The volume of a given quantity of gas kept at constant temperature changes inversely with the applied pressure while the temperature and mass are constant, according to Boyle's Law.
Robert Boyle performed an experiment on gases to study the deviation of its behavior in changed physical conditions. It states that under a constant temperature when the pressure on a gas increases its volume decreases. Boyle's Law states the relation between volume and pressure at constant temperature and mass.When pressure and temperature are maintained constant, Avagadro's Law provides the relationship between volume and amount of gas in moles. Boyle's Law provides the link between volume and pressure at constant mass and temperature.The volume grows as the temperature rises and decreases as the temperature falls, as seen in these common examples of how temperature affects the volume of a given quantity of a confined gas under constant pressure.
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Match each marked point and arrow in the phase diagram shown with the correct description Instructions
The Match of each marked point and arrow in the phase diagram shown with the correct description Instructions are:
1 = Triple point
2 = A liquid cools down, freezes, and cools further.
3 = A gas is compressed at constant temperature and becomes a liquid.
4 = Critical point
5 = A substance in the solid phase
What is Triple point?The temperature and pressure at which a substance's three phases—gas, liquid, and solid are said to coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium are known as the triple point in thermodynamics.
Therefore, one can say that the tip of a phase equilibrium curve is referred to as a critical point (or critical state) in thermodynamics. The liquid-vapor critical point, the point on the pressure-temperature curve that marks the circumstances in which a liquid and its vapor can coexist, is the most notable example.
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construct the lewis structure of oo . draw the structure by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. include all lone pairs of electrons and nonbonding electrons.
In Lewis dot structures, you draw the atom in the center and then surround the atom with its valence electrons. The Lewis structure for O is as shown in the attached diagram.
What is the Lewis structure of O ?Lewis Structure of an atom of oxygen contains 6 electrons in the valence shell. Four valence electrons exist in lone pairs. It implies that oxygen atom must participate in two single bonds or one double bond in order to have an octet configuration.
A simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule is called Lewis Structure. It shows how electrons are arranged around individual atoms in the molecule.
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Which is a similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are similar in having ribosomes, cell membrane, and DNA, and have the same system of DNA replication.
Prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells are primitive cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. The cells usually have cell walls whose content can vary depending on the organism. Their genetic materials lie freely within the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, are plant and animal cells with nuclei and membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondrion and chloroplast. Plant cells have cell walls while animal cells do not. The genetic materials of eukaryotic cells lie largely in the nuclei while organelles like mitochondrion and chloroplast have also been shown to contain some DNA.
While both cells are different in a lot of ways, they also have some similarities. These include:
Both have ribosomes which are organelles where protein synthesis takes place.Both have similar methods of gene expression - from DNA to RNA to proteins.Both have cell membranes, which are organelles that control the movement of materials in and out of the cell. The genetic materials of both cells are DNAs. The mechanisms of making DNA copies in both cells are similar.More on cells can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/12129097
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propose explanations for the trends you have described for ionic radii within groups and across periods
Ionic radii are a measure of the size of ions, which are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have a net electric charge. The ionic radii of elements within a group or a period can show certain trends due to the properties of the elements and the way in which their electron configurations change.
Within a group:
Within a group, ionic radii tend to increase as you go down the group. This is because elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons (the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom), but as you go down the group, the number of energy levels (shells) increases. This means that the outermost electrons are farther away from the nucleus, which leads to a larger atomic radius. When an atom loses or gains an electron to become an ion, the ionic radius will be similar to the atomic radius, so the ionic radii of elements within a group will also increase as you go down the group.
Across a period:
Across a period, ionic radii tend to decrease as you go from left to right. This is because elements in the same period have the same number of shells, but as you go from left to right, the number of protons (and therefore the atomic number) increases. This increases the positive charge of the nucleus, which attracts the electrons more strongly. As a result, the electrons are held closer to the nucleus, leading to a smaller atomic radius. When an atom loses or gains an electron to become an ion, the ionic radius will be similar to the atomic radius, so the ionic radii of elements across a period will also decrease as you go from left to right.
It is important to note that these trends are not always absolute and there can be some exceptions due to other factors such as electron shielding and the electron configurations of the elements.
There are several explanations for the trends in ionic radii within groups and across periods in the periodic table:
Within groups: Ionic radii generally increase as you move down a group. This is because the atomic radii of the elements in a group generally increase as you move down the group. This is due to the increasing number of energy levels and valence electrons as you move down the group. As the atomic size increases, the ionic size also increases.Across periods: Ionic radii generally decrease as you move from left to right across a period. This is because the atomic size generally decreases as you move from left to right across a period due to the increasing effective nuclear charge (the number of protons in the nucleus) and the decreasing number of energy levels. As the atomic size decreases, the ionic size also decreases.Charge: The ionic charge also plays a role in determining the ionic radius. For a given element, the ionic radius will generally be larger for a lower charge and smaller for a higher charge. This is because a higher charge leads to a stronger attractive force between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons, leading to a smaller size.Structure: The type of crystal structure can also affect the ionic radius. For example, cations in a cubic crystal structure generally have a smaller ionic radius than those in a hexagonal crystal structure.Overall, these trends in ionic radii can be explained by the interplay between the atomic size, effective nuclear charge, and the number of valence electrons of the elements.
propose a synthesis of each of the following compounds using the indicated starting material. you may use any organic compounds and any inorganic compounds or solvents of your choice. do not show any reactive intermediates, mechanisms, or transition states, but be sure to show each isolable compound along your synthetic route.
Organic compounds are substances in which carbon and hydrogen are covalently bonded to other elements.
Organic compounds. Any of a large class of compounds in which one or more carbon atoms are covalently bonded to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organics are carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.
Organic compounds are derived directly or indirectly from plants and animals. Compounds derived from minerals are called inorganic compounds. Inorganic substances are a group of chemicals that do not contain carbon. Chemical compounds in living organisms are called organic compounds. Organic compounds are due to their association with living organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds.
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How many atoms of a Group 16 element would be needed to react with one atom of a Group 2
element? Explain.
According to the electronic configuration, one atom of group 16 element is needed to react with one atom of group 2 element.
What is electronic configuration?Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons which are present in an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.It describes how each electron moves independently in an orbital.
Knowledge of electronic configuration is necessary for understanding the structure of periodic table.It helps in understanding the chemical properties of elements.
Elements undergo chemical reactions in order to achieve stability. Main group elements obey the octet rule in their electronic configuration while the transition elements follow the 18 electron rule. Noble elements have valence shell complete in ground state and hence are said to be stable.
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Similitudes and differences between the water cycle and the nitrogen cycle
Answer:Water cycle explains the recycling of water through the ecosystem. Nitrogen cycle describes the recycling of nitrogen through living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of an ecosystem. Water changes its state when cycling while nitrogen changes its chemical form when cycling.
Explanation:
In each case below, specify whether the impurity element will act as a donor or acceptor when added to the indicated semiconducting material. Impurity Semiconductor (a) in CdTe (b) AI Si
Impurity :- Cd , AI
Semiconductor :- Te ,Si
Donor Impurities :- The elements added to a donor to increase the electrical conductivity of that donor. Increase the free electrons in the semiconductor.Atoms have five valence electrons.Group V elements.Forms four covalent bonds inside the semiconductor, leaving the fifth electron as a free electron.
Acceptor impurities :-The elements added to an acceptor to increase the electrical conductivity of that acceptor.Group III elements.Increase the holes present in the semiconductor.Atoms have three valence electrons.Forms three covalent bonds inside the semiconductor, leaving a hole where a covalent bond is missing.
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in each reaction box, place the best reagent and conditions from the list. you are currently in a labeling module. turn off browse mode or quick nav, tab to items, space or enter to pick up, tab to move, space or enter to drop.the starting material is a carbon carbon triple bond, each carbon bonded to a c h 3 group. in 2 steps, this is converted to the product. the product contains two chiral carbons. the left carbon has a c h 3 group pointing to the lower left and carbon 2 on the lower right. pointing up, there is a wedged bond to bromine and a dashed bond to hydrogen. chiral carbon 2 is bonded to carbon 1 on the upper left, and to a c h 3 group on the upper right. pointing down, there is a dashed bond to bromine and a wedged bond to hydrogen.
Benzaldehyde is converted to 2-Phenyl acetonitrile in three steps.
Step 1: Reduction of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol in the presence of a strong reducing agent LiAlH4
Step 2: Benzyl alcohol is converted into benzyl chloride with PCl5
Step 3: Benzyl chloride is converted into 2-Phenyl acetonitrile with aq. KCN
This reaction is illustrative of a general procedure for the tetraalkylammonium salt-catalyzed alkylation of active methylene functions in the presence of concentrated aqueous alkali.
Methods for the alkylation of nitriles have been reviewed.12 These procedures, as well as those applied to other active methylenes, generally involve the use of dangerous and expensive condensing agents (sodium amide, metal hydrides, triphenylmethide, potassium tert-butoxide, etc.) and strictly anhydrous organic solvents (ether, benzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.) or liquid ammonia.
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Summarize the observations you collected when cross-linking poly(vinyl alcohol) with Borax in Part III.Discuss the effect of successive additions of Borax to poly(vinyl alcohol). Provide a sound chemical explanation for the behavior you observe.
Polymerization involves the synthesis of two or more monomers to get a polymer which is usually complex.
Polyvinyl alcohol can’t be used as a monomer(raw material) for polymerization because it is very unstable under normal conditions and will rearrange molecularly to give polyvinyl acetaldehyde.
To solve this, we need to use the expression for osmotic pressure which is the following:
π = MRT (1)
Where:
M: Concentration of the solution
R: gas constant (0.082 L atm/ mol K
T: temperature in K
25 °C in Kelvin is: 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 K
Now, we do not have the concentration of the solution, but we do have the mass. and the concentration can be expressed in terms of mass, molar mass and volume:
Concentration (M) is:
M = n/V (2)
and n (moles) is:
n = m/MM (3)
Therefore, if we replace (2) and (3) in (1) we have:
π = mRT/V*MM
Solving for MM we have:
MM = mRT/πV (4)
All we have to do now, is replace the given data and we should get the value of the molar mass:
MM = 6.143 * 0.082 * 298.15 / 0.1 * 0.272
MM = 150.1859 / 0.0272
MM = 5,521.54 g/mol
This is the molar mass.
Therefore, the sound chemical reaction of cross-linking with borax is molar mass 5521.54 g/mol.
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Identify the reactant, reagents, and intermediates in the synthetic sequence shown. Reagents may be used more than once or not at all. Draw the intermediate products Band C (both are neutral; omit byproducts). 1.1) NINH Compound B H. Pac 1.2) 1-bromo-2 methylpropane 2.1) NaNH, 2.2 2. butanone 2.3) H* OH step 3 reagent Compound C H, Lindlu's cat Answer Bank HPC NaNH N/NH Boetylene H, Lindtar's cat Incorrect Draw compound B. incorrect Incorrect Draw compound C
The reagents are H2, Pd/C at step 1 and H2, Lindlar's cat at step 3. The reactants are 1.1) NaNH2, 1.2) 1-bromo-2 methylpropane, 2.1) NaNH2, 2.2) 2 butanone, and 2.3) H+.
When the base H2, Pd/C reagent reacts with any NaNH2, an acidic proton is initially abstracted, leaving carbon with a negative charge that will be counterbalanced by any plus. Now, this alliance will attack the chemical one bromo three methylpropane from the back, releasing a negative. And substance B is created. NaNH2 and Compound B will react. There is acidic hydrogen compound B present, and NaNH2 will eliminate it. 2 Butane reacts with hydrogen that is acidic to produce Compound C which further reacts with reagent H2, Lindlar's cat to produce final product.
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while the major source of indoor air pollution in less-developed countries is typically from indoor burning of fossil fuels, the major source of air pollution in more-developed countries is different. generally, which of the following is a main source of indoor air pollution in more-developed countries? chemicals emitted from burning charcoal chemicals used in building materials chemicals found in crop residues
The radioactive gas radon-222, formaldehyde, very fine particles from emissions, and cigarette smoke are the four most harmful indoor air pollutants in more industrialized nations.
Charcoal combustion releases carbon monoxide (CO).
Toxic construction materials used in building construction include asbestos, silica, formaldehyde, diisocyanates, alkylphenol, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), cadmium, and bisphenol A.
Crop residues include from 3.0 to 8.2 kilogram of nitrogen, 0.2 to 0.6 kg of phosphorous, and 7.2 to 23.3 kg of potassium per ton dry matter in addition to organic carbon.
Which factors contribute to air pollution?
Fossil fuel combustion, industrial emissions, indoor air pollution, wildfires, microbial decay, transportation, and open garbage waste burning.
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'We discussed how some solutions are electrolytes in this lesson. Which of these would be a strong one? Question 27 options: C4H8O2 C6H12O6 C7H14O5 NaC2H3O2
The solution that will be a string one based on the information is D. NaC₂H₃O₂.
What is an electrolyte?A medium that contains ions and is electrically conducting due to the movement of those ions but does not conduct electrons is called an electrolyte. This includes the majority of salts, acids, and bases that are soluble when dissolved in polar solvents like water.
A solution is a specific kind of homogeneous mixture made up of two or more substances that is used in chemistry. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that can be continuously varied up to what is referred to as the limit of solubility is known as such a mixture. A solute is a substance dissolved in a solvent. The word "solution" is most often used to refer to the liquid state of matter, but it is also possible for gases and solids to form solutions.
Strong electrolyte means conducts electricty in water i.e, soluble ionic compound. It ionises in water completely. The correct option is D.
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-Involves electrons
Duo-Happens outside atomic
nucleus
-Releases relatively small
amounts of energy
-Involves neutrons
-Happens inside atomic
nucleus
-Releases relatively large
amounts of energy
How should the student label each circle in this diagram?
O reaction A: chemical; reaction B: nuclear
reaction A: nuclear; reaction B: chemical
reaction A: strong nuclear; reaction B: weak nuclear
O reaction A: weak nuclear; reaction B: strong nuclear
TOODETE
In the labelling of the circles; reaction A is a chemical reaction while reaction B is a nuclear reaction.
How do we label the two circles?We know that in chemistry, the idea of change is quite central to our discussion. The change that we are talking about could be a chemical change or a physical change.
We have two circles that are in the Venn diagram that we have in the question. Before we can be able to label the two of the circles well we must have to remind ourselves of the differences between a chemical reaction and a nuclear reaction.
A chemical reaction result in the formation of new chemical species while the nuclear reaction would lead to the formation of new elements and the energy that is released in a nuclear reaction is far higher than the energy that is released from a chemical reaction.
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the ozone layer is group of answer choices close to earth and consists mainly of chlorofluorocarbons. a layer of toxic gas produced by the discharge of aerosols, refrigerants, and solvents high into the earth's stratosphere. a harmful chemical compound that is produced when oxygen interacts with water. in the stratosphere and protects the planet from uvb radiation.
The ozone layer is present in the stratosphere and protects the planet from uvb radiation.
Between 15 and 30 kilometres above the surface of the earth, the ozone layer protects ourselves and other living things from the sun's harmful UV radiation. The weakening of the ozone layer could have significant effects on the ecosystem and human health. It completely encircles the globe and shields life on earth from the sun's dangerous ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. The chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), often known as hydrocarbons, produce ozone.
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