Starting from the skin's surface, the layers of the epidermis penetrated are stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
The epidermal layers comprise the stratum basale (the epidermis's lowest layer), the stratum spinosum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum (the most superficial portion of the epidermis).
The epidermis is composed of squamous epithelium that has undergone stratification and keratinization. They are made up of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on where they are located in the body. These layers are called stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Only the palms and soles have "thick skin". Between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum is a fifth layer called the stratum lucidum.
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Complete question :
what did you learn as you trim roses, a thorn penetrates your palm through all epidermal strata. what are the layers of the epidermis penetrated, starting from the surface of skin? the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
if the trees in that woodlot are associated with emf, what effect might the excess nitrate have on the fungi and/or trees?
If the trees in a woodlot are associated with EMF (ectomycorrhizal fungi), excess nitrate in the soil can have negative effects on both the fungi and the trees.
EMF are a type of fungi that form a mutualistic association with the roots of trees. They help the trees to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and in turn, the fungi receive carbon compounds from the trees. Nitrate is a form of nitrogen that plants and fungi can use for growth. However, when nitrate levels in the soil are too high, it can disrupt the balance of nutrients and affect the EMF and trees in several ways.
Excess nitrate can reduce the availability of other essential nutrients, such as phosphorus, which can limit the growth of the EMF and trees. It can also disrupt the carbon-nitrogen balance between the trees and EMF, which can lead to a decline in the health of both. Additionally, high nitrate levels can lead to the production of harmful reactive nitrogen species, which can cause damage to the EMF and trees.
Overall, excess nitrate in the soil can have negative impacts on the symbiotic relationship between EMF and trees, which can ultimately affect the health and productivity of the woodlot ecosystem.
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If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype be?
If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, then the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype is 0.42 as it is the heterozygous condition of the population.
What is the frequency of the heterozygous?Here, the frequency of allele A is 0.7 , as per the equation P+q=1,
as P(A)= 0.7,
so the q = 1 - 0.7, that is q = 0.3
The Hardy-Weinberg formula is:
[tex]P^2[/tex] + 2pq + [tex]q^2[/tex] = 1
The frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype is:
2pq = 2 x 0.7 x 0.3,
2pq = 0.42
Hence, if the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, then the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype is 0.42 as it is the heterozygous condition of the population.
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The fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes:
A. Consist of a single layer of phospholipids and proteins.
B. Consist of a phospholipid bilayer composed of a variety of fatty acids.
C. Consist of protein molecules embedded in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids.
D. Consist of a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins.
The correct answer is option C. According to the fluid mosaic model of the membrane, proteins are encapsulated in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids in membranes.
S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson introduced this hypothesis in 1972, claiming that the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins scattered all over it.
The phospholipid bilayer is continually in flux as a result of the diverse external and intracellular stimuli that influence it, and the proteins create a mosaic of different configurations.
The proteins may interact with the polar head groups of the bilayer and the nonpolar core of the membrane because they are amphipathic, or having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas.
The proteins are crucial for signal transduction, molecular transport, and cell-to-cell recognition. The semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier to control the flow of chemicals into and out of the cell.
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i need help as fast as possible
Answer:
2 common ancestor: The most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved.
___migration starts with I and the word___helps us remember that____ means which is when individuals move____ a population
Internal migration starts with "I" and the word "Internal" helps us remember that it means movement within a country, which is when individuals move within a population.
What is internal immigration?Immigration is the process through which people acquire the status of citizens or permanent residents in another nation.
Human migration within a nation is known as internal migration or domestic migration. Internal migration typically involves moving for economic or educational purposes, or as a result of a natural disaster or civil war.
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Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect all of the following except...
A) oxygen levels
B) blood pressure
C) pH
D) carbon dioxide
E) both A and D
B) blood pressure is not detected by the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
What are chemoreceptors?Chemoreceptors are specialized sensory cells or neurons that respond to chemical stimuli in the environment or in the body. They can be found in different parts of the body, such as the nose, tongue, and blood vessels, and play important roles in detecting and signaling changes in the chemical composition of their surroundings.
For example, chemoreceptors in the nose help us sense and identify different odors, while chemoreceptors in the blood vessels help regulate blood pressure and pH by detecting changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals in the blood.
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what is cell in biology explain briefly
Answer:
The Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Each cell has the capacity to perform basic functions that are characteristics of all living forms
Explanation:
The cell has the capacity to replicate itself hence it is known as the building block of life. Each and every cell contains a fluid called cytoplasm.The Cytoplasm is enclosed by a membrane called plasma membrane or cell membrane. Inside cytoplasm there are certain specific components in it which are known as cell organelles. Each cell organelle performs special functions, such as making new material in the cell clearing up waste material from the cell and so on.Because of these organelles, a cell is able to live and perform all its functions. All the cells have the same organelles, no matter what their function is or what organisms they are found in. It is known that a single cell may constitute a whole organism like in amoeba,There are two types of cells:
The Prokaryotic cellsThe Eukaryotic cellsThe outer cell membrane, cell wall in plants, inside nucleus which is separated by a well nuclear membrane in the eukaryotic cell nucleus and cell membrane separated by a fluid called cytoplasm and various cell organelles which are responsible for performing certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes. These are endoplasmic reticulum, plastids in plant cells, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles.know more:The Cells were also observed under compound microscope with higher magnification by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek who concluded that the cells are alive they possess motility and cells were named animalcules. The Robert Brown in 1883provided the first insight to cell structure. He described the presence of nucleus present in the cells of orchids.The Various functions of cell are :
It provides support and structure.It facilitates growth mitosis.It allows transport of various substances.The Energy production.It aids in reproduction.which of the following biological processes regularly lead to adaptation? group of answer choices mutation migration inbreeding genetic drift natural selection
Natural selection and Genetic drift are the biological processes which lead to adaptation.
The only evolutionary process that results in adaptation is natural selection. Gene flow is an evolutionary process that typically results in an equalization of allele frequencies between the source and recipient populations.
Contrary to natural selection, genetic drift has an entirely random impact on the population's genetic composition. Hence, although being an evolutionary mechanism, genetic drift does not result in adaptations.
Natural selection is the theory behind evolution put forth by Charles Darwin. Resources are scarce in nature, thus organisms with heritable qualities that promote reproduction and survival will typically produce more offspring than their contemporaries, increasing the frequency of the traits across generations.
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What is required for the Calvin cycle?
Chlorophyll pigments, the chloroplast "theatre," and enzyme catalysts are the three prerequisites for the calvin cycle to occur.
The first stage converts light energy into chemical energy, which is currently stored in ATP and NAD molecules.Ph Calvin cycle, is most commonly too nown as the C3 cycle.It is series of many chemical processes that can be used by plants to convert carbon dioxide and other chemicals into glucose.Animals exhale carbon dioxide as part of their breathing process, and plants then take up this gas to carry out photosynthesis. The acceptor molecules and carbon dioxide mix to create glucose, which the plants use to obtain nutrients.The RUBP is a crucial first carbon dioxide acceptor during carbon fixation. RUBP and carbon dioxide both
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Humans introduced rabbits to Australian ecosystems when the animals arrived on boats with convicts shipped to the continent.
Why did the rabbit population become invasive and grow so quickly?
Responses
The rabbits had no food.
The rabbits had no food.
The ship brought thousands of rabbits.
The ship brought thousands of rabbits.
There were no natural predators.
There were no natural predators.
All of the rabbits were infected with disease.
All of the rabbits were infected with disease.
Answer: the third response
Explanation: no predators means that there is no balance in population
Answer: There were no natural predators.
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Which group is CORRECTLY paired with its description? Trichonympha - protists that contain symbiotic bacteria that can digest cellulose Ciliates - protists that cause red tides and can produce toxins that kills large numbers of fish Golden algae (chrysophyta) - protists that are the closest relatives of land plants Diatoms (bacillerophyta) - protists that are exclusively animal parasites
Protists called Trichonympha carry symbiotic bacteria that can break down cellulose.
Which species of Trichomonas inhabits the oral cavity more frequently?Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) is one of these microbes and is a common anaerobic parasite of the oral cavity and submaxillary glands [1]. T. tenax is frequently found in the oral cavity and in those who have periodontal disease and poor oral hygiene.
Which Trichomonas species can't be found in people?Both humans and birds can get sick from trichomonas. Trichomonas tenax and vaginalis are the responsible species when it comes to people. Trichomonas gallinae, Trichomonas gypactinii, and Trichomonas stableri are the responsible species in birds.
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The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping. A) plants. B) parasites. C) asexual organisms. D) animals that migrate. E) sympatric populations.
The biological species concept is generally considered inadequate for grouping A) plants, B) parasites, and C) asexual organisms.
The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding individuals that produce viable, fertile offspring. However, this definition does not work well for organisms that reproduce asexually or have complex life cycles, such as parasites. For asexual organisms, the concept of interbreeding individuals is not applicable, while for parasites, the concept of species becomes problematic as they may utilize multiple hosts during their life cycle. In plants, hybridization can occur frequently, and in some cases, it may be difficult to determine whether two populations are separate species or merely variations within the same species. D) Animals that migrate and E) sympatric populations do not necessarily pose a problem for the biological species concept, as the ability to interbreed is still relevant for determining whether populations belong to the same species.
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does protein expression begin with transcription or translation?
These proteins are produced by cells by the transcription and translation of certain genes from their DNA into molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA), chain of amino acids, and finally fully functioning proteins.
Making messenger RNA is the initial stage, after which it exits the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm to join a ribosome. At this time, the second stage of translation starts, during which a particular protein molecule is created by reading the genetic instructions contained in the mRNA molecule. Transcription and translation take place simultaneously. Translation is the mechanism used to create new proteins. A messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule formed during transcription of DNA must next be translated into a protein to complete the biological process.
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Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
Which of the following is true of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure?
A)Membranes behave more like a solid than a liquid.
B)Lipids can flip from one leaflet to another as easily as they can move laterally in a membrane.
C)Proteins can easily move across membranes.
D)Proteins can easily move laterally through membranes.
D) Proteins can easily move laterally through membranes, is the following true of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.
Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane structure is bilipid layer and flexible.
This model was given by Singer and Nicholson, according to which lipids have molecules in the middle and the protein may be intrinsic or extrinsic.
also, considered to be a quasi fluid structure.
lipids which form the structure are phosphoglycerate, sphingolipids and cholesterol.
There are 2 types proteins in plasma membrane - integral and peripheral proteins.
carbohydrates are of 2 types - glycolipids and glycoproteins.
The role includes, interaction of cell with the environment.
sorting membrane protein to several compartments.
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contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can group of answer choices move the cricoid cartilage. move food from the larynx to the esophagus. close the glottis. constrict the trachea. assist in breathing during exercise.
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can close the glottis Sound generation and the movements of the laryngeal cartilages and folds itself are controlled by the larynx's intrinsic muscles option 3)
The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are in charge of sound generation as well as the motions of the laryngeal cartilages and folds. Its attachments are located between the laryngeal cartilages. These muscles are paired bilaterally, with the exception of the transverse arytenoid muscle.
These muscles work in pairs to expand and close, or extend and shorten, the vocal folds: Adductors and abductors are two types of people. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles pull the muscular processes anteriorly, rotating the arytenoid cartilages and swinging the vocal processes medially.
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Full Question: Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can group of answer choices
move the cricoid cartilage. move food from the larynx to the esophagus. close the glottis. constrict the trachea. assist in breathing during exercise.what is the nitrogen source for the carbamoyl phosphate in pyrimidine synthesis?
L-aspartic acid and carbamoyl phosphate provide the pyrimidine ring atoms (CP). An enzyme known as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II catalyzes the formation of the latter molecule, which is the first step of the route. As a source of nitrogen, this enzyme utilizes glutamine (L-Gln) (Scheme 1).
What is the use of nitrogen?The chemical industry depends on nitrogen. It is used to make fertilizers, dyes, nylon, nitric acid, and explosives. To produce these products, nitrogen must be coupled with hydrogen to form ammonia. The Haber process is used for this. A chemical element with atomic number 7 and the letter N is known as nitrogen. The lightest element in group 15 of a periodic table, often known as the pnictogens, nitrogen is a nonmetal. It is a typical element in the cosmos, believed to be eighth inside the Milky Way as well as the Solar System in terms of overall abundance.
What is source of nitrogen?Nitrogen in atmospheric deposition is mostly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and oil. In the form of dry particulates, gases, and droplets, atmospheric nitrogen deposition can take one of two wet forms: rain, snow, hail, fog, and freezing rain. The nitrogen cycle is important because nitrogen is a nutrient that is necessary for maintaining life on Earth. The building blocks of proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids, which make up genetic material, all contain nitrogen as a major component (RNA and DNA).
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What is the skeletal system? Answer in
2-4 sentences, including the words
below:
bones
structure
movement
ligaments, cartilage, or tendons
How are unicellular organisms similar to multicellular organisms?
given that people with sickle cell anemia are protected against malaria, the allele for sickle cell anemia is kept in the population. this is an example of .
Given that people with sickle cell anemia are protected against malaria, the allele for sickle cell anemia is kept in the population. This is an example of balancing selection.
Balancing selection is a type of natural selection that maintains genetic variation in a population by favoring the survival of multiple alleles. In this case, the allele for sickle cell anemia is maintained in the population because individuals who are heterozygous for the allele (i.e., carriers) are protected against malaria. This is an example of heterozygote advantage, which is a type of balancing selection. Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness than homozygous individuals for either allele, leading to the maintenance of both alleles in the population. In the case of sickle cell anemia, the allele is kept in the population because the benefits of protection against malaria for carriers outweigh the costs of having a potentially debilitating disease for homozygous individuals.
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what is the largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins?
The collecting lymphatics throughout the body eventually merge into bigger lymph trunks, the biggest of which, the thoracic duct and right lymph duct, discharge directly into the subclavian veins.
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph into the right subclavian vein, whereas the thoracic duct links to the left subclavian vein. The biggest lymphatic veins are lymphatic ducts. These two ducts pour lymph into neck veins (the right and left subclavian veins at their junctures with the internal jugular veins).
The efferent vessels that carry lymph from lymphatic organs to nodes and then to the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct, the body's biggest lymph channel.
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The evolution of cuticle presented land plants with a challenge that threatened their ability to live on land. Describe this challenge, and explain why stomata represent a solution. Compare and contrast stomata with pores found in liverworts.
Although stomata were a crucial adaptation that helped plants to adapt to life on land, the more primitive liverwort pores are a more primitive trait.
A stomate, also known as a stoma, is any of the minuscule pores or openings in the epidermis of leaves and young stems; the plural of stoma is stoma or stomas. Stomata are more common on the underside of leaves. They allow gases to move back and forth between the atmosphere outside and the leaf's branching system of linked air canals. A stomate's two sausage-shaped guard cells that surround it open and close due to internal pressure. The interior wall of a guard cell is thicker than the outer wall. As the guard cell becomes turgid and filled with water, the outer wall of the cell extends outward, pushing the inner wall along with it and widening the stomate.
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A high concentration of calcium salts is normally found within the cytoplasm of a protozoan, while the surrounding environment contains a lower concentration of calcium salts. The higher concentration in the protozoan is most probably the result of 1) diffusion 2) excretion 3) active transport 4) cellular transport
Answer: active transport
Answer:
Active transport
Explanation:
The higher concentration of calcium salts in the cytoplasm of a protozoan is most probably the result of active transport. Active transport is the process by which a cell pumps molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, meaning from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires the use of energy, usually in the form of ATP. Active transport is necessary in order to maintain the proper ionic balance within the cell and to regulate the concentration of essential ions like calcium.
a dome shaped surface that articulates with the head of the radius is definiton of what?
A dome shaped surface that articulates with the head of the radius is definition of capitulum.
The capitulum of the humerus, which is located on the lateral aspect of the distal articular surface of the humerus, is an eminence that is smooth and rounded in the human arm's anatomy. The front and bottom portions of the bone are the only places where it articulates with the cup-shaped depression on the head of the radius.
The anteroventral articular facet of the rib is the only part of a non-human tetrapod's capitulum that is commonly referred to by this term (in archosaur morphs).
At the distal end of the humerus, lepidosaurs have a distinct capitellum and trochlea in the middle of the ventral (or anterior in upright taxa) surface.
The capitellum and trochlea are no longer surrounded by distinct etc.- and ectepicondyles in non-avian archosaurs, such as crocodiles, and the distal humerus is made up of two gently enlarged condyles, one medial and one lateral, divided by a shallow groove and a supinator process. The groove dividing the medial and lateral condyles is homologized by Romer (1976) as the capitellum in Archosauromorphs.
The dorsal condyle of the humerus is functionally analogous to the bird's forelimb anatomy's adaptation for flight but not its ontogenetic counterpart.
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He largest flower in the world, called a rafflesia, is three feet wide and weighs up to 36 pounds. The rafflesia has no roots, stems, or leaves. It lives on and takes nourishment from a vine called tetrastigma. The rafflesia harms the vine. The seeds of the rafflesia are dispersed in an unusual way. Plantain squirrels and tree shrews eat parts of the rafflesia plant. Scientists observe that when the animals chew the rafflesia, seeds get caught in their teeth. The animals will then chew on tetrastigma vines, leaving the seeds where they can germinate. Specialized cells in the rafflesia flower undergo a process that produces gametes. What is this process called?
Group of answer choices
fertilization
Specialized cells in the rafflesia flower undergo a process that produces gametes is called meiosis.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs during sexual reproduction and lowers the amount of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Having two sets of chromosomes, body (or somatic) cells in humans are diploid (one from each parent). A single pair of chromosomes, or haploid, must be present in the egg and sperm that combine during fertilization in order to retain this state. Each diploid cell divides twice during meiosis to produce four haploid daughter cells, or gametes, that are diploid in the beginning.
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Specialized cells in the rafflesia flowers undergo a process that produces gametes. What is this process called?
The levels of classification, from broadest to most specific, include: _____
They are, from most broad to most specific, Domains, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, & Species. In the modern classification system, there are eight basic levels.
What is phylum and examples?Phylum is a taxonomic rank in biological categorization, particularly for animals, that comes after Kingdom and before Class. Division is the corresponding rank in plants. The Class Mammalia (mammals), Class Aves (birds), Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts), and other classes are included in the Phylum Chordata. Phylum Chordata is one of the main categories in biological classification, ranking above the Class and below the Kingdom. Compare division sense 8.
How many Phylums are there?Later, the term was modified to phylum. About 35 animal phyla, 12 plant phyla, and 7 fungal phyla exist. The links between the roughly 34 phyla that make up the bacteria, including the archaea, are not as well understood.
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Cellular ________ are said to be selectively ____________ because they allow some substances to pass through easily while other substances pass through very slowly or not at all.
Membranes, also known as selective permeability or semi permeability, are said to be selectively permeable because they allow some substances to pass through easily,
While other substances pass through very slowly or not at all. This is because the membrane contains a number of different proteins and other molecules that act as gatekeepers, which determine which substances can pass through. These gatekeeper molecules can be very specific, allowing only certain molecules or ions to pass through the membrane while blocking others. This selective permeability is an important feature of cellular membranes, as it allows cells to regulate which substances can enter or leave the cell. For example, cells can use selective permeability to absorb nutrients from the environment, expel wastes, or prevent the entry of harmful substances.
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Which of these observations about two wild
animals would be the strongest evidence that
they are members of the same species?
A They both have backbones.
B They both breathe with lungs.
C They live in the same habitat.
D They mate with each other and reproduce.
the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the ______.
-epicardium
-myocardium
-pericardium
-endocardium
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the epicardium.
The pericardial cavity is the narrow gap between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium.
The fibrous pericardium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the heart. Many ligaments connect it to the diaphragm, the sternum (through the sterno-pericardial ligaments), and the vertebral column. It keeps the heart stable.
The inner side of the fibrous pericardium is lined by the outer (parietal) layer of serous pericardium. The inner (visceral) layer of the serous pericardium lines the external surface of the heart. Between the two layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid. This fluid works as a lubricant between the two layers of the heart, allowing it to expand and contract.
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movement from low concentration to high concentration will require ?
In active transport, substances are moved against the concentration gradient from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration one.
Does switching from a high to a low concentration level use up energy?Natural processes like passive transport take place without the cell using energy to move. Diffusion is the process by which chemicals travel passively from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Does assisted diffusion require ATP?It is not necessary to use high energy molecules like ATP for facilitated diffusion. Channel proteins and carrier proteins are used in this sort of diffusion to move molecules across the plasma membrane.
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what is the difference between neurons and glia? what parts of the nervous system compose the cns? what parts compose the pns?
Glial (Neuroglial) cells maintain, feed, and shield the neurons but do not carry nerve impulses. Glial cells are substantially more numerous and capable of going through mitosis than neurons.
What neurological components make up the CNS?The nervous system is made up up of the spinal cord and the brain. All of the body's components are connected by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and make up the peripheral nervous system.
What elements comprise the PNS?The somatic nervous system refers to the portions of the nervous that are just not found in the spinal cord or the brain. Included are the spinal nerve, their roots, and branches, as well as the neuromuscular connections and peripheral nerves.
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