predetermined reaction to a wide range of events and stimuli. By learning to recognise chemicals it has previously seen, the adaptive immune system offers a personalised response to each stimulus. Both rely on molecules and cells to perform their functions.
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Regions that have similar climate characteristics can be widely spread apart, but typically have which of the following in common?Varying altitudes and similar precipitationCorresponding latitudes and continental locationsCorresponding temperature and wind patternsSimilar ocean currents and vegetation
how do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis i? how do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis i? the cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of dna. the cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of dna. the cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of dna. the cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of dna.
The cells at the completion of meiosis have option 1 half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA compared to cells in prophase of meiosis I.
This is because meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of four genetically distinct daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes. The other options are not true about the cells at the completion of meiosis.Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and is responsible for the production of eggs and sperm. It is a two-part process, consisting of meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, the cell undergoes a reduction in chromosome number, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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Which human activity causes the most harmful change in the natural environment? * a. Riding a bicycle. b. Swimming in the beach. c. Using a solar energy. d. Cutting down trees in the forest.
A human activity causes the most harmful change in the natural environment is Cutting down trees in the forest.
The impact of cutting down trees on the environmentcutting down trees indiscriminately has an impact on the environment. The following is an example of the answer key for class 3 theme material regarding the impact of cutting down trees on the environment, namely: The extinction of biodiversity. Animals that use trees as shelter and shelter are also affected.
Forests become deforested.Another impact of cutting trees carelessly is that forests become denuded. Trees that grow in the forest when cut down carelessly will cause the forest to be bare. As a result, the environment becomes increasingly arid, hotter, and loses oxygen supply.
Soil becomes infertileAs a result of cutting down trees carelessly, the soil becomes infertile. This happens because the soil absorbs too much sunlight so the conditions become very dry. The condition is exacerbated when it rains, because the nutrients contained in the soil are carried away by the flow of water.
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Please help!! if you don't know the answer then don't answer!! will report your answer if it is childish! dead serious...
some scientists claim that humans are responsible for the increase of co2 in the atmosphere. evaluate which system the increased co2 levels are likely to affect, and predict the effects of increasing atmospheric co2 on natural and agricultural ecosystems.
grading:
* the student explains the result of elevated co2 levels on the process it would affect most, either cellular respiration or photosynthesis. (2 points)
* the student explains the possible effect of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide on ecosystems. (2 points)
The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is likely to affect the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use energy from sunlight to convert CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen.
Elevated levels of Carbon diaoxide can increase the rate of photosynthesis, leading to faster growth and increased biomass in plants. However, the long-term effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on natural and agricultural ecosystems are complex and can have both positive and negative consequences. Positive effects include: Increased growth and productivity of crops and other plants, leading to higher yields and Increased water use efficiency in plants, which could lead to better crop growth in dry regions Negative effects include: Changes in the distribution and abundance of plant and animal species, Increased competition for resources among plants and animals changes in the timing of life cycle events (such as flowering and migration)Overall, the impacts of increasing atmospheric CO2 on natural and agricultural ecosystems are complex and multifaceted, and more research is needed to fully understand the potential consequences.
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27) what substance is secreted by the proximal-tubule cells and prevents the ph of urine from becoming too acidic? a) bicarbonate b) salt c) glucose d) ammonia e) naoh
Substance is secreted by the proximal-tubule cells and prevents the pH of urine from becoming too acidic Reabsorption of bicarbonate ion .
In general , After performing the filtration process at the glomerulus, when renal blood flow is transferred through a chain of peritubular capillaries, where transporters of the proximal tubules actively secrete the ureic toxins and harmful toxins in urine, it can also include protein-bound substances that cannot readily cross the membranes easily.
Hence , we can say that performing activity of carbonic anhydrase and II, the filtered bicarbonate also gets reabsorbed back into the blood via electromagnetic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1 with the collateral direction.
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The elbow is also referred to as the
Answer:
The answer is C) Olecranon
Explanation:
The olecranal skin refers to the loose skin at the bottom of your elbow join, the joint of your elbow is called the ulna, the carpus is the bunch of bones in your wrist, hence the name of carpal tunnel, and finally the os coxae is the hip bone
in a population with two alleles, b and b, the frequency of b is 0.56. what would be the frequency of the heterozygotes, assuming hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
In a population with two alleles, b and b, the frequency of b is 0.56. Assuming that the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the heterozygotes would be 0.44 (1 - 0.56).
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a mathematical model that states that the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of any evolutionary forces such as genetic drift, selection, or mutation. This model is based on five assumptions: no mutation, random mating, no migration, infinite population size and no natural selection. If these assumptions are met, then the population will be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
In a population with two alleles, b and b, the frequency of b is 0.56. The frequency of the heterozygotes (those individuals with one b and one b allele) can be calculated using the formula p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, where p is the frequency of allele b and q is the frequency of allele b. In this case, p = 0.56 and q = 1 - 0.56 = 0.44, so the frequency of the heterozygotes is 0.44.
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Select True or False: The type of nuclear process illustrated below is called electron capture. 138 62 sm
the statement is True. The type of nuclear process illustrated below is called electron capture. 138 62 sm+0 -1 β→138 61 Pm
An atom's inner orbital electron is absorbed inside the nucleus during the radioactive decay process known as electron capture. This is followed by the transformation of a proton into a neutron and the emission of a neutrino. The emission of Bremsstrahlung, distinctive x-ray emission, gamma rays, and Auger electrons accompany this decay process. Following is a nuclear process that represents electron capture decay: Typically, the parent nucleus's K or L shell is where the electron on the left side of the equation gets absorbed. Notice how the offspring nucleus's atomic number has decreased while its mass number has remained constant. Inverse beta decay is a common name for the degradation pathway, which resembles beta decay.
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In flowering plants, plasmodesmata are narrow channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. An explanation of how plant cells communicate across cell walls will most likely refer to the diffusion through plasmodesmata of which of the following
The diffusion through plasmodesmata is Small, water-soluble molecules. Small water soluble molecules often cross the membrane through the process of Diffusion.
What is plasmodesmata diffusion?Plasmodesmata (Pd) are co-axial membranous channels that cross walls of adjacent plant cells, linking the cytoplasm, plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells and allowing direct cytoplasmic cell-to-cell communication of both small molecules and macromolecules (proteins and RNA).
functions;
They allow the movement of cells to cells for cytoplasmic connection between different cells.Plant cells, encompassed as they are by cell dividers, don't get in touch with each other through wide stretches of plasma film the manner in which creature cells can.Plasmodesmata are fixed with plasma film that is consistent with the layers of the two cells. Each plasmodesma has a string of cytoplasm stretching out through it, containing a much more slender string of endoplasmic reticulum.Particles beneath a specific size (the size rejection limit) move unreservedly through the plasmodesma channel by latent dissemination.To learn more about plasmodesmata refers to;
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if the f2 generation is three-fourths red and one-fourth yellow, what was the genotype of the unknown butterfly?
Answer:
Assuming that true breeding lines are used, the genotype of the unknown butterfly would be heterozygous. This is because a heterozygous cross would produce an F2 generation that is three-fourths red and one-fourth yellow.
which events occur during prophase? check all that apply. which events occur during prophase?check all that apply. chromosomes are replicated. chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers. the sister chromatids break apart and begin to separate. the nuclear envelope breaks down.
According to the given statement events occur during prophase are as follows:
A). Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers.
C). The nuclear envelope breaks down.
How important is prophase, and what is it?The initial stage of mitosis is called prophase. In the nucleus of the cell, the chromosomes condense and form compact structures during this stage. In fact, the density of the chromosomes increases to the point where, when seen via a microscope, they appear as sinuous, dark lines.
The name "prophase" refers to what?Chromosomes coil more tightly during prophase, during which the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrate. All of this serves to prepare the cell for cell division, which will result in two daughter cells. The term's Greek ancestry means "before stage."
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I understand that the question you are looking for is:
Which events occur during prophase?
Check all that apply.
A). Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers.
B). The sister chromatids break apart and begin to separate.
C). The nuclear envelope breaks down.
D). Chromosomes are replicated.
PLSS ANSWER BY 4 HOURS THIS IS SERIOUS!
Describe in detail how your arm lifts a weight (biceps). Describe how it throws a ball (triceps). Explain why your muscles have a balance of fast and slow twitch fibers (strength vs. endurance). Explain how the length of the arm bones affects arm strength
The triceps/biceps, hamstrings, and chest muscles have more fast-twitch fibres. However, whereas quadriceps and back muscles frequently exhibit a mix, shoulders, forearms, and calves are more slow-twitch.
What is twitch?One muscle fibre contracts during a twitch in response to a nervous system order (stimulus).
The lag phase refers to the interval between a motor neuron's activation and the onset of muscle contraction (sometimes called the latent phase).
Energy is used by slow-twitch muscles gradually and reasonably evenly, which prolongs its duration.
This enables them to work for an extended period of time without running out of energy. Fast-twitch muscles burn up a lot of energy rapidly before becoming exhausted and in need of a rest.
There are more fast-twitch fibres in the triceps/biceps, hamstrings, and chest muscles. However, shoulders, forearms, and calves are more slow-twitch, but quadriceps and back muscles typically display a mix.
Thus, this way, muscles have a balance of fast and slow twitch fibers.
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oxygen is a product of photosynthesis. the primary role of this oxygen in cellular respiration is to
In the electron transporter chain, oxygen is essential for cellular respiration. It is the last electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing electrons to flow down the chain and produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Oxygen is essential for energy generation via a system known as the electron transport chain (ETC), which is a component of cellular respiration. The electron transport chain generates adenosine triphosphate, the primary source of cellular energy.
After being stripped of glucose, high-energy electrons are accepted by oxygen. Cellular respiration achieves two key tasks: (1) it breaks down glucose into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests and stores the chemical energy generated in ATP molecules.
The oxygen we breathe in is utilized to convert glucose into carbon dioxide and water.
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what genotypes are possible for each of the other individuals? what genotypes are possible for each of the other individuals? mariposa and paloma can each have either the aa or aa genotype, but roberto can have either the aa or aa genotype. mariposa, paloma, and roberto can each have either the aa or aa genotype. mariposa, paloma, and roberto can each have either the aa or aa or aa genotype. mariposa and paloma can each have either the aa or aa genotype, but roberto can have either the aa or aa genotype.
mariposa, paloma, and roberto can each have either the AA or aa genotype. These genotypes are possible for each of the other individuals.
An organism's genotype is made up of all of its genetic components. The alleles or variations that an individual carries in a specific gene or genetic region are also referred to as the genotype.
It derives from the German word genotypes, which means "gene type." What your cells do depends on your genotype, which is the type of genes you have in particular. The science of genetics is intricate.
One of the easiest methods for determining genotype is the Punnett square. To ascertain the probable genotype of an offspring with respect to a specific trait, the square is essentially a little chart.
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which evidence best supports the claim that mutations are a source of inheritable genetic variation?(1 point)
The statement 'mutations affect protein synthesis which impacts the way traits are expressed' BEST supports the claim that mutations are a source of inheritable genetic variation.
Mutations are genetic alterations in the nucleotide (DNA) sequence of the genome of an organism.
Non-silent mutations are those mutations that produce codons that encode different amino acids (i.e., non-synonym codons).
Non-silent mutations have the potential to change the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein (synthesized from a given gene), thereby they impact how phenotypic traits are expressed.
In conclusion, the statement 'mutations affect protein synthesis which impacts the way traits are expressed' BEST supports the claim that mutations are a source of inheritable genetic variation.
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Full Question ;
Which evidence best supports the claim that mutations are a source of inheritable genetic variation?
(1 point)
A Mutations are not inheritable from gametes because they are given from each parent.
B Mutations affect the way DNA is created through transcription.
C Mutations can only happen during meiosis because genes are inherited.
D Mutations affect protein synthesis which impacts the way traits are expressed.
Pure liquid water has a pH of_______
O A. 8
OB. 9
O C. 7
O D. 6
Answer: C. 7
Explanation:
Answer:
Pure liquid water has a pH of 7
Explanation:
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How is air temperature related to high- and low-pressure air?
Responses
High-pressure air makes other air warmer; low-pressure air makes other air cool.
High-pressure air makes other air warmer; low-pressure air makes other air cool.,
Cool air near the surface forms high-pressure areas; warm air forms low-pressure areas.
Cool air near the surface forms high-pressure areas; warm air forms low-pressure areas.,
Temperature is not related to air pressure, only to humidity.
Temperature is not related to air pressure, only to humidity.
Cool air forms low-pressure areas, while warm air forms high-pressure areas.
Explanation:
Air temperature is related to high and low pressure air through the process of adiabatic heating and cooling. Adiabatic heating occurs when air rises and expands, causing the temperature to decrease. Adiabatic cooling occurs when air sinks and compresses, causing the temperature to increase. High pressure systems are associated with sinking air and cooler temperatures, while low pressure systems are associated with rising air and warmer temperatures. Additionally, warm air can hold more moisture than cold air, so high pressure systems are also generally associated with clear, dry weather, while low pressure systems are associated with cloudy, wet weather.
Make a chart/diagram of the 4 Kingdoms and answers the questions below:
- What are the 3 questions that MUST be asked when deciding what Kingdom an organism falls into?
- List 3-4 characteristics of each Kingdom.
- List an organism example of each kingdom.
- And one interesting fact that stands out that makes it different from other Kingdoms.
The three questions that must be asked when deciding what Kingdom an organism falls into are:
Is the organism a prokaryote or eukaryote?Does the organism have a cell wall?Does the organism have the ability to make its own food?The five Kingdom classification system is a widely used method of classifying organisms, which includes the following Kingdoms:
Monera: Prokaryotic organisms, cell walls made of peptidoglycan, ability to make own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Example: E. coliProtista: Eukaryotic organisms, mostly unicellular, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Example: AmoebaFungi: Eukaryotic organisms, heterotrophic, have cell walls made of chitin. Example: MushroomsPlantae: Eukaryotic organisms, autotrophic, have cell walls made of cellulose. Example: Oak treeAnimalia: Eukaryotic organisms, heterotrophic, no cell walls. Example: DogWhat is the kingdom about?One interesting fact about Kingdom Monera is that it includes both bacteria and archaea.
It should be noted that they are thought to have diverged early in the history of life on Earth and have distinct characteristics such as differences in cell wall composition, metabolic pathways, and genetic mechanisms.
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the majority of neandertal fossils have been found in . a. india b. africa c. europe d. asia
Neandertal fossils have mostly been discovered in Europe.
Around 40,000 years ago, all traces of Neanderthals vanished. The most recent Neanderthal fossils have been found at a few isolated locations in western Europe and the Near East, which was probably the last known location for this early human species. The first Neanderthal bones were discovered in Belgium and Gibraltar in 1830 and 1848, respectively, but it took decades for them to be identified as such.
More than 300 European Neanderthal remains have been discovered. It is the most comprehensive Neanderthal skull ever discovered. Those from African populations have no or almost no Neanderthal DNA, while people from European or Asian populations have between 1 and 2 percent.
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before drawing the post-treatment blood urea nitrogen (bun) adequacy lab, adjustments to the dialysate flow rate (dfr) must include:
Before drawing the samples, lower the UFR, dialysate, and blood flow rates. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels can be used to assess how successfully dialysis removes urea from the body.
The BUN is measured both before and after your treatment. The two figures are then compared to determine how much the urea level in the blood has decreased.
Many factors can influence dialysis adequacy, including the kind of vascular access, filter type, device used, and the dose and frequency of erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA).
Blood for post-dialysis BUN is typically obtained in 3 or 5 ml tubes. The draw volume is approximately 2.5 or 4 ml. When drawing from the needle tubing, use the smaller tube since the blood sample will be restricted to what was "frozen" in the tubing when the pump was turned off.
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Which of the following would not be a use for DNA Fingerprinting?
giving reasons, identify the type of fertilization undergone by the above flower
Answer: Hibiscus
Explanation:
A) Stamens: These are the male parts of the flower. The many stamens are collectively known as the androecium. Structurally, it is divided into two parts:
Filament: the part that is long and slender and attached to the anther of the flower.Anthers: It is the head of the stamen and is responsible for the production of pollen which is transferred to the pistil or female parts of the same or different flower for fertilization.B) Ovary, form the base of the pistil. The ovary holds the ovules.
C) Petals: This layer lies just above the sepal layer. They are often brightly colored because their main function is to attract pollinators to the flower, such as insects, butterflies, etc. The petals are collectively known as the corolla.
Eggs – These are the egg cells of a flower. They are contained in the ovary. In the event of favorable pollination, when compatible pollen enters the stigma and eventually reaches the ovary to unite with the ovules, this fertilized product will form a fruit and the ovules will become the seeds of the fruit.
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Parakeets come in
four colors: white,
green, blue, and
yellow. How
many alleles
might there be for feather
color?
For color, males have two alleles. The more prevalent of something like the two alleles determines the color feathers. Women only have one color allele. The color of their feathers depends on the allele that copy is.
What is a brief definition of alleles?The term "allele" is used to refer to a gene's alternate form or variants. For each ancestral gene, one allele is inherited of each parent, so we frequently group the polymorphisms into subcategories. They are commonly referred to as conventional or wild-type genotypes.
Alleles are where?A gene locus is a location on a chromosome where each allele is found. The two alleles of the gene are shared by two paired pairs, one each inherited from each parent, and are situated in the same area. The alleles could be defective or dominant.
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Raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches
Raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches is Deltoid tuberosity.
The humerus in animals exhibits a significant range of morphological diversity. An animal's mode of locomotion and environment are greatly influenced by the size and direction of its functionally significant characteristics, such as the deltoid tubercle, larger tubercle, and medial epicondyle.
The insertion of the trapezius muscle is similar to the U-shaped origin of this muscle. The deltoid tuberosity is a location where its apex or insertion joins to the lateral side of the humerus's body. The deltoid is divided into the anterior, lateral, and posterior portions.
The insertion site of the deltoid muscle is located in the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. On the anterior-lateral side of the humerus, there is a triangular rough portion that serves as this bone marker.
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A particular triplet of bases in the coding strand of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds this mRNA codon is _____.TTT. UUA. UUU. AAA.
A particular triplet of bases in the coding strand of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds this mRNA codon is UUU.
The messenger peptide is a protein that is found in a variety of organisms, including humans (mRNA). mRNA is created by replicating DNA, and the information it contains instructs the cell on how to bind amino acids together to produce proteins.
The genes are used by the cell to generate proteins. There are two steps to this process. The first step is transcription, which involves replicating the sequence of one gene in an RNA molecule. The second stage is translation, which uses the RNA molecule as a code to produce an amino-acid chain (a polypeptide). In genomics, translation is the process through which information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) controls the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis.
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