A Goo-gle search yields the following dimensions of the intestinal tract: small intestine:
Length ≅20 ft ≅ 6 m, diameter ≅ 1.5 in ≅ 4 cm.Large intestine: length ≅5 ft ≅1.5 mdiameter ≅2.5 in ≅6 cm.Treating the intestines as two cylinders, the volume of a cylinder of dia-meter d and length L is:
[tex]V= \frac{\pi }{4} d^{2} L[/tex].The volume of the intestinal tract is:
[tex]V= Vsmall_ + V large_[/tex][tex]V= \frac{\pi }{4} (0.04m)^{2} (6m) + \frac{\pi }{4} (0.06)^{2} (1.5m) = 0.0117m^{3}[/tex]Assuming that 1% of this volume is occupied by bacteria, the volume of bacteria is:
[tex]V_{bac} = (10^{-2} m^{3})(0.01) = 10^{-4} m^{3}[/tex]Treating a bacterium as a cube of side L=10 , the number of bacteria in the intestinal tract is about:
[tex](10^{-4}m^{3}) (\frac{1bacterium}{10^{-18}m^{3} } ) = 10^{14} bacteria.[/tex]
It appears that the large numbers of bacteria present in the human body are beneficial, as the body has not developed any methods to reduce their numbers. This suggests that the bacteria must be performing useful functions, such as aiding in digestion and preventing the growth of dangerous bacteria in the intestines. Certain types of bacteria in the intestinal tract are known to be beneficial for these reasons.
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which type of connective tissue is strong and dense?
Dense connective tissue is a type of connective tissue which is strong and dense in nature.
Dense connective tissue forms sturdy, ropelike structures inclusive of tendons and ligaments, Dense connective tissue also makes up the lower layers of the pores and skin (epidermis), where it's far organized in sheets. join bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are greater stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than do tendons.
Collagen fibers are the most powerful and maximum plentiful of all the connective tissue fibers. Collagen fibers are fibrous proteins and are secreted into the extracellular area and that they provide excessive tensile power to the matrix.
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what is the optimal shape to dig a planting hole to transplant a plant that is growing in a container into the ground?
the optimal shape to dig a planting hole should have a width that is two to three times that of the plant's root ball and a depth that is identical to that of the plant's root ball which needs to be transplanted.
What is a plant's root ball?When mature plants or hedges are grown across a sizable area, such as a field, the root ball and dirt are taken from the earth when the plants are dormant.
Things to keep in mind while transplanting a plant:A day before working the soil, thoroughly water it. Plant roots lose moisture when the soil is excessively dry, which may harm the roots. To make a level and smooth surface, use a rake. Create a planting hole that is roughly as deep and slightly larger than the rootball of the plant.To know more about root ball visit
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In normal meiosis, when do homologous chromosomes separate from each other?
Question 2 choices
Choice A., in the first meiotic division
Choice B., in the second meiotic division
Choice C., They may separate in either the first or second meiotic divisions.
In normal meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate from each other in the first meiotic division.
The cell begins to lengthen in the anaphase I stage of meiosis. Each chromosomal pair's two homologs split and move in opposite directions thanks to the microtubules of the spindle apparatus.
The sister chromatids can separate as a result of the centromere splitting during anaphase. When the kinetochore spindle fibers shrink, 46 of the newly liberated chromatids can be dragged to one end of the cell and the other 46 can be dragged to the other end. From from point on, we will refer to these divided sister chromatids as daughter chromosomes. Each end of the cell has an identical and full set of 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, at the end of anaphase; they are still diploid.
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why is it more accurate to classify living things into three domains versus prokaryotic/eukaryotic?
The three domains of living things are based on genetic information and the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Why is the classification of living things into three categories rather than prokaryotic and eukaryotic more accurate?Classifying living things into three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota) is more accurate because it takes into account the diversity of life on Earth. This method of classification recognizes that prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are only two of the three domains of life, and that there are other, more diverse forms of life that do not fit into either of those two categories. By recognizing the distinct features of these three domains, scientists are able to better understand the evolution of life on Earth and the relationships between different species.The three domains of living things - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - is a more accurate way to classify living things compared to prokaryotic/eukaryotic because it takes into account the overall differences in the evolution and characteristics of the organisms. By classifying organisms into three domains, scientists are able to better understand how these organisms evolved and how they are related to one another.Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms with no nucleus, while eukaryotes are multi-celled organisms that have a nucleus. Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes, and Eukarya contains both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. By classifying organisms into three domains, scientists are able to better understand the evolutionary history of the various organisms and how they are related to one another.In addition, by classifying organisms into three domains, scientists can better identify organisms that are more closely related than those that are in the prokaryotic/eukaryotic categories. This is important because it allows scientists to more accurately study and compare different organisms.Because it is based on variations in the core biochemistry and genetics of these groupings rather than just the existence or lack of a cell nucleus, the three-domain system, which divides living organisms into the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota, is seen to be more accurate. This approach acknowledges that prokaryotic creatures (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic species differ significantly from one another and that each of these groupings is deserving of its own distinct classification. This method also aids in highlighting the distinctive qualities and evolutionary background of each area.
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the fluid-filled interior compartment of the thylakoid network is referred to as the:
lumen. The thylakoid network's fluid-filled interior compartment is referred to as the H2O.
Who defines lumen?Lumen consists of a handheld, portable metabolic monitoring equipment and a smartphone app (it works with both iOS and Android devices. The Lumen device has a convenient little travel case that makes it small enough to squeeze into so many pockets.
What makes lumen distinctive?The Lumen Platform combines enterprise-class services, global network infrastructure, internet connection, edge computing, integrated security, telephony, and collaboration into the quickest and most confidentiality and anonymity for next-generation business applications and data.
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explain the process in which a presynaptic nerve communicates with a postynaptic nerve and disgcuss methodology behind disrupting this communication
A neuron releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, a 20–40 nm gap between both the presynaptic axon terminal as well as the postsynaptic dendrite, when an action potential hits the presynaptic terminal (often a spine).
By attaching to receptors, neurotransmitters are able to connect with postsynaptic neurons. An action potential is fired by the presynaptic neuron and moves along the axon until it reaches the terminal. Depolarization here results in greater calcium permeability. A neurotransmitter, which is released by the presynaptic (i.e., sending) neuron, binds to a receptor situated on the surface of the postsynaptic (i.e., receiving) neuron. Presynaptic terminals, which might also branch to interact with a number of postsynaptic neurons, release neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters that have been released into the synaptic cleft interact to receptor proteins just on postsynaptic cell's membrane, causing the membrane's ionic channels either to open or close. Another action potential starts whenever these channels open, which causes depolarization
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how are the offspring produced in asexual reproduction different from those in sexual reproduction? in terms of agricultural studies, when would it be advantageous to produce an organism through asexual reproduction?
Through reproduction, living things produce offspring that are genetically identical to themselves. Without it, there wouldn't be any more life on Earth. The offspring produced in asexual reproduction are identical to their parents.
While sexual reproduction inherit some unique genes and distinguishing characteristics from their parents, asexual reproduction are genetically identical to their parents. This is the key distinction between the progeny of asexual and sexual reproduction. It is possible for organisms to reproduce asexually, or without mating or sexual activity. Mitosis is, in other words, the process through which an organism develops offspring from unspecialized cells. The process through which organisms reproduce sexually, on the other hand, is referred to as sexual reproduction. Both female and male gametes (sperm) are engaged in this (egg). When the gametes join, an embryo is produced that has two sets of chromosomes—one inherited from the mother and one from the father.
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bacteria grow and reproduce during the _____ stage.
Bacteria grow and reproduce during the exponential stage.
During the exponential stage, bacteria reproduce rapidly by a process called binary fission. In binary fission, the bacterial cell makes a copy of its genetic material (DNA) and then physically splits into two daughter cells. This is a relatively fast process, and under optimal conditions, bacteria can double in number every 20 minutes. This exponential growth is possible because the bacteria has a simple cell structure and a small genome, which allows them to reproduce quickly. Once the resources that the bacteria need to grow become limiting, the growth rate will slow down and eventually stop, this is called the stationary stage, after that, if the environmental conditions continue to be unfavorable, the bacteria will start to die and decrease in number, this is called the death phase.
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what is the muscle called that is responsible for breathing?
The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration.
The breathing pump muscles, as they are commonly known, form a complicated arrangement surrounding the lungs in the shape of semi-rigid bellows.The thoracic cavity-expanding muscles are known as inspiratory muscles because they aid in inhalation.
Expiratory muscles are those that cause exhalation by compressing the thoracic cavity.The muscles involved in breathing help to expand and contract the thoracic cavity, which in turn affects inhaling and exhalation. During silent breathing, the diaphragm and, to a lesser extent, the intercostal muscles propel respiration. For the respiratory system to function at its best and remain healthy, these muscles' suppleness is essential.
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What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization?
Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while inactivation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open.
Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open.
Activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open.
Voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation gates shut, while voltage-gated K+ channel inactivation gates open.
What is depolarization?Depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell that occurs when the cell's electric charge distribution shifts, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell relative to the outside. Voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation gates are closed, while voltage-gated K+ channel inactivation gates are open. When a change happens within a cell, the distribution of electric charges changes, leaving the cell with a less negative charge than the outside. The negative internal charge of the cell briefly becomes more positive during the depolarization process (less negative). This change from a negative to a more positive membrane potential happens throughout a variety of processes, including an action potential.
Here,
Voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation gates are closed, while voltage-gated K+ channel inactivation gates are open.
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All of the following are possible benefits of studying diseases except
finding out more about chimpanzee behavior
finding new treatments for high cholesterol
finding ways to reduce the risk of heart attacks
finding ways to prevent Alzheimer's disease
Possible benefits of studying diseases are finding out more about chimpanzee behavior.
How can understanding diseases improve our understanding of other species like chimpanzees?Understanding diseases can improve our understanding of other species like chimpanzees by providing insights into their biology, physiology and evolution. For example, by studying the diseases that chimpanzees are susceptible to in the wild, scientists can gain a better understanding of their immune systems and how they have evolved to cope with pathogens in their environment. Additionally, by comparing the diseases that chimpanzees develop with those that affect humans, researchers can gain insight into the shared ancestry of the two species and the evolutionary pressures that have shaped their immune systems. Additionally, by studying diseases that affect chimpanzees, scientists can also better understand the impacts of habitat loss and human activities on their health.
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potential energy stored in the bonds of a molecule is also called…
The potential energy stored in the bonds of a molecule is also called chemical energy
Chemical energy is defined as the energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds such as atoms and molecules. When a chemical reaction occurs, this energy is released.
When chemical energy is released from a substance, it is usually transformed into a completely new substance.
Chemical energy is stored in the bonds that link atoms and molecules together. Chemical energy is a type of potential energy because it is stored.
The stored chemical energy is released when a chemical reaction occurs.
Heat is frequently produced as a byproduct of a chemical reaction, which is referred to as an exothermic reaction.
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds that exist between chemical compounds such as atoms and molecules.
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In this experiment, you measured the change in volume of the gas inside the respirometers. The general gas law describes the state of a gas under given conditions. : pV
Because carbon dioxide is eliminated, the change in gas volume in the respirometer is precisely proportional to the quantity of oxygen consumed.
Why does the amount of gas in a respirometer decrease?Because the carbon dioxide created is eliminated by interaction with potassium hydroxide, the amount of gas in the respirometer will decrease as oxygen is utilised by cellular respiration.
Water will migrate toward the lower pressure zone in the experiment. During respiration, oxygen is used and its volume is decreased to that of a solid.
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Which of the following is the most likely reason why most smallholders avoid precision agricultural technology?
lack of technical education
offends smallholders’ religious beliefs
technology is too expensive
technology is not useful for small farms
ANSWER: Technology is too expensive
Answer:
technology is too expensive
which cell structure contains the cytoskeleton, cytosol and the organelles?
There is the cytoplasm, also referred to as the cytosol or the sizable fluid-filled region inside the cell. There aren't many compartments in this region in prokaryotes.
The "soup" that eukaryotes' organelles are contained in is called the cytosol. The cytoskeleton is also stored there.
The cytosol holds dissolved nutrients and carries items inside the cell as well as helps break down trash. The nucleus and cytoplasm frequently flow together, each changing the form of the other.
Since it is full of salts and acts as an excellent conductor of electricity, the cytoplasm offers the cell with an environment that is conducive to its proper operation. A cell's cytoplasm and the organelles that dwell there must function for it to survive.
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During the phase change you drew above, is thermal energy being added or removed?
a. Added
b. Removed
Answer:
Explanation:
Answer: A. Added. During a phase change, thermal energy is added to the system in order to break the intermolecular forces of the solid and allow the molecules to move freely and become a liquid. This addition of thermal energy causes an increase in temperature. As the molecules move more freely, they also release energy and the temperature begins to decrease until the molecules solidify again and the phase change is complete.
Answer:
Understand How Changes In Thermal Energy Affect Particle Motion, Temperature, And State Change :
Explanation:
Example Question #3. Explanation: The answer is "remove thermal energy." In order to change a gas to a liquid, you would have to cool it down, thus removing thermal energy.
b cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
A) reducing its size
B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies
C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell
D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
The correct answer is D. B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells.
Plasma cells secrete antibodies that bind to the antigen and neutralize it, while memory cells remain in the body to help the immune system recognize and respond more quickly to the same antigen in the future.
B cells are a type of white blood cell that are essential to the body’s immune system. They play a key role in helping the body to recognize and respond to foreign agents, such as bacteria and viruses, that can cause disease. lasma cells produce antibodies that recognize the antigen and bind to it, neutralizing it and preventing it from causing damage to the body.
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fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs) is a powerful analytical technique that separates cells according to their content of particular molecules. researchers can use fluorescence-labeled antibodies specific for a cell surface protein to detect cells containing a molecule of interest. suppose that a researcher wants to isolate cells that possess a receptor that detects and binds bacterial degradation products. however, the researcher does not have an antibody directed against this receptor. which fluorescence-labeled molecule should the researcher prepare to identify the cells of interest?
If a researcher wants to isolate cells that possess a receptor that detects and binds bacterial degradation products, but does not have an antibody directed against this receptor.
The researcher can use a different type of fluorescence-labeled molecule to identify the cells of interest. One option would be to use a fluorescence-labeled ligand that binds specifically to the receptor of interest. This ligand can be designed or selected to mimic the bacterial degradation products that the receptor binds to. The researcher can then add this fluorescence-labeled ligand to the cell population, and the cells that possess the receptor of interest will bind the ligand and become fluorescent. Then, the researcher can use fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate the fluorescent cells from the non-fluorescent cells and thus isolate the cells that possess the receptor of interest.
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the northern atlantic coast of the united states is the principal habitat for the american lobster (homarus americanus), a popular seafood item. however, populations of american lobster have been decreasing in southern new england. which reason might best explain this decline?
There are several reasons that might best explain the decline of American lobster populations. Some of the potential reasons include overfishing, climate change, habitat degradation.
Overfishing: The demand for American lobster as a popular seafood item has led to overfishing in southern New England, which has reduced the number of lobsters in the wild.Climate change: Rising ocean temperatures and changes in ocean chemistry caused by climate change have led to a decrease in the number of lobsters in southern New England.Disease: A disease known as "shell disease" has been found to be affecting lobsters in southern New England, which has led to a decrease in population.Habitat degradation: Pollution, destruction of coastal habitats and human development can also cause a decline of lobsters population.It is likely that a combination of these factors, rather than a single one, is leading to the decline of American lobster populations in southern New England.
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why do related species share homologous traits? related species share homologous traites because they are found in the same geographical area
The homologous traits of related species can be explained by the Theory of Evolution. This theory states that species evolve over time from a common ancestor.
As species diverged from each other, they adapted to the new environment and acquired new traits. This process is called speciation, and it is responsible for the variety of species found on earth today.
The shared homologous traits of related species are evidence of a common ancestry. For example, the wings of a bat and the wings of a bird have homologous traits despite being different species. This is because they share a common ancestor, and have evolved over time to meet the environmental needs of the particular species.
Another reason why related species share homologous traits is because they live in the same geographical area. This means that they are exposed to the same environmental conditions and face similar evolutionary pressures. This means that they are more likely to share similar traits, as these are the traits which are beneficial for survival in the particular environment.
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Which Of The Following Crosses Would Produce A 1:1 Ratio Of Phenotypes In The Next Generation? AA X AA ААх Аа Aa X Aa Аа Х Аа Аа Хаа
Among the following crosses Аа×аа would produce a 1:1 ratio of phenotypes in the next generation.
In genetics, a test cross is a technique used to investigate and collect potential traits and genotypes of offspring of organisms. An organism's genotype describes its genetic makeup and lists the alleles and genes that are present in that particular organism. The phenotype is the result of how the genes and alleles exhibit themselves in visible traits. Height, eye color, and even hair texture are phenotypes. The phenotypic ratio can be obtained by using genotypes to determine the phenotypes of an organism's progeny through a test cross.
Phenotypic ratios are quantitative relationships between phenotypes that illustrate how frequently one phenotype is correlated with another. Researchers utilize the phenotypic ratio derived from a test cross to determine the gene expression for generations of an organism.
When organisms are crossed and each phenotype has a 50/50 chance of emerging, there are only two possible results, which is known as a 1:1 phenotypic ratio.
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A scientist tags a phospholipid found in the Golgi apparatus. A while later this phospholipid has moved to a different location in the cell. Which of these is the most likely location of this phospholipid
The lysosomes, the plasma membrane is the most likely location of this phospholipid when from Golgi apparatus phospholipid has moved to a different location in the cell.
What is Golgi apparatus?Proteins obtained from the ER are further processed and even sorted in the organ termed as Golgi apparatus, also known as Golgi complex, where Proteins are eventually moved to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. the Golgi apparatus also produces sphingomyelin and glycolipids.Phospholipid:A class of polar lipids referred as phospholipids (PL) is composed up of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit, and a phosphate group which is esterified to an organic molecule (X) like choline, ethanolamine, inositol, etc.
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a section of dna that typically contain instructions for one particular protein; hundreds or thousands of these are found on a single chromosome.
Gene is the segment of DNA that contain information and cell has hundred and thousand of these on a single chromosome.
A gene is a unit of heredity that is passed down from parent to offspring. It is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for the development and function of living organisms. Genes determine an organism's characteristics, such as eye color, height, and susceptibility to certain diseases. There are thousands of genes in the human genome, located on 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Gene encode protein that are the workforce inside the cell that control hundred of functions that help the cell survive and keep on working, till it undergo senescence. Each gene or set of gene are involved in a particular set of functions.
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which structure is only found in eukaryotic cells?
Answer:
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and golgi apparatus
a microbiologist does a gram stain on a csf. she sees intracellular and extracellular gram-negative diplococci. what is the most likely organism? a. n. meningitidis b. n. sicca c. n. lactamica d. neisseria gonorrhoeae
a microbiologist does a gram stain on a csf. she sees intracellular and extracellular gram-negative diplococci the most likely organism is the meningitidis.
Meningococcal disease is brought on by a bacterium known as Neisseria meningitidis. One in ten persons carry these germs in their throat and back of nose without being unwell. Being a "carrier" is what this is. Meningococcal disease is a term used to describe several ailments caused by the bacteria when they occasionally infect the body.
What brings about meningitis?
The protective membranes that shield the brain and spinal cord become inflamed and swollen during meningitis. The swelling is typically brought on by a bacterial or viral infection of the cerebrospinal fluid. However, other types of infections, tumors, certain medicines, and injuries can also result in meningitis.
Neisseria meningitidis bacteria are the cause of meningococcal illness. Meningococcal disease patients can transmit the bacterium to others through intimate personal contact, such as sharing housing or kissing.
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Which of the following statements about action potentials in a given neuron is false?They occur after the threshold potential is reachedThey are identical in duration.They are identical in magnitude.They are propagated down the length of the dendrite.
The statement "They are identical in duration" is false.
Action potentials are the electrical impulses generated by neurons in response to a stimulus. They are characterized by a rapid depolarization followed by repolarization of the neuron's membrane potential. When the threshold potential is reached, the neuron generates an action potential, which is propagated down the length of the dendrite, and causes the release of neurotransmitters. However, action potentials in a given neuron may not be identical in duration, depending on the neuron, there may be slight variations in duration. This is due to the fact that the duration of an action potential is influenced by several factors such as the properties of the ion channels in the neuron's membrane, the strength of the stimulus, and the overall physiological state of the neuron.
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which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls conscious brain activity?
o cerebral o cortexcerebellum
o brain stem
o diencephalon
The "executive suite" of the brain that controls conscious brain activity is the cerebral cortex. Here option B is the correct answer.
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum, the largest part of the brain. It is divided into four main lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The cerebral cortex is responsible for a wide range of functions, including movement, sensation, perception, reasoning, and decision-making.
It is also responsible for higher cognitive functions such as language, attention, and consciousness. Movement and balance are coordinated by the cerebellum. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls functions necessary for survival, such as breathing and heart rate.
The diencephalon is a region of the brain that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, which are involved in relaying information between different regions of the brain and controlling various physiological functions.
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to enable the heart of a well-trained athlete to produce a cardiac output of up to 35 l/min, stimulation of the heart muscle is needed through the a. autonomic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. phrenic nerve d. vagus nerve
to enable the heart of a well-trained athlete to produce a cardiac output of up to 35 l/min, stimulation of the heart muscle is needed through the sympathetic nervous system
Your autonomic nervous system includes your sympathetic nervous system. It could be referred to as your "automatic" nervous system because it controls many functions that you do not have to think about. This can include, among other things, controlling your heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination, and sweating. The role of your sympathetic nervous system in responding to dangerous or stressful situations is well-known. In these situations, your sympathetic nervous system activates, causing your heart rate to increase, more blood to be delivered to areas of your body that require more oxygen, or other responses to assist you in escaping danger.
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In which part of the digestive system are proteins digested completely?
a. Stomach
b. large intestine
c. small intestine
b. Large intestine d. esophagus
determine whether the reproductive isolating mechanisms are prezygotic or postzygotic. Determine whether the reproductive isolating mechanisms are prezygotic or postzygotic. Habitat isolation Prezygotic Postzygotic Hybrid sterility Temporal isolation Hybrid inviability Gametic isolation Hybrid breakdown Mechanical isolation Behavioral isolation
Prezygotic mechanisms are those which prevent mating between individuals of different populations, while postzygotic mechanisms are those which prevent the successful development of hybrid offspring.
Both types of reproductive isolating mechanisms are important in preventing the exchange of genetic material between populations, thus preserving the genetic integrity of each population. Reproductive isolation is an evolutionary process that occurs when two populations of the same species become genetically distinct.
It is the result of various mechanisms which prevent interbreeding between populations, thus preventing the exchange of genetic material. The two primary types of reproductive isolating mechanisms are prezygotic and postzygotic.
Prezygotic mechanisms are those which prevent mating between individuals of different populations, or prevent fertilization if mating does occur. Some examples of prezygotic isolating mechanisms include habitat isolation, temporal isolation, gametic isolation, mechanical isolation, and behavioral isolation.
Habitat isolation occurs when two populations live in different habitats and do not meet. Temporal isolation occurs when two populations have different breeding seasons so that they do not overlap. Gametic isolation occurs when gametes from different populations are not compatible and cannot fuse. Mechanical isolation occurs when mating is physically prevented due to anatomical differences.
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