Answer:
Chloroplasts are commonly found in guard cells located in plant leaves, roughly 1–2 μm thick and 5–7 μm in diameter.
cells undergo reactions of both catabolism and anabolism. which type of reaction generally leads to an increase in entropy? explain your answer.
Entropy generally increases in reactions where the total number of molecules produced is greater than the total number of reacting molecules.
Broadly speaking, entropy is a measure of the quality of energy, with lower entropy meaning higher quality. Energy stored in a carefully ordered way (efficient libraries) has low entropy. Energy stored in a chaotic way (random stack library) has high entropy.
Catabolism is a type of metabolic reaction that takes place within cells.
Anabolic reactions use electricity to construct complicated molecules out of less difficult natural compounds. Catabolic reactions damage down complicated molecules into less difficult ones, freeing chemical electricity withinside the process.
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vitamin a deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete what protein
Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete.
What is epithelial cells?The skin, blood arteries, urinary system, and organ surfaces of your body are all sources of epithelial cells. They defend your body from viruses by acting as a barrier between the inside and outside of it.
It's usual to find a few epithelial cells in your urine. Infection, kidney disease, or any serious medical condition may be indicated by a high number. In order to examine our urine under a microscope, your doctor may prescribe a urine test or urinalysis.
In terms of size, shape, and appearance, epithelial cells vary. These epithelial cells are the most crucial. A renal problem may be indicated by an elevated number. Another name for them is renal cells.
Therefore, Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete.
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if a couple that are both heterozygous carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele have children, the chance that both their first and their second child are carriers is 0.5 x 0.5, or 25%, as determined by the_______
If a couple that is both heterozygous carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele have children, the chance that both their first and second child will be carriers 1/4 or 25% is as determined by the crossing.
Monohybrid crossingThe cystic fibrosis condition is a recessive one. Let's assume that the allele for cystic fibrosis is a for the affected and A for the unaffected.
A couple that is both heterozygous would have Aa as their genotype:
Aa x Aa
AA Aa Aa aa
The genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring would be as follows:
AA = unaffected
Aa = unaffected
aa = affected
Chances of an offspring being affected = 1/4 or 25%
Chances of an offspring being affected = 3/4 or 75%
Chances of an offspring being a carrier = 1/2 or 50%
Now, let's calculated the probability.
Probability of the first child being a carrier = 1/2
The probability of the second child also being a carrier = 1/2
The probability of both their first and second child being carriers = 1/2 x 1/2
= 1/4 or 25%
Going by the analysis of the monohybrid cross, the probability of both their first and second child being carriers is 1/4 or 25%.
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What is homeostasis?
the change in allele frequency within a population is...? question 19 options: a) genetic drift b) natural selection c) emigration d) macroevolution e) microevolution
The change in allele frequency within a population is called genetic drift.
What is an allele?
A variant of the same nucleotide sequence at the same location on a lengthy DNA molecule is known as an allele. Multiple alleles are often present at each locus within a population or species of organisms.
When a population's allele frequencies shift across generations owing to chance, it is called "genetic drift" (sampling error).All populations of limited size experience genetic drift, but its effects are most pronounced in small groups.
Genetic drift can lead to the fixation, or increase in frequency, of some alleles (even advantageous ones), as well as the loss of other alleles. When a population is drastically reduced in size by a natural disaster (the bottleneck effect) or when a small group breaks off from the main population to establish a colony, genetic drift can have significant impacts (founder effect).
Instead of taking into account an allele's advantage (or harm) to the person carrying it, genetic drift, unlike natural selection, does not take this into account. To put it another way, an advantageous gene could disappear by accident while a marginally deleterious allele could stabilize.
A benefit or detrimental allele would be subject to selection in addition to drift, but significant drift (for instance, in a very small population) might still result in the fixation of a harmful allele or the loss of a good one.
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based on hemispheric lateralization, which side of the brain is predominantly responsible for analyzing sensory information?
Based on hemispheric lateralization, right side of the brain is predominantly responsible for analyzing sensory information.
The parietal lobe is separated from the occipital lobe with the aid of using the parieto-occipital sulcus and is at the back of the vital sulcus. It is liable for processing sensory facts and incorporates the somatosensory cortex.
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2. Mitosis is a continuous process not a series of separate events. What evidence did you observe to support this statement?.
Answer: There are many cells in different parts and stages and that shows you how they are dividing.
The only type of artery in the body which carried deoxygenated blood is _________.
Answer: Pulmonary artery
Explanation:
The PULMONARY ARTERY is the only type of artery in the body which carries deoxygenated blood.
microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease. microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease. true false
It is true that microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.
Microbiota is commonly described as the assemblage of dwelling microorganisms found in a described environment [25]. As phages, viruses, plasmids, prions, viroids, and unfastened DNA are commonly now no longer taken into consideration as dwelling microorganisms [55], they do now no longer belong to the microbiota.
A most important feature of the microbiota is to guard the gut in opposition to colonization via way of means of exogenous pathogens and doubtlessly dangerous indigenous microorganisms thru numerous mechanisms, which consist of direct opposition for confined vitamins and the modulation of host immune responses.
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In a paragraph (5 sentences minimum) describe the process of protein synthesis and explain how transcription and translation generate proteins.
The process of protein synthesis involves the presence of ribosomes that provide the machinery for the t-RNA to read the codon on the m-RNA and attach the correct amino acid accordingly to the growing polypeptide chain. Transcription is the process where m-RNA is formed from the DNA and then further from m-RNA protein synthesis i.e., translation happens.
Ribosomes are the nucleoproteins. They are comprised of r-RNA and proteins. They have two subunits, one large and one small that join together at the time of protein synthesis.
t-RNA is also called the adaptor molecule in protein synthesis. It contains the anticodon at one terminal that recognizes the codon on m-RNA strand and therefore the appropriate amino acid is attached.
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Brain waves that are lowest in frequency and highest in amplitude are called _____________ waves.
The brain waves that exhibit the lowest frequency, as well as highest amplitude, are called Theta waves.
In an electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, a wave represents any kind of brain activity that is registered in the form of a wave. These waves are of distinct kinds. Theta waves exhibit a frequency of four to seven waves per second. These types of waves with the lowest frequency depict slow activity in the brain but also have the strongest signal due to the highest amplitude.
The other brain waves include Alpha waves, Beta waves, etc. The Alpha waves have a frequency of about 8 to 13 waves per second.
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a dark skin individual marries and has children with a light skin individual. their children have mid-shade skin color. this can be describes as
A dark skin individual marries and has children with a light skin individual. their children have a mid-shade skin color. This can be described as polygenic inheritance.
What is polygenic inheritance?Polygenic inheritаnce describes the inheritаnce of trаits thаt аre determined by more thаn one gene. These genes, cаlled polygenes, produce specific trаits when they аre expressed together. Polygenic inheritаnce differs from Mendeliаn inheritаnce pаtterns, where trаits аre determined by а single gene. Polygenic trаits hаve mаny possible phenotypes (physicаl chаrаcteristics) thаt аre determined by interаctions аmong severаl аlleles. Exаmples of polygenic inheritаnce in humаns includes trаits such аs skin color, eye color, hаir color, body shаpe, height, аnd weight.
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Portions of eukaryotic mrna sequence that are removed during rna processing are ________.
Portions of eukaryotic mrna sequence that are removed during rna processing are INTRONS.
This section is referred to as INTRON. A split gene’s intron is a section of the pre-RNA transcript that is typically deleted for destruction during RNA processing. A non-coding, intervening section of the primary transcript known as an intron is not required for genetic coding.A genetic problem can be corrected and an organism’s physical and chemical conditions can be improved through the high-tech method of genome editing, which allows scientists to replace, add, and delete DNA sequences in living things including bacteria, animals, plants, and others.The process of transcription can be described as the rewriting of information from a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) into a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) using the enzyme RNA polymerase.Following the transcription of an RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule from a eukaryotic gene, intron-containing regions are excised, and the exons that remain are spliced together to create an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence.
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what is the name for a nematic phase with helical twist? what is the name for a nematic phase with helical twist? helicoid cholesteric imine mbba
Helicoid cholesteric is the name for a nematic phase with helical twist.
The nematic phase is characterized by the correlation of long molecular axes due to the one-dimensional orientation order of the molecules, but the orientation order is not polar. There is no translation order within the nematic phase.
Helicoid cholesteric phases are similar to nematic phases in that they exhibit long-range orientational order at the positions of the molecular centers of mass and no long-range order.
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choose the answer that places the following events of protein synthesis in the proper order.
1. mRNA is produced in the nucleus.
2. Ribosome moves along the mRNA.
3. DNA uncoils for transcription.
4. Polypeptide is produced.
5. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.
6. mRNA moves to the ribosome.
A) 3,5,1,6,2,4
B) 3,1,6,2,5,4
C) 2,1,5,4,3,6
D) 2,4,6,1,3,5
A) 3,5,1,6,2,4 is the correct order for the events of protein synthesis.
What is protein synthesis?Protein synthesis (translation) is the process of creating a polymer of an amino acid chain that results in the production of a functional protein. It entails reading information from mRNA (messenger RNA) and assembling an amino acid chain. Ribosomes are the structures responsible for protein chain synthesis.
Protein synthesis is an important process because we rely on our bodies to build the proteins we require to perform important functions. Without protein synthesis, our bodies will be unable to produce hormones, enzymes, and even new muscle.
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During the end reaction of the electron transport chain, oxygen becomes ________.
During the end reaction of the electron transport chain, oxygen becomes water.
What is the electron transport chain?The electron trаnsport chаin is а series of proteins аnd orgаnic molecules found in the inner membrаne of the mitochondriа. Electrons аre pаssed from one member of the trаnsport chаin to аnother in а series of redox reаctions. Energy releаsed in these reаctions is cаptured аs а proton grаdient, which is then used to mаke АTP in а process cаlled chemiosmosis. Together, the electron trаnsport chаin аnd chemiosmosis mаke up oxidаtive phosphorylаtion.
Аt the end of the electron trаnsport chаin, electrons аre trаnsferred to moleculаr oxygen, which splits in hаlf аnd tаkes up [tex]H^{+}[/tex] to form wаter.
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Help- Which of the following accounts for the largest depletion of wetlands in California?
O drinking water
O highway construction
O large mining operations
O overuse and erosion of beaches
Answer: b; Highway
Explanation:
A characteristic of hormones and enzymes that allows them to work effectively with other organic molecules is their.
Their specific shape is the characteristic of hormones and enzymes that allows them to work effectively with other organic molecules.
What are hormones and enzymes?
Enzymes:
Enzymes are catalysts for reactions that occur. They speed up the rate of reactions without undergoing any changes themselves.Most enzymes are proteins. Enzymes retain their chemical makeup even after use, which is why they can be reused.External factors such as temperature, pH levels, etc affect the regulation of enzymes acutely. Enzymes are produced by Exocrine glands. ( salivary glands, gastric glands)Examples are protease, amylase, and lipase, etc.Hormones:
Hormones are messengers that trigger many functions in our body. Hormones can be proteins, amino acids and even steroids. The chemical composition of hormones changes after use, hence they may or may not be reused.Hormones are not affected by external factors as acutely as enzymes.Hormones are produced by Endocrine glands. ( thyroid and pituitary glands)Examples are Melatonin, Insulin etc.Therefore, their specific shape is the characteristic of hormones and enzymes that allows them to work effectively with other organic molecules.
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a(n) is an example of a mollusc that does not have a shell. group of answer choices octopus snail spider oyster
Octopus is an example of a mollusca that does not have a shell.
Mollusca is the second-biggest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the contributors of which can be referred to as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The quantity of fossil species is envisioned among 60,000 and 100,000 extra species.
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State the direction that dna is replicated in, describing the impact of this directionality.
The direction of DNA replication is 5' to 3'. The DNA polymerase, which can only create DNA in one way, is hampered by this.
What three distinctions exist between the leading and lagging strands?A leading strand is one that is created in the direction of 5'-3', whereas a lagging strand is one that is created in the direction of 3'-5'. 2. The lagging strand is formed in fragments known as Okazaki fragments, while the leading strand is produced constantly.
Which strand is moving in the leading and lagging directions?The lagging strand is the one that starts to open in the 3' to 5' direction toward the replication fork. The leading strand in the replication fork is the one that travels in the 5' to 3' direction. Discontinuous replication occurs for the strand. Continuous replication of the strand occurs.
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How long did it take for the butter to melt off of the plastic fork? The metal fork?
Convection is a common method for transferring heat in gases and liquids, in which the movement of the gas or liquid itself moves heat from one location to another.
When you boil water in a kettle, heat is transmitted from the fire to the pot through convection.
what is convection?
The process of convection involves the movement of a heated fluid, such as air or water, in order to transfer heat.
Examples of natural convection:
Rising hot air over a fire. melting ice Due to a pressure difference, there may be a sea wind or land breeze. Warm-blooded creatures have blood circulation.
Convective heat transfer is the process by which heat is transferred from one body to another by currents of flowing gas or fluid. As it flows away from the heated body, air or water rises and is replaced by a cooler parcel in the process of free convection.
Temperature differences within the fluid cause convection. Because of the increased energy of the particles, a fluid loses density at the area nearest to the heat source as it is heated. The less dense portion of the fluid then rises, while the denser portion sinks.
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how are synthetic products made from petroleum different from synthetic products made from plants and animals
A synthetic substance is one that has been created through a chemical reaction that took place in a lab or factory using a natural material.
Can plants be used to create synthetic goods?All kinds of natural resources can be chemically altered or modified by humans to create synthetic items. Plants and animals, as well as metals, minerals, and other naturally occurring resources on Earth, can be used to create synthetic items.
What distinguishes Class 8 natural and synthetic fibers?Natural fibers are those that are produced utilizing only organic raw materials, including plants and animals. The fibers produced through chemical synthesis are known as synthetic fibers.
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the main functions of glial cells include a. secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and response to injury b. metabolic support and insulation c. all of these. d. removing waste products of metabolism.
Glial cells, also known as neuroglial cells, play a structural role in the central nervous system in addition to controlling immune responses, brain plasticity, and nerve firing rates.
Around axons, oligodendrocytes create the myelin sheath. Astrocytes sustain the extracellular environment of neurons, supply them with nutrients, and support their structural integrity. Scavenge pathogens and dead cells with microglia. The cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the neurons, is made by ependymal cells.
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The roosevelt corollary was theodore roosevelt’s addition to the monroe doctrine; it stated that.
The corollary asserted that not only were the countries of the Western Hemisphere closed to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had a duty to maintain law and order and safeguard people's lives and property there.
What did this quiz on the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine serve to accomplish?The Roosevelt Corollary was a significant addition to the Monroe Doctrine since it communicated with countries in Europe and Latin America. It said that the United States would not put up with European meddling in the region and that it would police the area to keep things peaceful.
What was the Monroe Doctrine and how did the Roosevelt Corollary build upon it?In contrast to the Monroe Doctrine, which said that European nations should avoid Latin America, the Roosevelt Corollary went a step further and stated that the United States had the authority to use military action against those nations to prevent European nations from entering.
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parental gametes always contain the dominant alyou are a cat breeder who suspects that the genes controlling paw color and fur length are linked, with white paws and short fur being dominant. to test this, you have developed a pure-breeding line of white pawed, short fur cats, and another pure-breeding line of dark pawed, long fur cats. what cross should you do to test whether the genes are linked?eles for linked genes. true false
To test for linkage in the paw color and fur length genes of the cat, the two pure-breeding lines must be crossed with each other to produce the F1 generation. And then test cross must be performed with the F1 progeny to know about the genetic information.
Linkage is the phenomenon that describes the distance between two genes in a chromosome. If the distance between two genes is less than 50 centimorgan the genes are said to be linked and they inherit together, otherwise if the distance is equal to or more than 50 centimorgan they are not linked.
Test cross is the type of cross where the genotype of an individual can be detected by making it cross with a homozygous recessive individual.
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4. The first sentence of this reading states that
students and scientists have to consider what
we mean by "life." How does categorizing
things help us better answer whether
something is alive?
The ability to engage in life activities including movement, respiration, growth, reactivity to environmental cues, and reproduction can help distinguish live objects from non-living ones. Even while this way of thinking about life has some drawbacks and can result in the aforementioned alternate ideas, it may be appropriate for this age. For instance, because pupils are unable to perceive plant movement, they may not believe plants to be living things.
I think of life as a predetermined, interacting, adaptable, and evolutionary process that occurs in highly organised organic systems. Living things are the system in which life occurs if life is the process. I also question whether or not viruses qualify as living entities. I am in favour of recognizing viruses to be living things, starting with my definition of life and, of course, what others have thought about it.
What do you mean by non-living things?
Anything that lacks life is referred to as a non-living thing, and living things are characterized as having life. They are immobile and devoid of cells and growth. Non-living things have no need for sustenance and do not breathe. Non-living things include things like stones, pens, books, bicycles, bottles, and so forth.
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Coactivation is a phenomenon in which contraction of an agonist muscle leads to _______ in the antagonist muscle.
It occurs when the agonist muscle contracts while the antagonist muscle relaxes.
What exactly is coactivation a phenomenon?When the agonist and antagonist muscles (also known as synergist muscles) around a joint contract at the same time to maintain joint stability, this is known as muscular coactivation. Since two muscle groups are contracting at once, it is sometimes referred to as muscle cotraction.
Exactly why is coactivation required?According to our findings, coactivation of the antagonist is essential for the ligaments to maintain joint stability, balance the pressure distribution across the articular surface, and control the mechanical impedance of the joint.
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when small mutations gradually change the surface antigens of a virus so that antibodies to the original virus become less effective, this is known as
The phenomenon for which small mutations gradually change the surface antigens of a virus so that antibodies to the original virus become fewer effective is known as antigenic drift.
What is the antigenic drift phenomenon?The antigenic drift phenomenon is a process in which a virus loss its infection potential due to mutations that hamper the ability of binding of this infectious agent.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the antigenic drift phenomenon is able to drastically reduce the ability of a virus to infect suitable host such as a human host in the case of some retroviruses.
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what is the main piece of evidence that shows the moon and Earth used to be connected
Answer: Moon Rocks
Explanation if needed :) - most compelling evidence is the 382 kilograms of Moon rocks brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions.
what traits do modern humans have? group of answer choices a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin thicker postcranial bones than archaic homo sapiens large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex
The answer is a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small brow ridges.
What is a modern human?
Homo sapiens that are physically compatible with the variety of phenotypes observed in modern humans are referred to as early modern humans or anatomically modern humans to separate them from extinct archaic human species. Modern people are typically distinguished from older humans in terms of anatomy by having lighter-built skeletons.
Many of the physical and behavioural traits that modern humans have evolved share some similarities with other early human species, though not to the same extent.
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