Therefore, the price of a 6-month Apple call option with a strike price of $150 is $18.28.
As we know, the call option price formula is C = SN(d1) − Ke^(−rt)N(d2)
Where C = call option price
S = current stock price
N = standard normal cumulative distribution function
K = strike price
e^(−rt) = present value factor (continuous compounding)
r = risk-free interest rate
T = time to expiration
d1 = (ln(S/K) + (r + σ²/2)T)/(σ√T)d2 = d1 − σ√T
Where N(d1) = 0.4364 and N(d2) = 0.3300
We know that the strike price is $150 and the time to expiration is 6 months, or T = 0.5 years.
We can assume that the current stock price, S, is $150.
Therefore, we can plug in the given values to solve for the call option price:
C = SN(d1) − Ke^(−rt)N(d2)C = $150(0.4364) − $150e^(−0.06×0.5)(0.3300)C = $65.46 − $143.13(0.3300)
C = $65.46 − $47.18C = $18.28
Therefore, the price of a 6-month Apple call option with a strike price of $150 is $18.28.
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What is the harmonic mean of 2,5 , and 8 ? b) You have a portfolio of two stocks in which 25% is invested in stock AB and 75% in stock CD. The price-to earnings ratio (P/E) for stock AB is 18 whereas the price-to earnings ratio (P/E) for stock CD is 75. i) What is the P/E ratio for the portfolio using the weighted arithmetic average? ii) What is the P/E ratio for the portfolio using the harmonic average?
a) To find the harmonic mean of 2, 5, and 8, we can use the following formula: Harmonic mean = number of values / (1/value1 + 1/value2 + 1/value3)Substituting the given values, we get:
Harmonic mean = 3 / (1/2 + 1/5 + 1/8)Harmonic mean = 3 / (0.5 + 0.2 + 0.125)Harmonic mean = 3 / 0.825Harmonic mean ≈ 3.636
b) i) To find the P/E ratio for the portfolio using the weighted arithmetic average, we need to multiply the P/E ratio of each stock by the percentage of the portfolio invested in that stock, add up the products, and divide by the total percentage of the portfolio invested.
P/E ratio for stock AB = 18P/E ratio for stock CD = 75Percentage of portfolio invested in stock AB = 25%Percentage of portfolio invested in stock CD = 75%Using the formula for weighted arithmetic average, we get: P/E ratio for the portfolio = (18 x 0.25) + (75 x 0.75)P/E ratio for the portfolio = 4.5 + 56.25P/E ratio for the portfolio = 60.75
ii) To find the P/E ratio for the portfolio using the harmonic average, we need to calculate the harmonic mean of the P/E ratios of the two stocks.
P/E ratio for stock AB = 18P/E ratio for stock CD = 75Using the formula for harmonic mean, we get: P/E ratio for the portfolio = 2 / (1/18 + 1/75)P/E ratio for the portfolio = 2 / (0.0555 + 0.0133)P/E ratio for the portfolio = 2 / 0.0688P/E ratio for the portfolio ≈ 29.07.
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which step in the appraisal process involves communication of the appraiser's opinions and conclusions?
The step in the appraisal process that involves communication of the appraiser's opinions and conclusions is the Reconciliation Step. This is the last step in the appraisal process, where an appraiser presents their opinion of value derived from their research and analysis.
Appraisal process-
An appraisal process is a methodical approach of determining an estimate of value. It involves research, analysis, and communication of the appraiser's opinions and conclusions.
It can be broken down into different steps, including:
Step 1: Define the problem
Step 2: Preliminary survey and property description
Step 3: Determine the appraisal approach
Step 4: Data collection and analysis
Step 5: Reconciliation of value indications
Step 6: Final appraisal report
Communication of the appraiser's opinions and conclusions happens in the last step of the appraisal process, known as the reconciliation step. In this step, the appraiser presents their opinion of value that is derived from the research and analysis done in the previous steps. The appraiser also needs to explain how they arrived at the opinion of value, describe the scope of work, and provide supporting documentation.
The final report should be clear, concise, and complete. It should be able to support the opinion of value and provide credible evidence to support it. The report should also be in compliance with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP). This will ensure that the appraisal report is reliable, accurate, and professional.
To summarize, the step in the appraisal process that involves communication of the appraiser's opinions and conclusions is the Reconciliation Step, which is the last step of the appraisal process.
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The 5 criteria that are necessary for successfully identifying market segments are measurable, accessible, substantial, differentiable, and actionable. How does marketing online make meeting these criteria more (or less) challenging? Discuss
Marketing online can both enhance and complicate the process of meeting the five criteria necessary for successfully identifying market segments: measurable, accessible, substantial, differentiable, and actionable. Let's explore how each criterion is affected:
1) Measurable:
Online marketing provides a wealth of data and analytics tools that can significantly enhance the measurability of market segments. Marketers can track website traffic, user behavior, engagement metrics, conversion rates, and other key performance indicators (KPIs) more easily.
2) Accessible:
Online platforms have made it easier than ever to reach a broad audience, regardless of geographic location. With digital advertising, marketers can target specific segments based on demographics, interests, behavior, and other parameters.
3) Substantial:
Online marketing has the potential to reach a vast number of people due to the global nature of the internet. This makes it easier to identify and target substantial market segments.
4) Differentiable:
Online marketing provides opportunities for customization and personalization, enabling businesses to tailor their messages and offerings to specific market segments.
5) Actionable:
Online marketing platforms offer various interactive features that can facilitate direct interactions with customers, such as online surveys, live chat support, and social media engagement. These tools enable businesses to gather valuable feedback and insights from their target segments, making market segmentation strategies more actionable.
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what is the balance, or tradeoff, between a lower deductible and a higher premium?
The tradeoff between a lower deductible and a higher premium is that a lower deductible leads to higher premium payments, while a higher deductible results in lower premium payments.
When choosing an insurance plan, a deductible is the amount the policyholder must pay out of pocket before the insurance coverage kicks in. A lower deductible means the insurance company assumes a larger portion of the risk, resulting in higher premium payments to compensate for that additional coverage. On the other hand, a higher deductible means the policyholder is responsible for a larger portion of the initial costs before insurance coverage applies. Consequently, the insurance company assumes less risk, leading to lower premium payments. Ultimately, the decision between a lower deductible and a higher premium or a higher deductible and a lower premium depends on an individual's financial situation, risk tolerance, and anticipated healthcare needs.
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explain this 5 points ( each point explain maximum 50 words)
3.0 SWOT ANALYSIS
(Strengths)
1. open job opportunities
2. complete facility to create a course
3. not compete with other stores
4. workers who can do various fields of work
5. Good relationship with the work department
Open job opportunities: The company has the potential to create employment opportunities, which can contribute to economic growth and attract skilled individuals to work for the organization.
1. Open job opportunities: By offering job opportunities, the company can contribute to reducing unemployment rates and boosting the local economy. This strength can attract talented individuals who are seeking employment and help the company build a skilled and diverse workforce.
2. Complete facility to create a course: Having a complete facility to create a course allows the company to develop and offer comprehensive educational programs. This strength ensures that the company can design and deliver high-quality courses, attracting students who value a well-rounded learning experience.
3. Not competing with other stores: With no direct competition, the company has a unique advantage in the market. It can capture a larger customer base without facing intense rivalry, giving it an opportunity to establish itself as a prominent player in the industry and potentially enjoy higher profitability.
4. Workers with diverse skill sets: The presence of workers who can handle various tasks and responsibilities benefits the company in multiple ways. It enhances operational efficiency by reducing the need for outsourcing or hiring additional staff, allows for flexibility in resource allocation, and supports a culture of continuous learning and development within the organization.
5. Good relationship with the work department: A positive relationship with the work department promotes effective communication, collaboration, and coordination within the company. It enables smoother operations, minimizes conflicts or delays, and enhances overall productivity and efficiency. Additionally, a good relationship with the work department can contribute to a positive organizational culture and employee satisfaction, leading to higher retention rates and better performance.
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Assuming that you were interested in purchasing an income producing property which types of risk are most important to you? Should they each receive equal weighting when analyzing real estate? Why or why not?
When it comes to purchasing an income-producing property, several risks come to mind.
However, there are three risks to consider when analyzing real estate.
They include market risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk.
When it comes to the weight to give each of these risks, there isn't an equal weight measure that fits all.
Depending on the investor's specific objectives and overall portfolio, each risk should be assigned a different weight. For instance, the younger the investor, the greater the amount of risk they can afford to take on.
Therefore, an investor with a higher risk appetite would allocate more weight to market risk than a less aggressive investor would.
An investor with a lower tolerance for risk would want to allocate more weight to liquidity and credit risk when evaluating a potential investment property.
In most cases, an investor should try to balance these risks, though it's not necessarily a 1:1:1 ratio.
In most cases, the market risk carries more weight than credit and liquidity risks since it determines the overall potential return on the investment.
In conclusion, understanding these three risks and the impact they have on your investment is crucial. It is best to seek the help of experts when analyzing an investment opportunity to get a detailed analysis of the risks involved and how to mitigate them.
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Present Value for Various Compounding Periods Find the present value of $550 due in the future under each of the following conditions. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to the nearest cent. 9% nominal rate, semiannual compounding, discounted back 5 years. $ 9% nominal rate, quarterly compounding, discounted back 5 years. $ 9% nominal rate, monthly compounding, discounted back 1 year. $'
The present value under 9% nominal rate, semiannual compounding is $368.04, 9% nominal rate, quarterly compounding is $365.76 and 9% nominal rate, monthly compounding is $520.71.
PV = [tex]FV / (1 + r/n)^(n*t)[/tex]
Where:
PV = Present Value
FV = Future Value
r = Nominal interest rate
n = Number of compounding periods per year
t = Number of years
1. 9% nominal rate, semiannual compounding, discounted back 5 years:
PV = [tex]$550 / (1 + 0.09/2)^(2*5)[/tex]
PV ≈ $368.04
2. 9% nominal rate, quarterly compounding, discounted back 5 years:
PV = [tex]$550 / (1 + 0.09/4)^(4*5)[/tex]
PV ≈ $365.76
3. 9% nominal rate, monthly compounding, discounted back 1 year:
PV = [tex]$550 / (1 + 0.09/12)^(12*1)[/tex]
PV ≈ $520.71
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Valuation of Goodwill and Consideration Paid In 2013, the online travel company priceline.com, Inc. acquired KAYAK Corporation, a travel meta-search website. Amounts paid related to the acquisition were as follows (dollars in thousands): The fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are listed below. Required a. Calculate the acquisition cost for KAYAK. Calculate the amount of acquisition expense reported on priceline.com's income statement in 2013. b. Calculate priceline.com's net credit to additional paid-in capital for this acquisition. Round amounts to the nearest thousand, if necessary. c. Calculate the amount of goodwill mec.
The consideration paid for the acquisition of KAYAK must be added together in order to determine the acquisition cost: - $1,636,268 was paid in cash as consideration. - $1,674,703 worth of equity instruments issued$375,000 is the contingent consideration.
Cost of transactions: $41,320 Cash paid + Equity instruments issued + Conditional consideration + Transaction charges = $1,636,268 + $1,674,703 + $375,000 + $41,320 = $3,727,291 as the acquisition cost for Kayak. The following costs must be taken into account when determining the acquisition expense reported on Priceline. com's income statement for 2013: Transaction costs equal $41,320 when recorded as an acquisition expenditure on the income statement. For this acquisition, we must subtract the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired from the acquisition cost in order to determine priceline. com's net credit to extra paid-in capital: Liabilities assumed - Acquired identifiable assets yields the fair value of net assets acquired. = $1,793,525 - $20,525 = $1,773,000 Acquisition cost - Fair value of identified net assets purchased = $3,727,291 - $1,773,000 = $1,954,291 Net credit to extra paid-in capital Finally, we deduct the fair value of identifiable net assets from the acquisition cost to determine the amount of goodwill recognised: Goodwill is calculated as follows: Acquisition cost ($3,727,291) - Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired ($1,773,000) = $1,954,291 As a result, $1,954,291 worth of goodwill was recognised in this acquisition.
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The development of Computerized Information Systems could be due to the environment factors. Identify and explain an Information System which could be developed in the market or industry due to the following factors. You are required to discuss how the factor contributes to the development of the identified Information System:
a. Increment of global competition
b. Encouragement the usage of public transport.
c. Rapid usage of E-Commerce
d. Increment of working couples
The development of Computerized Information Systems (CIS) has been impacted by a wide range of environmental factors. In this context, this essay is aimed at identifying and explaining the information system which could be developed in the market or industry due to the following factors such as increment of global competition.
Encouragement of the usage of public transport, rapid usage of E-Commerce, and an increment of working couples. 1. Increment of Global Competition The development of the Supply Chain Management (SCM) information system can be explained by the increment of global competition in the market.
In today’s world, it is essential for the organization to have strong and effective SCM as the competition is increasing day by day. SCM is a system that manages and coordinates the movement of products and services from the supplier to the consumer.
This system optimizes the product’s flow in a supply chain to achieve maximum customer value and minimize the costs. Therefore, SCM has been developed to face global competition to optimize the production process and product delivery to the customers.
2. Encouragement of the Usage of Public Transport The Intelligent Transport System (ITS) information system is an example of an information system that could be developed due to the encouragement of the usage of public transport. ITS uses advanced technologies to improve transport efficiency, safety, and traffic management.
The system optimizes the use of transportation infrastructures by reducing congestion, emissions, and accidents. This system has been developed to encourage the use of public transport, as it promotes a greener and more sustainable environment.
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Dmitri is a manager at a local pizza parloc, One day, you hear him say to his employees, "We provide the best service of any delivery service in the areal" Dmitri is expressing Jake works as a financial analyst for Walmart. Ha feeis that Walmart has a toxic environment because many of the senior executives share the values of people who are only in business to make money. Jake feeis that business should beneht society - not just making money for shareholders, but also giving money back to the community. When you ask Jake how he determined Walmart's culture, he telis you that he listens to the stories that managers tell everyday in the cafeteria. These stories are and they are a story a belief an assumption a value he assumptions is en artifacts beliefs values assumptions visible invisible invisible
The first scenario involving Dmitri, the pizza parlor manager, indicates that he is expressing a belief or assumption about the quality of service provided by the establishment. The statement, "We provide the best service of any delivery service in the area," represents a belief held by Dmitri.
In the second scenario, Jake, the financial analyst at Walmart, is using stories shared by managers in the cafeteria to determine the culture of the company. These stories represent artifacts, as they are observable and tangible manifestations of the company's culture.
Beliefs, assumptions, values, and artifacts are all components of organizational culture. Beliefs are the convictions or ideas held by individuals, while assumptions are underlying notions taken for granted. Values represent the principles and standards that guide behavior and decision-making. Artifacts are the observable elements of culture, such as stories, symbols, rituals, or physical objects.
In the context of the scenarios, Dmitri's statement reflects his belief about the quality of service, indicating a particular perception or mindset. On the other hand, Jake's use of stories as indicators of Walmart's culture highlights the role of artifacts in understanding and assessing organizational culture. By paying attention to these cultural components, individuals can gain insights into the values, norms, and beliefs that shape an organization's identity and practices.
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Some time ago, Tracie purchased 11 acres of land costing $100,000. Today, that land is valued at $65,000. How long has she owned this land if the price of the land has been decreasing by 5.0 percent per year? 9.50 years 11.20 years 8.40 years 10.75 years 7.80 years
Let's begin solving the problem by using the formula below; $A=P(1+r)^n$.Given: Tracie purchased 11 acres of land costing $100,000 and today, that land is valued at $65,000.
The price of the land has been decreasing by 5.0 percent per year.The value of the land decreases at a rate of 5% per year, which means that the value of the land will be equal to 100% - 5% = 95% of its previous year. So, the value of the land after one year is $65,000 * 95% = $61,750.The formula for the future value of a present value is given as; $A=P(1+r)^n, where A is the future value, P is the present value, r is the interest rate per year expressed as a decimal, and n is the number of years.
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CHANG Corp. has 10-year bonds outstanding that pay a coupon of 9 percent. Assume that these bonds are priced at $890 and coupon payments are made semiannually.
What is the current yield on these bonds?
Group of answer choices
4.50%
9.00%
10.29%
10.11%
10.59%
PreviousNext
The current yield on the bond is the coupon payment divided by the price of the bond. Here, CHANG Corp. has 10-year bonds outstanding that pay a coupon of 9 percent.
Assume that these bonds are priced at 890 and coupon payments are made semiannually. We need to calculate the current yield on these bonds as follows.
Calculating the annual coupon payment
Annual coupon payment = Coupon rate * Face value of bond
Annual coupon payment = 9% * 1000
Annual coupon payment = 90
Calculating the price of the bond in semiannual installments
Number of semiannual payments = 10 years * 2 semiannual payments per year
Calculate the semiannual coupon payment by dividing the annual coupon payment by 2. In this case, it is $90 / 2 = $45.
Determine the semiannual interest rate by dividing the annual interest rate by 2. For example, if the annual interest rate is 9%, the semiannual interest rate would be 4.5%.
Calculate the present value factor using the formula: Present value factor (n,i%) = 1 - [1 / (1+i%[tex])^n][/tex], where n is the number of semiannual periods and i% is the semiannual interest rate.
Compute the present value of each semiannual coupon payment by multiplying the semiannual coupon payment by the present value factor for the respective number of semiannual periods.
Calculate the present value of the face value of the bond using the same present value factor formula.
Determine the price of the bond by summing the present value of the semiannual coupon payments and the present value of the face value of the bond.
Calculate the current yield on the bonds by dividing the annual coupon payment by the price of the bond.
Convert the current yield into a percentage to obtain the correct option.
Therefore, the sorted paragraph, based on the Brainly platform, would be as follows:
Number of semiannual payments = 20.
Semiannual coupon payment = Annual coupon payment / 2.
Semiannual coupon payment = $90 / 2 = $45.
Semiannual interest rate = 9% / 2 = 4.5%.
Calculate the present value factor (n,i%) using the formula: Present value factor (n,i%) = 1 - [1 / (1+i%)^n].
Calculate the present value of each semiannual coupon payment using the formula: Semiannual coupon payment * Present value factor (n,i%).
Calculate the present value of the face value of the bond using the formula: Face value of bond * Present value factor (n,i%).
Calculate the price of the bond by summing the present value of the semiannual coupon payments and the present value of the face value of the bond.
Calculate the current yield on the bonds by dividing the annual coupon payment by the price of the bond.
Convert the current yield into a percentage to obtain the correct option, which is (E) 10.59%.
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8. What are the typical main functions of a central bank? 9. Identify and describe the tests under which a client can become an elective professional client. In addition, suggest why you would want to have this status. 10. Briefly explain the four-yield curve theories which suggests the curve is not flat.
8. The typical main functions of a central bank are: - Monetary policy: Formulating and implementing policies to control money supply, interest rates, and inflation.
- Currency issuance: Managing the issuance and distribution of currency and ensuring its stability.
- Banker to the government: Acting as a fiscal agent for the government, conducting auctions of government bonds, and managing public debt.
- Banker to commercial banks: Providing services to commercial banks, such as maintaining reserve requirements and acting as a lender of last resort.
- Financial stability: Supervising and regulating banks and financial institutions to maintain overall stability in the financial system.
- Exchange rate management: Managing foreign exchange reserves and influencing exchange rates to support economic goals.
9. The tests for a client to become an elective professional client depend on regulations and may vary between jurisdictions. Generally, a client can qualify as an elective professional client if they meet specific criteria, such as:
- Sufficient experience: Having a certain level of experience in the financial industry.
- Sufficient knowledge: Possessing knowledge of the products or services being offered.
- Sufficient assets: Meeting certain financial thresholds for investment.
- Requesting professional status: Voluntarily requesting to be treated as a professional client.
Having elective professional client status can offer certain benefits, such as:
- Access to a wider range of investments and services.
- Potentially lower costs or fees associated with transactions.
- Fewer regulatory protections and disclosures, allowing for more flexibility and tailored services.
10. Four yield curve theories that suggest the curve is not flat are:
- Expectations theory: States that the shape of the yield curve reflects market participants' expectations of future interest rates. If investors expect rates to rise, the curve may be upward sloping.
- Liquidity preference theory: Argues that investors generally prefer shorter-term investments due to the lower risk and higher liquidity they offer. This preference can lead to an upward sloping yield curve.
- Market segmentation theory: Suggests that the yield curve is determined by the supply and demand dynamics of different maturity segments of the bond market. If demand is higher for a specific maturity segment, its yield may be lower, causing the curve to slope.
- Preferred habitat theory: Proposes that investors have preferred maturity segments but may be willing to move outside their preferred "habitat" if compensated with higher yields. This theory suggests that the yield curve can have different shapes depending on the preferences of investors.
These theories challenge the assumption of a flat yield curve and highlight the various factors that can influence its shape.
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On 2 August 2022, Boris Johnson began a new business, called Starbucks Inc., company delivering high quality coffee and beverages. The following transactions were completed by the business during May: 2 Aug Issued to Boris 10,000 shares of capital stock in exchange for his investment of 3,500,000€ cash. 3 Aug Purchased a store of 1000 square meters for 3,780,000€ paying 780,000 cash and signing a note payable for the balance. The interest rate for the Note payable is 3% on annual terms, and it will be paid at maturity which will be August 3 rd 2025
. 4 Aug Purchased machinery for 1,500,000€ in order to be prepared to deliver the product to its customers, and paid cash. 5 Aug Purchased Equipment for 500.000€, he paid 40% cash and received an invoice stating that the remaining amount would be paid October 6 Aug Hired 5 employees with an average annual salary of 16.000€, the employees will be paid at the end of every month. 7 Aug Signed an insurance contract for 24.000€, and paid cash. 8 Aug Acquired raw materials for an amount of 300.000, the agreed payment terms were on account 30 days. 31 Aug Sold products until raw materials stock was finished for 1.000.000 to different customers, all sales were paid in cash. Plese compleater the exercise using information from Problem 1:
. Adjusting entries.
Salaries earned by Starbucks employees that have not yet been recorded or paid amount to 6.667€.
Depreciation of the building is based on an estimated life of 20 years. The straight-line method is used.
Depreciation of the machines is based on an estimated life of 10 years. The straight-line method is used.
Depreciation of the Equipment is based on an estimated life of 10 years. The straight-line method is used.
Unrecorded Income Taxes Expense accrued in August amounts to 60,000. This amount will not be paid until January 15, 2023.
No interest expense has been recorded or paid.
No insurance expense has been recorded or paid.
student submitted image, transcription available below
2) Post the adjusting entries onto the appropriate ledger T accounts. Calculate and show the ending balance for each T account (The same T accounts that you have used in problem 1).
3) Prepare a trial balance.
Adjusting entries Salaries earned by Starbucks employees that have not yet been recorded or paid are €6.667.
Depreciation of the building is based on an estimated life of 20 years. The straight-line method is used. 3780000/20=189000
Depreciation Expense of Building = 189000
Depreciation of the machinery is based on an estimated life of 10 years.
The straight-line method is used. 1500000/10 =150000
Depreciation Expense of Machinery = 150000
Depreciation of the Equipment is based on an estimated life of 10 years. The straight-line method is used. 500000/10=50000 Depreciation Expense of Equipment = 50000
Unrecorded Income Taxes Expense accrued in August amounts to €60.000. This amount will not be paid until January 15, 2023.
Income Tax Expense = €60.000
Deferred Tax Liability = €60.000
No interest expense has been recorded or paid. Interest Expense = €0
No insurance expense has been recorded or paid. Insurance Expense = €0Ledger T Accounts
For the year ending December 31, 2022, prepare an income statement, a retained earnings statement, and a balance sheet for Starbucks, Inc. using the T accounts.
Trial balance Particulars Debit Credit Cash €3,520,000
Capital Stock €3,500,000
Building €3,780,000
Accumulated Depreciation of Building €0
Machinery €1,500,000
Accumulated Depreciation of Machinery €0
Equipment €500,000
Accumulated Depreciation of Equipment €0
Raw Materials €300,000
Notes Payable €3,000,000
Interest Payable €0
Salaries Payable €6,667
Insurance Payable €0
Income Taxes Payable €60,000
Sales €1,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold €300,000
Depreciation Expense of Building €189,000
Depreciation Expense of Machinery €150,000
Depreciation Expense of Equipment €50,000
Interest Expense €0
Insurance Expense €0
Salaries Expense €6,667
Income Tax Expense €60,000
Total €11,776,667 €11,776,667
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suppose you watch a show about flowers on televison, and you bought a greenhouse in order to grow and sell flowers, then the greenhouse would be counted as when measuring gdp.
The purchase of a greenhouse for the purpose of growing and selling flowers would indeed be included when measuring GDP (Gross Domestic Product).
GDP is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced within a country during a specific time period. It includes all final goods and services that are produced for consumption, investment, government spending, and exports.
In this scenario, the purchase of a greenhouse falls under the category of investment. Investment refers to the creation or acquisition of new physical assets, such as machinery, buildings, and equipment, that are used in the production of goods and services.
By buying a greenhouse, you are making a capital investment to support your flower-growing business. The greenhouse is a physical asset that will be used in the production process to cultivate and grow flowers. As a result, the purchase of the greenhouse would be considered an investment expenditure, and it would contribute to the GDP of the country.
To summarize, the purchase of a greenhouse for growing and selling flowers would be included in GDP because it represents a capital investment, which is an important component of economic activity and contributes to the overall production of goods and services in a country.
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Read each case and determine if you would solve the problem as a Kaizen or as a Project:
1. Eliminating non-necessary materials at the nurses station on the Emergency room.
2. Relocating a service from one emergency room to another room in a different location.
3. Evaluating what services will be offered at each one of the hospitals that the company have.
4. Improving the flow of materials at the distribution center.
5. Designing an incentive program that will pay operators by specific performance metrics.
6. Revising the curriculum and new offerings at the university.
7. Ensuring the cleanliness of the facility.
Kaizen and Project are two different approaches to continuous improvement management. Kaizen is a continuous process and involves ongoing improvements that increase efficiency and reduce costs by making small and incremental changes. On the other hand, a project is a time-bound effort that involves the deployment of a specific solution to resolve a specific problem.
Below is an overview of each case and whether it requires Kaizen or Project:
1. Eliminating non-necessary materials at the nurses station on the Emergency room: This is a Kaizen problem because it involves a continuous improvement process to eliminate non-necessary items gradually.
2. Relocating a service from one emergency room to another room in a different location: This is a project because it is a one-time change of location that requires project planning and implementation.
3. Evaluating what services will be offered at each one of the hospitals that the company has: This is a project because it requires a one-time planning effort to evaluate services offered at each hospital and make appropriate changes.
4. Improving the flow of materials at the distribution center: This is a Kaizen problem because it involves continuous improvement in material flow that will increase efficiency over time.
5. Designing an incentive program that will pay operators by specific performance metrics: This is a project because it requires a one-time design of the incentive program, including its terms and conditions.
6. Revising the curriculum and new offerings at the university: This is a project because it involves a one-time planning and implementation effort to revise the curriculum and course offerings.
7. Ensuring the cleanliness of the facility: This is a Kaizen problem because it involves continuous improvement in facility cleanliness through daily cleaning, sanitation, and maintenance activities.
In conclusion, Kaizen and project management are two different approaches to continuous improvement management. The decision to choose one over the other depends on the nature of the problem and the goals of the organization.
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Historically, the members of the chess club have had an average height of 5 ′
6 ′′
with a standard deviation of 2 ". What is the probability of a player being between 5 ′
4 ′′
and 5' 10"? (Submit your answer as a whole number. For example if you calculate 0.653 (or 65.3\%), enter 65.)
To find the probability of a player being between 5' 4" and 5' 10" given that the members of the chess club have had an average height of 5'6" with a standard deviation of 2", we need to use the normal distribution function .Let us assume that X is the height of the player, which follows a normal distribution.
Then, we can write: X ~ N(μ, σ²)where μ = 5' 6" = 66" (average height of the chess club) and σ = 2" (standard deviation of the chess club).We need to find the probability of the height of a player being between 5' 4" and 5' 10". That is, we need to find P(64 ≤ X ≤ 70).
We can standardize the normal distribution function to get the probability. That is, we can convert the given height values to z-scores using the formula: z = (X - μ) / σUsing the values, we get :
z₁ = (64 - 66) / 2 = -1z₂ = (70 - 66) / 2 = 1 The probability can now be calculated as:
P(64 ≤ X ≤ 70) = P(-1 ≤ z ≤ 1)We can look up the standard normal distribution table or use a calculator to find this probability. Using the calculator, we get :
P(-1 ≤ z ≤ 1) = 0.6826 (rounded to four decimal places).
Therefore, the probability of a player being between 5' 4" and 5' 10" is 68% (rounded to the nearest whole number).
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A risk-averse manager is considering two projects. The first project involves expanding the market for bologna; the second involves expanding the market for caviar. There is a 10 percent chance of recession and a 90 percent chance of an economic boom. The following table summarizes the profits under the different scenarios. Which project should manager undertake, and why? Project Boom (90%) Recession (10%) Mean Standard Deviation Bologna -$10,000 $12,000 -$7,800 $6,600 Caviar 20,000 -8,000 17,200 8,400 Joint 10,000 4,000 9,400 1,800 Safe (T-Bill) 3,000 3,000 3,000 0
A risk-averse manager is considering two projects. The first project involves expanding the market for bologna; the second involves expanding the market for caviar.
The following table summarizes the profits under the different scenarios.
Project Boom (90%) Recession (10%) Mean Standard Deviation Bologna [tex]-$10,000 $12,000 -$7,800 $6,600Caviar $20,000 -$8,000 $17,200 $8,400Joint $10,000 $4,000 $9,400 $1,800Safe (T-Bill) $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 $0[/tex]Given the table, the project the manager should undertake is expanding the market for caviar, and the reason for it is because the average profit is greater than 100.
The formula used to calculate this is as follows:
Mean profit of Caviar = [tex]90% * $20,000 + 10% * -$8,000[/tex]
= [tex]$18,000 - $800[/tex]
=[tex]$17,200Since $17,200[/tex] is more than 100, it is safe to say that the manager should undertake the project of expanding the market for caviar.
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Partial balance sheets and additional information are listed be low for Monaco Company Asset Cash Account Receivable Inventory Liabilities Account payable
Monaco Company Partial Balance sheet as of December 31
2021
$40,000
60,000
25,000
$60,000
2020
$20,000
90,000
40,000
$72,000
Additional information for 2021 Net income was 270,000 Depreciation expense was $30,000 Sales totaled $800,000 Cost of goods sold totale d $305,000 What is the amount of cash paid to murchandise suppriers during 2021 : A) $302,000 B) \$ 300,000 C) $317,000 D) $308,000
The cost of goods sold totaled $305,000, sales totaled $800,000, and depreciation expense was $30,000. The amount of cash paid to merchandise suppliers can be determined by the formula:
Change in Account Payable = COGS - Change in Inventory
Let's calculate the changes in account payable for 2020 and 2021.
Account payable for 2020: $72,000 - $20,000 - $90,000 - $40,000 = $-78,000
(Negative value indicates that the company has paid more than it owed in the previous year)
Account payable for 2021: $60,000 - $40,000 - $60,000 = $-40,000
(Negative value indicates that the company has paid more than it owed)
Change in account payable during 2021 is: $-40,000 - $-78,000 = $38,000
The amount of cash paid to merchandise suppliers during
2021 is $305,000 - $38,000 = $267,000.
However, the amount of cash paid should be higher than $267,000 as the company had $40,000 in cash at the beginning of the year and the net income was $270,000
The amount of cash paid to merchandise suppliers during 2021 is more than $267,000, option C) $317,000 is the correct answer.
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Explain in detail company’s Inventory Cost and Shortage Cost and
effective ways to correct stockouts and diligently control
costs.
The detail company’s Inventory Cost and Shortage Cost and
effective ways to correct stockouts and diligently control
costs.
What is inventory cost?
inventory cost refers to the costs related to keeping and maintaining inventory. It consists of different elements that go towards the total cost of the inventory, including:
Carrying Costs: These costs include warehousing, rent, utilities, insurance, security, and depreciation. They are incurred to hold and maintain inventory.
Costs associated with placing and receiving orders for inventory are referred to as ordering costs. They cover all expenses related to supplier relationships as well as administrative, paper-related, and communication costs.
Holding costs are expenses related to keeping inventories for a predetermined amount of time. They include the opportunity cost, obsolescence, spoilage, and the cost of managing inventory, such as handling, counting, and tracking. They also include the cost of money tied up in inventory.
Costs associated with stockouts: When demand outpaces supply, a shortage of inventory results. Costs associated with stockouts include lost sales, revenue missed, unhappy customers, potential reputational harm, and the requirement for expedited or emergency delivery to complete orders.
Shortage Cost: A particular kind of inventory cost, shortage costs are expenditures related to stockouts or shortages of goods. The effects and costs of not having enough inventory to meet client demand are quantified. The following elements impact shortfall costs:
Lost Sales: The company loses potential sales revenue when clients are unable to acquire products because of stockouts. Missed chances and a decline in market share may arise from this.
Backordering: If a business permits customers to place backorders for out-of-stock items, managing and filling these orders may incur extra costs, such as communication, order processing, and additional shipping fees.
Costs associated with expediting the process: When inventory is not readily available, a business may occasionally need to speed up the production or procurement phases in order to meet pressing client requests. This may entail paying more for supplies or parts, working longer hours, or paying for expedited shipping.
Customer Dissatisfaction: Stockouts may result in disgruntled customers, which may negatively affect a business's reputation, customer loyalty, and future sales.
Effective Techniques for Cost Control and Stockout Correction:
Accurate Demand Forecasting: Using reliable demand forecasting techniques, historical data, market trends, and consumer insights can aid in more precise demand forecasting. As a result, businesses may optimize inventory levels and prevent stockouts.
Safety Stock: Keeping a safety stock or buffer inventory reduces the risk of stockouts brought on by unforeseen changes in demand or supply. A adequate buffer can be obtained by calculating safety stock levels based on lead times, demand fluctuations, and service level objectives.
Streamlining and automating the procurement and replenishment operations can save lead times and lower the risk of stockouts. Efficient replenishment processes. Implementing vendor-managed inventory (VMI) or just-in-time (JIT) systems can help maintain ideal inventory levels while lowering carrying costs.
Collaboration in the supply chain: Working closely with suppliers and sustaining positive relationships can assist increase the transparency and responsiveness of the supply chain. Faster replenishment, shorter lead times, and early stockout warning systems may be made possible through this collaboration.
Inventory Management Systems: Using enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems or advanced inventory management software can offer real-time visibility into inventory levels, demand patterns, and supply chain information. Better decision-making and proactive stockout management are made possible by these technologies.
Continuous Monitoring and Improvement: Problem areas can be found by periodically evaluating and examining inventory data, demand trends, and stockout situations. Processes for inventory management can be made more efficient and less expensive by putting continuous improvement programs, like lean manufacturing or Six Sigma, into practice.
Collaboration Among Departments: It is crucial for several departments, including sales, marketing, and operations, to effectively communicate with one another. Stockouts resulting from erroneous demand predictions can be avoided by coordinating sales estimates with production and procurement strategies.
By putting these techniques into practice, businesses may decrease stockouts, manage inventory more skillfully, and keep expenses under control. This improves customer happiness, boosts sales, and increases profitability.
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The economy of Macroland experienced a 4% growth in GDP, a 2% decline in unemployment rate, and a 2% inflation rate. This economy is probably
The economy of Macroland experienced a 4% growth in GDP, a 2% decline in unemployment rate, and a 2% inflation rate. This economy is probably growing.
The scenario concerning the economy of Macroland, which showed a 4% increase in GDP, a 2% drop in the unemployment rate, and a 2% inflation rate, points to the economy moving in a favourable path.
Hence, this economy is probably in an expansionary phase or is growing.
This is because the factors such as growth in GDP and decrease in unemployment rate are the major indicators of economic growth, while inflation is a measure of rising prices and reduced purchasing power.
The economic growth or expansion can be defined as an increase in the level of economic production or output or real GDP of an economy.
It is usually accompanied by a decline in unemployment and inflation rates. So, the economy is probably growing.
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the headquarters of a company may decide to move the production of its product from an existing subsidiary to a new subsidiary. what are some of the reasons a company might choose to do so?
There can be several reasons why a company may choose to move the production of its product from an existing subsidiary to a new subsidiary. Some of the common reasons include:
Cost considerations: The headquarters may identify cost-saving opportunities by moving production to a new subsidiary. This could involve taking advantage of lower labor costs, favorable tax incentives, or access to cheaper raw materials in the new location. Market proximity: The company may want to establish production closer to its target markets to reduce transportation costs, improve supply chain efficiency, and respond more quickly to customer demands. Operational efficiency: The new subsidiary may offer improved production capabilities, advanced technology, or better infrastructure, leading to enhanced operational efficiency and productivity. Regulatory or legal factors: Changes in regulations, trade policies, or legal requirements in the existing subsidiary's location could prompt the company to seek a new subsidiary in a more favorable regulatory environment.
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Supply of safe water is a concern in developing nations, but fortunately not in Canada.
Question 9 options:
True
False
False. While Canada has a generally reliable water supply, it still faces challenges in ensuring safe water access in certain regions and communities. Indigenous communities, particularly in remote areas, often experience water quality and infrastructure issues, leading to boil water advisories and unsafe drinking water.
These challenges highlight the need for ongoing efforts to improve water management, infrastructure, and access in Canada, addressing disparities and ensuring safe water for all populations across the country.
False. While Canada is known for its abundant water resources, it is not immune to water-related challenges. Indigenous communities in Canada, especially those in remote areas, face significant water quality and access issues. Many of these communities rely on outdated or inadequate water infrastructure, leading to frequent boil water advisories and unsafe drinking water. These challenges have been ongoing for years, indicating a systemic issue that requires attention and investment. Efforts are being made to address these disparities and ensure safe water access for all Canadians, but the issue of safe water supply remains a concern in certain regions of the country.
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explain in details with a good example
meaning of critical method and advantages and
disadvantages of critical method in project management scdeduling
and cost
Critical Method is a project management tool used to aid in the planning, scheduling, and control of large, complex projects. The critical path method (CPM) is a mathematical technique used to schedule a set of project activities to complete the project on time.
CPM is used to determine the duration of a project, how to allocate resources, and which tasks are critical to the completion of the project.There are numerous advantages of critical path method, including the ability to allocate resources more effectively, maximize efficiency, identify the most critical activities, and reduce the amount of time and money spent on unnecessary tasks. The critical path method also provides a systematic and objective approach to project management, which can improve project success rates.
Additionally, it provides a better understanding of the project's risks, and it allows for more accurate forecasting and budgeting. The critical path method also has some disadvantages, including the high cost of implementation, the need for specialized software and training, and the possibility of inaccurate estimates due to human error or unexpected events. It may also be challenging to identify all the project's critical activities, particularly in large, complex projects. Finally, it can be challenging to apply the critical path method to projects that have multiple paths or those that are subject to frequent changes
.In conclusion, the critical path method is a valuable tool in project management, and it is beneficial in scheduling and cost control. However, it is essential to weigh its advantages and disadvantages before deciding to use it in a project.
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CASE STUDY
NALEDI BRANDS – BUSINESS ETHICS
Naledi Brands is a fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company, producing and distributing wheat and maize products in bulk to wholesalers and retailers. The business operates primarily in southern African countries including Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, and Swaziland.
The chief executive officer (CEO) of Naledi Brands recently appointed a chief operating officer (COO) responsible for the general management of all southern African operations.
In an urgent meeting, the group marketing director brought it to the attention of the COO that wholesalers in both Swaziland and Botswana were accusing the business of manipulating prices. The COO launched an internal investigation immediately and involved an internal auditing, compliance, and risk team.
Early into the investigation, the head of the auditing committee came across numerous issues related to dubious business practices. She decided to report without delay to the COO. A serious concern was that a prospective customer overheard a marketing manager of Naledi Brands’ Botswana operation talking to his peer in a competitive company. He disclosed that Naledi Brands was launching a big promotion of a popular maize brand in Botswana and discounted prices. He requested the competitor not to respond with a so-called price ‘war’. In exchange, he undertook to react in the same manner if the competitor were to do a similar promotion in the future. An agreement was reached.
Many other non-compliance issues surfaced:
• Contracts were given to distributors in return for personal favours.
• Sales representatives negotiated with customers to order large quantities of product.
This would result in good commission earnings for the reps to be shared with the procurement managers of the customers.
• Credit notes were issued to customers for damaged packaging. Packaging was in reality never damaged. The sales reps would receive shopping vouchers.
• Company vehicles were used as taxis for extra income.
• Suppliers were ‘forced’ to provide feedstock at ridiculous discounts in exchange for single-source contracts.
• Traditional leaders were offered the usage of company resources for personal gain for distribution storage to be erected in communities.
The CEO was shocked and very upset. He retained an external forensic firm to investigate further as he was of the opinion that only the surface was scratched by the internal audit.
Source: Erasmus, B., Rudansky-Kloppers, S., Strydom, J. (Eds.) (2019). Introduction to
Business Management. 11th edition. Oxford University Press: Cape Town.
1.1. In developing a business ethics and code of conduct policy for Naledi Brands, state what elements you would include.
Developing a business ethics and code of conduct policy for Naledi Brands would include the following elements: Accountability: It means the company takes responsibility for the choices they make. The leadership team and the Board of Directors are responsible for making sure that the company is always doing the right thing.
Naledi Brands will maintain high ethical standards and comply with all regulations and laws. All employees should be aware of their responsibility to report concerns to the right person or department. Ethics training: Employees and management will be required to complete a business ethics and code of conduct training program.
The training should include an explanation of the company's policies and procedures, information on what is and is not acceptable behavior, and a discussion of ethical dilemmas. decision-making: All employees should be encouraged to make ethical decisions in their daily work.
They should be encouraged to think about the ethical implications of their actions and consider alternative solutions when faced with ethical dilemmas. Compliance: Employees should be made aware of the company's policies and procedures, and should be trained on how to comply with them.
The company will comply with all laws and regulations in the countries it operates in. Transparency:Employees, customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders should have access to information about the company's ethical policies and practices. The company should be transparent about its business practices and decisions.
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a balance of trade surplus indicates an excess of imports over exports. true false
The given statement "a balance of trade surplus indicates an excess of imports over exports" is False. A balance of trade surplus indicates an excess of exports over imports.
It is a condition where the country's export value is higher than its import value in a specific period of time. In other words, it occurs when a country's export value exceeds its import value, resulting in a positive trade balance.
A trade surplus is preferred over a trade deficit as it means that a country is earning more money through its exports than it is spending on imports.
This can lead to an increase in foreign currency reserves, which can be used for investment or to pay off debts. The trade surplus can also result in increased employment opportunities and economic growth in the country. Thus, a balance of trade surplus indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing.
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which of the following represents a criticism of the lower of cost and net realizable value rule?
One criticism of the lower cost and net realizable value (LCNRV) rule is that it can result in an inconsistent and subjective valuation of inventory. The LCNRV rule requires companies to value their inventory at the lower of its cost or net realizable value.
The LCNRV rule requires companies to value their inventory at the lower of its cost or net realizable value. While this rule aims to ensure conservative valuation and prevent overstatement of inventory value, it introduces subjectivity and inconsistency in determining the net realizable value.
The net realizable value is the estimated selling price of inventory minus any anticipated costs of completion, disposal, or transportation. Estimating these values involves judgment and assumptions, and different companies or individuals may have varying assessments of the net realizable value. This subjectivity can lead to inconsistent valuation practices across different entities or even within the same company.
Furthermore, the LCNRV rule does not account for potential future changes in market conditions or demand for inventory. If market conditions improve after inventory has been written down, it may result in the inventory being undervalued.
Overall, the criticism of the LCNRV rule lies in its potential for subjective and inconsistent valuation, which can impact financial reporting accuracy and comparability among companies.
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u.s. legislation known as the blank______ makes it a crime for companies to bribe officials of a foreign government in order to obtain or retail business in another country.
U.S. legislation known as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) makes it a crime for companies to bribe officials of a foreign government in order to obtain or retain business in another country.
The FCPA was enacted in 1977 and is aimed at combating bribery and corruption in international business transactions. It prohibits U.S. companies, as well as certain foreign companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges, from engaging in corrupt practices abroad. The FCPA's anti-bribery provisions make it illegal to offer, promise, or give anything of value to foreign officials to influence their actions in obtaining or retaining business. The legislation also requires companies to maintain accurate books and records and to have internal controls in place to prevent bribery. The FCPA has had a significant impact on promoting ethical business practices and transparency in international transactions.
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PMF, Inc., can deduct interest expenses next year up to 30% of EBIT. This limit is equally likely to be $6 million, $14 million, or $22 million. Its corporate tax rate is 35%, and investors pay a 15% tax rate on income from equity and a 35% tax rate on interest income. a. What is the effective tax advantage of debt if PMF has interest expenses of $5 million this coming year? b. What is the effective tax advantage of debt for interest expenses in excess of $22 million? (Ignore carryforwards). c. What is the expected effective tax advantage of debt for interest expenses between $6 million and $14 million? (Ignore carryforwards). d. What level of interest expense provides PMF with the greatest tax benefit?
a) Effective tax advantage of debt If PMF has interest expenses of $5 million in the coming year, then the EBIT would be $16.7 million.($5m / (1-0.35)) = $16.7mEBIT = $16.7m
$16.7m - $5m = $11.7m Without debt, taxable income will be:
$16.7m * (1-0.35) = $10.8m
The tax advantage of the debt would be $900,000.($11.7m * 0.15) - ($5m * 0.35) = $900,000
b) Effective tax advantage of debt for interest expenses in excess of $22 million If PMF has interest expenses exceeding $22 million, they will not receive any tax benefit since the deduction is capped at $22 million.
Answer: No tax advantage will be achieved.
c) Expected effective tax advantage of debt for interest expenses between $6 million and $14 million
$14m * 1/3 + $22m * 1/3 + $6m * 1/3 = $14m
The expected tax advantage of debt will be:
$14m * 0.3 = $4.2m
$20m - $4.2m = $15.8m
$15.8m * 0.15 - $4.2m * 0.35 = $285,000
d) Level of interest expense that provides the greatest tax benefit PMF can maximize the tax advantage of debt by maximizing the deductible interest expense.
Answer: $22 million.
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Discuss the kinked demand curve model of an oligopolist and the priceinterdependency experienced by firms in this market structure.
The kinked demand curve model of an oligopolist suggests that there exists a price interdependency between firms in the market structure. Firms are assumed to be mutually interdependent in such a market structure. The market structure comprises of only a few large firms that dominate the industry.
These firms are in a position to influence the price of goods and services and can potentially collude to do so.
The kinked demand curve model hypothesizes that in such a market structure, firms are more likely to adhere to the price set by the market leader. The market leader sets the prices of the goods and services. If a competitor tries to raise their price, they will lose their market share to the market leader, and if they lower their price, the market leader will match it. This results in a less elastic demand curve for price increases, which explains the kink in the demand curve.
The price interdependence experienced by firms in this market structure is a result of their understanding that changes in price levels by one firm will affect the price level of the entire industry. Therefore, firms in oligopolies must carefully analyze the expected market response to their pricing decisions before making them.
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