A criminal case exists when someone is suspected of committing a crime. When someone sues another individual, business, or corporation, this is referred to as a civil case.
What is a criminal case?
When a prosecutor working for the federal, state, or municipal government accuses someone of committing a crime, it is known as a criminal case. Criminal proceedings often start after the suspect is detained and charged, typically at an indictment hearing. The defendant in a criminal case is always presumed innocent until proven guilty in court beyond a reasonable doubt. When a court finds someone guilty of committing a crime, a criminal law sentence may follow. These punishments can include community service, a fine, an incarceration sentence, or a combination of all three.
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Explain how the US Supreme Court related their reasoning for creating the Exclusionary Rule in Mapp v. Ohio to deciding the Good Faith exception in US v. Leon.
What is the right to privacy and how is it protected by the Constitution?
As a result of the guarantee of life and liberty in Article 21 of the Constitution, privacy is a right that is guaranteed by the constitution.
The right to privacy in India has changed during the past 60 years as a result of various rulings. Over the years, there has been disagreement over whether the right to privacy is a fundamental right due to inconsistency from two early rulings. The evaluation and interpretation of constitutional provisions must guarantee that they are in line with the international human rights treaties that India has ratified. According to the court, privacy is a fundamental prerequisite for the meaningful exercise of other guaranteed freedoms.
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Criminal law actus reus arraignment bail beyond a reasonable doubt burden of proof corporate criminal liability criminal conspiracy criminal intent cruel and unusual punishment defendant double jeopardy entrapment exclusionary rule felony indictment information miranda rule misdemeanors p.136 plea p.141 plea bargain p.142 preponderance presumption of innocence p.134 probable cause p.139 prosecutor p.136 public defender p.136 search warrant p.153 search and seizure p.153 self-incrimination p.155 specific intent p.137 speedy trial p.158 warrantless arrest p.139
A Latin term meaning "guilty act," which refers to the requirement in criminal law that the defendant must have committed a voluntary act that is prohibited by law.
Bail: A sum of money paid by the defendant or a third party to secure the defendant's release from jail before trial.
Criminal conspiracy: An agreement between two or more people to commit a crime.
Defendant: The person accused of committing a crime.
Information: A formal charge filed by a prosecutor that a person has committed a crime.
Plea: A defendant's response to a criminal charge, in which he or she admits guilt (guilty plea), denies guilt (not guilty plea), or declines to contest the charges (no contest plea)
Preponderance: A lower standard of proof than beyond a reasonable doubt, which requires the prosecutor to prove the defendant's guilt to a degree that is more likely than not.
Self-incrimination: The constitutional protection against being forced to testify against oneself.
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______ laws are made to protect the public as a whole from the harmful acts of others.
Nuisance ordinances laws are made to protect the public as a whole from the harmful acts of others.
Nuisance ordinances, likewise alluded to as a crime-free ordinance or a disorderly house ordinance, is a nearby regulation typically passed on the town, city, or district level of government that plans to legitimately rebuff the two landowners and occupants for violations that happen on a property or in an area. These regulations force punishments under programs alluded to as disturbance reduction when wrongdoings are accounted for, whether or not violations really happened or what the police activity involved.
The consequence of these laws is for property managers to tell occupants to not report wrongdoings, decline to restore the rent of anybody engaged with revealing a wrongdoing, and expulsion of inhabitants engaged with any violations, regardless of whether the inhabitants were the casualties of said violations.
As per the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), while allies of these mandates contend that they forestall crimes in the region under the laws, the genuine outcome is rather a decrease in by and large open security and mischief brought to casualties of wrongdoing, especially those experiencing homegrown maltreatment, that are dissuaded from revealing the crime carried out against them.
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alex was on a coast-to-coast trip by automobile. while passing through ohio, alex had a flat tire. it was fixed by sam's turnpike service station, and later, while alex was driving through indiana, the tire came off and alex was injured. alex was hospitalized in indiana, so he sued sam in indiana for the injuries. what rules of substantive law will the indiana court use to determine if sam is at fault? explain.
If Sam is at fault, the Indiana court will use the conflicts of law principles to decide. Due to Sam's negligence, this would be a tort action, hence Indiana law would be used under a conflict of laws principles.
What was the conflict of laws principles?
Conflict of laws refers to a discrepancy between the laws that apply to a dispute from two or more different jurisdictions. The law that is chosen to address the conflict will determine the case's outcome. There may be a conflict between the laws of various nations, federal and state laws, or even laws within a single state.
Which law should be applied to resolve the case when there are competing laws is the main issue that arises. When selecting the legal standard to use in a case, courts follow a certain procedure. This procedure is referred to as characterization or classification in the legal community.
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what kind of cause is it when the act is foreseeable and defendant will be held responsible for damages
The proximate cause is the kind of cause that exists when the act is foreseeable as well as the defendant is to be held as responsible for the damages caused to the plaintiff or the complainant.
The act wherein the defendant is held as being the under responsibility or liability to pay for the damages caused to the plaintiff, or his property, then the cause is to be held under the foreseeability and proximate cause. The verdict will always be made against the defendant in the cases related hereunder.
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One of the biggest challenges to airline frequent flier mile programs is the backlog of unredeemed miles. True or False
Yes, it may be stated as appropriate to mention that maintaining the backlog of unredeemed miles is among the biggest challenges for the airline's frequent flier miles programs. Therefore, the statement given is true.
The challenges of an organization are always related to the regular courses of business operations that they are engaged in. The problems arise because of the inefficiency of the management systems, as well as the factors that are not under control of the organizations for the time being.
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what kinds of changes would be expected in the demand of a country that has a growing population?
A country with a growing population would likely experience changes in demand, such as an increase in the need for housing.
Current demand will increase if a price decrease is anticipated. Current demand will decrease if a price increase is anticipated. The current world population of 8 billion people is projected to rise to 9.7 billion in 2050 and reach a peak of nearly 10.4 billion in the middle of the twenty-first century, an increase of nearly 2 billion people.
In a given country, territory, or geographic area at a given year, the difference between births less deaths and the difference between immigrants and emigrants is what is used to calculate the annual increase in population size. measurement technique.
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to help others see you during heavy rain, use your
Use your low-beam headlights in a lot of rain to make yourself visible to other people.
What are Low-beam headlights?
Low beam headlights—also referred to as the "headlight lower beam" or "dipped headlights"—are used by drivers when visibility is reduced to less than 100 feet (or less, depending on state regulations), frequently as a result of nighttime or bad weather. They are useful for navigating traffic as well. Typically, we refer to the low beam light when we "switch on our headlights." When it's dark outside, for instance, it's the default setting. Because they illuminate the road more effectively in some situations and enable other drivers to see your car without being blinded, we use low-beam headlights more frequently than high-beam headlights.
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What law supervises the legal product of cigarettes in the country?
The tobacco regulation Act supervises the legal product of cigarettes in the country.
What is the Tobacco regulation Act?
Republic Act No. 9211, often referred to as the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003, is an all-encompassing regulation that controls, among other things, smoking in public places, tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, and sales limitations. The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003's Implementing Rules and Regulations were published by the Inter-Agency Tobacco Committee. The Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Committee are thorough and address a wide variety of tobacco control issues. The Consumer Act of the Philippines (Rep. Act No. 7394) handles false, deceptive, or misleading advertising generally in addition to the restrictions on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship in Rep. Act No. 9211 and the Implementing Rules and Regulations.
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Where do I find excess Social Security and Tier 1 Rrta tax withheld?
Excess Social Security and Tier 1 Railroad Retirement Tax Act (RRTA) tax withheld can be found on your Form W-2. It is listed in box 4 (Social Security wages) and box 16 (RRTA compensation).
On your tax return, you can claim a refund of the excess Social Security and Tier 1 RRTA taxes withheld by entering the amount on line 71 of Form 1040 or line 44 of Form 1040A.
You may also be able to claim a refund of excess Social Security and Tier 1 RRTA taxes withheld if you had more than one job in the same year and the combined wages were more than the Social Security wage base. In that case, you will need to use Form 843 to claim the refund.
If you are filing a joint return, you may also be able to claim a refund of excess Social Security and Tier 1 RRTA taxes withheld for your spouse, as long as you both had jobs in the same year and the combined wages were more than the Social Security wage base. In that case, you will need to use Form 843 to claim the refund.
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what governing system allows the central government to alter or abolish subgovernments?
Subgovernments may be changed or eliminated under a unitary system of government. In a unitary system, either the central government is the only unit of government or the sub-units are.
It's common to refer to a unitary government as a centralized one. One centralized organization controls all of the government's authority. Local units of governance are established by the national (central) government for convenience.
Either there is just one level of government under the unitary system, or the sub-units are subject to the central authority. Orders can be delivered to the provincial or local government from the federal government. The federal government, however, is unable to impose orders on the state governments.
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M1 Analyse the
relationship between
ethics and the law in
terms of their relevance
to own professional
responsibilities as a
health or care
practitioner
Law and ethics in medicine both rest on the principles of self-determination, beneficence, and a concept of justice to be provided to all patients by both medical professionals and society.
Why do healthcare professionals in their line of work have a legal and ethical responsibility?Healthcare professionals have a legal and ethical responsibility to safeguard the individuals they look after. Patients suffer if these obligations are neglected. Healthcare practitioners could potentially face consequences for similar behaviours. Doing what is right for the patient is an example of ethical behaviour or obligation. Practitioners are obligated to abide by the codes of ethics for many healthcare professions.
Thus there is a close relationship between laws and ethics in healthcare workers to protect the patients and prevent the dismantling of the system.
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Under the Articles, the national government included a way to make, enforce and interpret laws.a. trueb. false
amendments to the constitution must be ratified by what fraction of congress___
Amendments to the constitution must be ratified by at least two-third vote of both the houses.
Amendment is a addition or alteration made to a law, constitution, statute through legislative bills and resolutions passed in both the houses of the senate. The government frames the laws and reforms which has to be brought in the houses which has to be passed with not less than two-third majority to be enacted otherwise the law becomes null and void and is disposed off. The first ever bill of rights was ratified by the congress in 1791. Till date the congress ratified 27 amendments in total.
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A couple buys a new house, but they are unable to gain access to a shared driveway that
crosses their neighbor's property. What legal action can they take to secure their right of
access?
If the couple has a legitimate claim to the shared driveway, they can file a lawsuit to enforce that claim. This is done by filing lawsuit against their neighbour to compel them to allow access or by asking for an injunction to compel them to use the neighbor's driveway.
Can a co-owner be subject to a temporary injunction?A co-owner cannot seek an injunction against the other co-owner with regard to land acquired jointly since ownership by one co-owner is regarded as possession by both.
What distinguishes a co-owner from a co-sharer?If a co-owner or his transferee is removed from joint possession, he has the right to joint possession through litigation and is not required to file a partition lawsuit. A co-sharer may bring a claim for possession on behalf of all co-sharers or for the division and possession of the plaintiff's share.
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A plaintiff was severely injured when her car collided with the defendant's truck on a highway in State A. The plaintiff was a citizen of State B and the defendant was a citizen of State A. The defendant had no contacts with State B. The plaintiff filed suit in federal district court in State B under diversity jurisdiction, asserting a state law claim for damages resulting from the defendant's alleged negligence. The defendant filed an answer, specifically denying each of the plaintiff's claims. Three months later, after discovery concluded and just before trial, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction.Should the court dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction over the defendant?
A
No, because dismissal would prejudice the plaintiff, since discovery has already occurred in the case.
B
No, because the defendant has waived the objection to the court's jurisdiction.
C
Yes, because the defendant had no contacts with State B.
D
Yes, because the court may dismiss an action for lack of personal jurisdiction at any time prior to final judgment.
The correct answer is (D) Yes, because the court may dismiss an action for lack of personal jurisdiction at any time prior to final judgment.
Even if the defendant previously answered the complaint without raising the question of personal jurisdiction, they can bring it again in a petition to dismiss. The defendant may object to personal jurisdiction in a timely manner by putting it in their initial reply pleading or by filing a separate move to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
As a result, the court has the authority to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction over the defendant, even if it occurs shortly before trial and after discovery, because lack of personal jurisdiction is a fundamental issue that affects the court's ability to exercise jurisdiction over the defendant.
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What 5 global companies have the highest number of employees?
The following list of five multinational corporations with the highest employee to revenue ratios includes:
$576 billion Walmart (WMT).Amazon (AMZN) is worth $486 billion.$443 billion Petro China (PTR).$394 billion Saudi Aramco (2222.SR).$388 billion is the value of Apple Inc.With nearly four million employees combined, Walmart and Amazon lead the retail industry as the largest employers worldwide. Statista reports that recent information has shown that the defense industry employs the most people globally.
With over 39% of the estimated total number of workers, the manufacturing industry is the largest employer, followed by the education sector with 22%. The majority of Indian workers are employed in the primary sector. The agricultural industry makes up the majority of the primary sector.
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why did the scopes trial take place? what was the controvery in the case? why was the case so important to both sides
Journalist H. L. Mencken dubbed the 1925 prosecution of high school teacher John T. Scopes for breaking the Tennessee Butler Act, which forbade the teaching of evolution in public institutions.
The case was prosecuted as the "Scopes monkey trial." A plaintiff who has been wounded is one of the crucial components of what the Court views as a case or controversy.
A crucial criterion of the Court's definition of standing is that a plaintiff must demonstrate that they have actually experienced "injury." Listening to the accuser as well as the one who made the accusation is known as hearing both sides.
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this document suggested the legislative branch have a house of representatives and a senate. what is this document?
The Connecticut compromise suggested the legislative branch have a house of representatives and a senate.
The congress of United States is bicameral in nature and the Connecticut compromise introduced the system of dual government. The compromise provided for a bicameral legislature is a legislative body with two houses, with representation in the House of Representatives according to population and in the Senate by equal numbers for each state. The upper house would have equal representation from each state, while the lower house would have proportional representation on the basis of population of the state.
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1. Pilihan ganda1 minute1 ptQ. According to the rule of law, a government leader:Pilihan jawabanHas absolute authority to make decisionsIs excluded from "We the People"Must follow the laws like everyone elseHas more rights than ordinary citizens
Option 1 is Correct. In accordance with the rule of law, a government official: Has unrestricted decision-making power.
An Absolute Monarchy and Absolutism are closely related in that the reigning person has "absolute" power and is unchallenged by any legal, electoral, or other means. In a dictatorship, the lives of the populace are completely under the authority of the ruling party.
A single individual—typically a king or queen—holds total, autocratic power in an absolute monarchy. Under absolute monarchy, the throne normally passes via a reigning family, with the succession of power being hereditary. A political notion known as "sovereignty" designates absolute power or supreme authority. In a monarchy, the "sovereign" holds absolute power.
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Correct Question:
According to the rule of law, a government leader:
1. Has absolute authority to make decisions
2. Is excluded from "We the People"
3. Must follow the laws like everyone else
4. Has more rights than ordinary citizens
Laws are made to protect the public as a whole from the harmful acts of others
a)criminal
b)civil
c)international
d)military
Criminal laws are made to protect the public as a whole from the harmful acts of others.
Hence, the correct option is A.
Criminal laws is a body of law that apply to criminal acts. The main theories for criminal law are: to deter a crime, to reform the perpetrator, to provide retribution for the act, and to prevent further crimes. The main aim of criminal law is to prevent others from doing a crime by punishing the individuals committing the crime. Punishment of a criminal activity can specified on the basis of severity of the crime from penalties to capital punishment such as death penalty or imprisonment for life. Crime is social evil and it can harm an individual or a society but its impact is harmful for each member of the society, and to protect the society from such evils the criminal law was framed.
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when a tortfeasor is willful in bringing about a particular event that caused harm, it falls into which category of tort?
Option E is Correct. It falls under the Intentional category of tort when a tortfeasor willfully causes an incident that results in harm.
A tortfeasor is a person who commits a tort; this person is "liable" rather than guilty. The purpose of tort liability is to compensate the tort victim financially for the harm that the tortfeasor inflicted. There are further remedies available, such as injunctions or restitution.
When the defendant's activities were disproportionately risky, negligent torts occurred. Strict liability torts, in contrast to deliberate and negligent torts, are independent of the level of care that the defendant used. Courts in strict liability instances instead concentrate on whether a specific outcome or harm manifested. A sort of liability known as "fault" requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that the defendant's actions were at fault.
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Correct Question:
When a tortfeasor is willful in bringing about a particular event that caused harm, it falls into which category of tort?
A) None of these
B) Partial liability
C) Negligence
D) Strict liability
E) Intentional
Controversy surrounding the Affordable Care Act is an example of the friction inherent in___.
a.confederal systems.
b.unitary systems.
c.federalism.
d.cooperative
The controversy surrounding the Affordable Care Act is an example of the friction inherent in federalism.
What is federalism?
Federalism is a combination and compound form of governance that divides the authorities between a general administration (the central or "federal") and regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) within a single political system. In the unions of states under the Old Swiss Confederacy, federalism as it is known now was first practiced. Federalism is distinct from both devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subservient to the general level, and confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level.
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Laws are made to protect the public as a whole from the harmful acts of others
a)criminal
b)civil
c)international
d)military
Criminal laws are made to protect the public as a whole from the harmful acts of others.
What are Criminal laws?
Criminal law is the body of legislation that establishes criminal offenses, governs the detention, accusation, and trial of suspects, and establishes the fines and forms of retribution for those found guilty.
Criminal law is just one of the tools used by organized societies to safeguard individuals' rights and guarantee the survival of the group. In addition, there are the moral principles taught by families, schools, and religion; workplace and factory rules; laws of civil life enforced by regular police powers; and the penalties accessible through tort claims.
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which international conference led to an agreement limiting the number of ships of each of the great powers? A)yalta conference B)kellogg-briand pact C)paris peace conference D)washington naval conference
According to the choices of alternatives provided above, it may be stated that the Washington Naval Conference was an event that led to an agreement that limited the number of ships on each of the great powers. Therefore, the option D holds true.
The Washington Naval Conference is the most significant event to have taken place in the American history. By the virtue of this significant event, an agreement was being proposed to be developed between the great powers across the world to have a limitation on the number of ships that they can possess.
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A mayor sued a blogger for defamation in federal district court under diversity jurisdiction. The mayor alleged in her complaint that the blogger had published defamatory statements about her that suggested she was having an adulterous relationship. The mayor's entire case rested on her own testimony establishing the prima facie elements of her claim and a properly authenticated and admitted copy of the allegedly defamatory publication. At the end of the mayor's presentation of evidence to the jury, the blogger filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law. Finding that the mayor's meager evidence was insufficient for a jury reasonably to find that the publication was false, as was required by state law, the judge granted the blogger's motion and directed a judgment in favor of the blogger. The mayor immediately appealed the judgment, contending that the trial judge applied the wrong legal standard in granting the motion.
On these facts, should the judgment be set aside on appeal?
A. No, because the district court's ruling was not clearly erroneous.
B. No, because the mayor failed to meet her burden of establishing a prima facie case as a matter of law.
C. Yes, because a motion for judgment as a matter of law cannot be granted until both parties have presented their cases.
D. Yes, because the district court improperly evaluated the weight of the evidence.
Answer:Answer choice D is correct. When ruling on a Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the opposing party and draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the opposing party. It may not consider the credibility of witnesses or evaluate the weight of the evidence, and it must disregard all evidence favorable to the moving party that the jury is not required to believe. Therefore, on these facts, the district court improperly granted the blogger's motion, and the ruling should be set aside.
Explanation:
Answer choice A is incorrect because it states the incorrect standard to be applied when reviewing a judgment as a matter of law. Appellate review of legal rulings is de novo. The appeals court will use the trial court's record, but it reviews the evidence and law without deference to the trial court's rulings.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the mayor met this burden by testifying that the publication was false. The credibility of this testimony must be assessed by the jury.
Answer choice C is incorrect because a motion for judgment as a matter of law may be made at any time before the case is submitted to the jury.
What feature of Judaism is different from the religions of ancient Greece and Rome?
One major feature of Judaism that is different from the religions of ancient Greece and Rome is its monotheistic belief in one God.
In contrast, the ancient Greek and Roman religions were polytheistic, meaning that they believed in many gods and goddesses.
Judaism also places a strong emphasis on ethical behavior and the importance of following God's laws, as outlined in the Torah and other sacred texts.
While the ancient Greeks and Romans had ethical systems and codes of conduct, they were not necessarily tied to religious beliefs or practices in the same way that Judaism emphasizes.
Additionally, Judaism has a strong emphasis on the importance of community and social justice, with traditions like the obligation to give to charity and the concept of Tikkun Olam (repairing the world).
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During civil lawsuit proceeding regarding alcohol services, the court will try to determine if theA. whether the designated driver was present and remained sober. B. Guest BAC checked all night. C. server recently attended proper alcohol training. D.server contributed to the injury
During civil lawsuit proceedings regarding alcohol services, the court will try to determine if the server contributed to the injury.
So, option D is the correct answer.
The court will try to find out that while serving the alcohol, the proper policies and guidelines were followed or not which protects over drinking. As per the 21st amendment in the US Constitution, the maximum level of serving alcohol to an individual at one time differs from state to state which will be regulated by state guidelines.
The court will also determine if the server encouraged over drinking or not and if the server was sober or not at the time. Here, the intention and the purpose of the server is important.
So, the correct option would be D.
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how much did bp pay for deepwater horizon oil spill?
In order to resolve civil damages claims brought by the United States as a result of the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster, BP has been ordered to pay $5.5 billion. The sum will be paid over a period of sixteen years.
In spite of objections from Congress and a sizable coalition of environmental organizations, the final agreement will permit BP to write off the majority of the expenses as regular business expenses.
Lukas Ross, a campaigner with Friends of the Earth on climate and energy, said: "We are horrified to see that BP's egregious carelessness continues to enjoy government subsidies. It is absurd to consider the worst oil disaster in American history to be a routine and essential business expense.
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