C. the ability to screen ultraviolet light was not necessary in order for plants to colonize land.
Although it is undoubtedly beneficial for shielding the plant from damaging UV rays, it is not necessary for a successful colonization. More crucial for plants to survive in a terrestrial environment were other adaptations including vascular tissue for transporting water throughout the plant, a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, and the development of strong spore walls to guard the spore from dehydration. To colonize the land the plant need system to acquire water and nutrient given by roots, and way to reduce water losses, also prevention against high intensity sunlight.
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Scientists use specific levels of organization to analyze the biosphere. Which level of organization describes a school of anchovies?
A school of anchovies. At least 20 fish can be seen swimming.
Which type of data about a population is produced by a simulation that
explores the effect of natural selection?
OA. Decreases in size
OB. Phenotype frequencies
OC. Limiting factors
OD. Increases in size
The type of data about a population produced by a simulation exploring
explores the effect of natural selection is: Phenotype frequencies. Option
OB. is the correct answer.
What is Phenotype frequencies?
This refers the fraction of individuals with a given phenotype. A simulation exploring the effect of natural selection would typically produce data on the frequencies of different phenotypes in the population, as natural selection acts on variations in traits that affect the survival and reproduction of individuals. The other options are not directly related to natural selection.
The relative phenotype frequency for each phenotype can be determined by counting the number of times a particular phenotype appears in a population and dividing it by the total number of individuals in the population.
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_______ proteins are embedded in biological membranes, whereas ______ proteins are associated with surface regions of biological membranes.
Integral proteins are embedded in biological membranes, whereas peripheral proteins are associated with surface regions of biological membranes.
Integral membrane proteins constitute a significant component of biological membranes and have domains that span the lipid bilayer.
Examples of integral membrane proteins:
Insulin receptor.Some types of receptor proteins.Glycophorin.Rhodopsin.Biologists recognize two groups of membrane proteins, peripheral and integral. Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the bimolecular lipid layer, probably by electrostatic interactions, whereas integral proteins are integrated into the lipid bilayer.
Peripheral membrane proteins are highly unique amphipathic proteins that interact with the membrane indirectly, using electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions, or directly, using hydrophobic tails or GPI-anchors.Peripheral membrane protein is a protein that is found temporarily attached to the cell or mitochondrial membrane. Peripheral membrane proteins attach to the membrane but are not embedded in it.
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genetic diversity is required for natural selection to act on, but natural selection can reduce, or eliminate this genetic diversity. what process can restore genetic diversity to a population?
Genetic diversity is required for natural selection to act on, but natural selection can reduce, or eliminate this genetic diversity. The process that can restore genetic diversity to a population is gene flow.
Gene flow - also named migration - is any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they take, from one population to another. Gene flow incorporates lots of various kinds of events, such as pollen being blown to an unknown destination or people shifting to new cities or countries. If genetic variants are carried to a population where they previously did not exist, gene flow can be an important source of genetic variation.
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What is the definition of valve ?
Answer:
A valve is a device that opens and closes to control the flow of liquids or gases.
Explanation:
Which organelle is known as the power house of the cell? Why?
The organelle known as the "powerhouse of the cell" is the mitochondrion. This nickname is attributed to the organelle's primary function, which is to produce ATP
Mitochondria are found in almost all eukaryotic cells and are typically most abundant in cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells. They are double-membrane organelles with an outer membrane and an inner membrane that is highly folded, forming structures called cristae. The inner membrane contains enzymes that are involved in the electron transport chain, a process that generates a proton gradient that is used to produce ATP.
In addition to energy production, mitochondria are also involved in other important cellular processes, such as calcium signaling, cell differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders.
In summary, mitochondria are called the "powerhouse of the cell" because they are responsible for generating ATP, the molecule that provides energy for cellular processes.
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What are two ways lysosomes can be activated?
Fusing with an old organelle or fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis are two ways lysosomes can be activated.
What are lysosomes?
An organelle of a cell that is membrane-bound and houses digestive enzymes is called a lysosome. Numerous cell processes involve lysosomes. They disassemble extra or worn-out cell components. They could be utilized to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction in a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, if the damage is irreparable. Now, the lysosome is a particular kind of acidic organelle. Therefore, it must be shielded from the remainder of the cell's interior. The digestive enzymes that need to be stored in an acidic, low-pH environment are therefore kept in a compartment that has a membrane surrounding it. These enzymes, known as hydrolytic enzymes, convert big molecules into smaller ones.
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describe where in the alimentary canal and by what each of the major macromolecules are broken down. include information about the type of cellular transport used to move these nutrients from the digestive system to the rest of the body.
The alimentary canal, which takes food through various digestive organs and permits waste to leave the body, is a continuous passageway that extends from the mouth to the anus.
The existence of the alimentary canal varies greatly among organisms, although it is only visible in bilaterally symmetrical organisms. Cells that release digestive enzymes in different parts of the alimentary canal enable food to be broken down. Materials may be absorbed into the body by other specialized cells. The alimentary canal in humans and other highly complex animals are divided into specialized tissues and organs. The alimentary canal of our oldest ancestors, which most likely consisted of a straightforward tube linking the mouth and anus, gave rise to several organs and tissues.
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how much energy does it take to pump a proton across the mitochondrial inner membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space? the membrane potential across the inner membrane is 150 mv (the intermembrane space is more positive than the matrix).
The electrogenic pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, catalysed by the respiratory chain complexes, creates the electrochemical proton gradient.
Through the respiratory chain's redox carriers, electrons produced by the oxidation of substrates are channelled (for review see Esposti and Ghelli, 1994). Complexes I (NADH:ubiquinone reductase), III (ubiquinol:cytochrome c reductase or bc1-complex), and IV are connected to proton ejection during this process (cytochrome c oxidase). Molecular oxygen serves as the last electron acceptor before water is created through a four-electron reduction.
For the purpose of creating a proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix, the inner mitochondrial membrane is replete with transport proteins.
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for human genetic studies, researchers measure the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. What do triglycerides measure in a blood test?
for human genetic studies, researchers measure the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. A triglycerides test is a blood test that measures the amount of a fat in your blood called triglycerides.
A triglycerides test is a blood test that determines the level of triglycerides in your blood. Triglyceride levels that are too high may raise your chances of having a heart attack or stroke. A triglyceride test can help you determine whether you need to take steps to reduce your risk.
Triglycerides provide energy to your body. If you consume more calories than you require, your body converts the excess calories into triglycerides and stores them in your fat cells for later use. When your body requires energy, your cells release triglycerides into your bloodstream to energise your muscles.
You may have high triglyceride levels in your blood if you consume more calories than you burn off, particularly calories from carbs, including sugary foods, and fats.
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The medial lemniscus pathway gets its name from the location of the axons of a. third order neurons ascending through the thalamus b. second order neurons ascending through the midbrain c. first order neurons ascending through the cord d. upper motor neurons descending through the internal capsule e. lower motor neurons descending through the cord
The medial lemniscus pathway gets its name from the location of the axons of second order neurons ascending through the midbrain.
Medial lemniscus pathway In the dorsal column-medial lemniscus route (DCML), the medial lemniscus is a second-order neuron that transmits sensory spinothalamic information related to conscious proprioception, vibration, delicate touch, and 2-point discrimination of skin and joints of the body.Head fibers are medial, while leg fibers are lateral. The midbrain's orientation is comparable to the pons'.The lateral lemniscus is a component of the brainstem's auditory tract. It begins at the superior olivary complex level and ends at the inferior colliculus. The lateral lemniscus serves as a direct conduit for the fibers of the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus' central nucleus.For more information Medial lemniscus pathway kindly visit to
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Kidney stones have only one purpose and we don't use them correctly
Our kidneys eliminate waste from our bodies through urine. When your blood contains too much waste and your body does not produce enough urine, crystals accumulate in your kidneys. These crystals attract additional wastes and chemicals, resulting in the formation of a solid item (a kidney stone) that will grow unless it is passed out of your body in urine.
What are the different forms of kidney stones?
Kidney stones are classified into four types:
Calcium deposits
The most prevalent form of kidney stone is calcium stone. They are caused by the reaction of calcium in your urine with oxalate (a natural substance found in most foods). These develop when you don't receive enough water or calcium.
Uric crystals
Uric stones are another form of kidney stone. High quantities of a natural chemical called purine (found in various meats and shellfish) in your body can lead to high levels of a molecule called urate, which can cause kidney stones.
Struvite crystals
Struvite stones are uncommon compared to calcium and uric stones. Struvite stones can occur when bacteria from upper urinary tract infections (UTIs) enter your urinary tract.
Cystine crystals
Cystine stones are produced by cystinuria, an uncommon illness that runs in families. Cystinuria is a phenomenon in which a naturally occurring chemical known as cystine seeps into the urine. Kidney stones can form when your urine contains an excessive amount of cystine. These stones might become trapped in your kidneys, bladder, or anywhere else in your urinary tract. The majority of cystinuric people will acquire multiple stones during their lives. It is a chronic illness that can be managed but not cured.
Kidney stones (sometimes referred to as renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, or urolithiasis) are mineral and salt deposits that form within your kidneys.
Among the various causes of kidney stones include diet, excess body weight, certain medical disorders, and certain supplements and drugs. Kidney stones can cause problems in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys and bladder.
Stones form when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and bind together.
Kidney stones can be uncomfortable to pass, but if diagnosed early enough, they typically do not cause permanent harm. Depending on your circumstances, you may only need to take pain medication and drink plenty of water to pass a kidney stone.
Surgery may be necessary in some circumstances, such as when stones become lodged in the urinary tract, are associated with a urinary infection, or cause complications.
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How do substitution insertion and deletion mutations form?
Substitution mutations occur when a base pair is replaced with a different base pair, insertion mutations occur when extra nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence, and deletion mutations occur when one or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence.
The primary distinction between substitution insertion and deletion mutations is their origin. Substitution mutations occur when a base pair is replaced with a different base pair, insertion mutations occur when extra nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence, and deletion mutations occur when one or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence.A mutation is a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. A gene has a unique nucleotide sequence.Gene mutations can change the genetic information contained within the nucleotide sequence of a gene. The mutation can range in size from a single base change to a large fragment of a chromosome containing multiple genes. Mutations occur for a variety of reasons. Some of the major causes are errors in DNA copying during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals known as mutagens, and viral infections.
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based on the data in table 3.1, what can you infer about the relative length of time an onion root tip spends in each stage of cell division?
The onions cells spend the most of their time in interphase, getting ready for mitosis, just like the majority of cells (remember that each cell spends about 90% of its time in interphase). It takes a long time to complete a lot of tasks during this phase, which takes up the second-longest amount of time in the prophase. The length of each subsequent phase varies depending on the region of the root that is being examined. For example, the rem. M checkpoint, which ensures that the sister chromatids are properly aligned on the metaphase plate, takes some time.
what is a cell?the smallest unit that can sustain life on its own and makes up all living things, including the body's tissues. The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm are the three primary components of a cell. The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
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When a boxer is moving away from a punch the force experienced is reduced?
the duration of contact is extended The force felt by a boxer as they move away from a blow is lessened since the punch has more time to make contact with them.
Impulse is the result of the force as well as the moment of application, and this notion explain why "rolling with both the punches" in boxing is effective. Since force is inverse proportional to time, when he moves his head forward the time increases and as a result the impact of force decreases. As a result, the boxer hits a very little bit less forcefully. A. It lengthens the impact period while lessening the force of the hit. The moment of impact and force are decreased when the boxer travels towards the strike.
(When a boxer is moving away from a punch, the force experienced is reduced because
A) momentum transfer is reduced.
B) the time of contact is increased.
C) the force is less effective.
D) all of the above)
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a natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a
A natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a bottleneck effect.
A natural disaster is when a natural hazard actually occurs and causes considerable harm to a community. Economic repercussions are frequently left behind by a natural disaster in addition to human casualties or physical harm. The amount of damage depends on the infrastructure's accessibility and the population's adaptability. Avalanches, coastal flooding, cold waves, droughts, earthquakes, hail, heat waves, hurricanes (tropical cyclones), ice storms, landslides, lightning, riverine flooding, strong winds, tornadoes, typhoons, tsunamis, volcanic activity, wildfires, and winter weather are just a few of the numerous types of natural disasters that can happen.
The complete question is:
A natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a
a) genetic drift
b) founder effect
c) bottleneck effect
d) natural selection
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How much blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit?
At rest, the pulmonary artery pressure should be between 8 and 20 mm Hg. Without warning signs or symptoms, pulmonary hypertension can develop gradually.
Pulmonary hypertension is a condition in which the pressure in the pulmonary artery is unusually high and is greater than 25 mm Hg at rest or 30 mm Hg during physical activity. Despite the fact that there is no treatment for pulmonary hypertension, you can manage your symptoms with the help of your doctor and lead an active, full life. Before taking any over-the-counter medications, consult your doctor because some of them may make your pulmonary hypertension symptoms worse or may conflict with your prescriptions. Also, always carry a list of your current medications. Ask your doctor if you need a flu vaccine or a vaccination for pneumonia.
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a number of passengers on a cruise ship from new york to california have recently developed some illness symptoms compatible with a type of coronavirus, covid-19. testing for this coronavirus is not readily available on any nearby island, and the test takes several days even where available. assuming you are the epidemiologist called on to board the ship and investigate this possible outbreak. which variables might you include in characterizing the outbreak described by person? (choose all that apply) group of answer choices
As an epidemiologist called on to investigate a possible COVID-19 outbreak on a cruise ship, there are several variables that would be important to consider in characterizing the outbreak.
These variables would help to understand the extent of the outbreak, identify possible sources of infection, and implement appropriate public health interventions. The following are some of the variables that might be included:
Number of Cases: The first variable to consider would be the number of passengers who have developed illness symptoms compatible with COVID-19. This information would provide a sense of the scale of the outbreak and help to determine whether it is a localized outbreak or a more widespread epidemic.
Timeframe of Onset: It would be important to know when the first cases of illness appeared and the time frame of onset for subsequent cases. This information would help to identify the likely incubation period for the virus and determine the rate of transmission.
Demographic Information: Demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, and nationality can provide important clues as who is most affected by the outbreak and whether there are any patterns in the spread of the virus. For example, if most cases are in a particular age group or occupation, it could suggest that the virus is spreading through a common activity or location.
Symptomatology: It would be important to document the specific symptoms experienced by the passengers. COVID-19 typically presents with symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath, but other symptoms may also be present. Knowing the range of symptoms experienced by passengers would help to identify cases that may be missed if testing is not available.
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which organelle receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and glycosylates them before sorting the proteins to other organelles?
Golgi Apparatus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum supplies the Golgi apparatus with proteins and lipids (fats). The vesicles are transported from the Golgi apparatus into the cis Golgi network's "unloading bay."
In order to create enclosed droplets known as vesicles, it changes some of them, sorts, concentrates and packs them.
Here, the "goods received" are examined. Any misdelivered items including compounds that ought to have remained in the RER are returned, packaged in vesicles, to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Once the proteins and lipids have been properly transported, they are next sent into the cisternae of the Golgi stack where they are processed and arranged in a systematic manner in accordance with any "labels" they may contain.
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A symbiotic relationship where all organisms in the relationship benefit is known as aA. parasitismB. mutualism/C. commensalism
Option B, A symbiotic relationship where all organisms in the relationship benefit is known as mutualism.
In a mutualistic relationship, both organisms involved benefit from the relationship. This can include access to resources, protection from predators, or other advantages. Mutualism is a type of symbiosis, which refers to the close and prolonged interaction between different species. In contrast, parasitism involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another, while commensalism involves one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected. Mutualism relationships are common in nature and can be found between many different types of organisms, including plants and pollinators, bacteria and host organisms, and animals that engage in mutual grooming.
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Today, we know these "factors" are alleles. An allele is an alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. We usually have two alleles for a trait, one inherited from each parent. We can rework Mendel’s original crosses with the notation for the alleles for seed color. This notation is called the genotype. When the pair of alleles is identical, they are called homozygous. When the pair is different, they are called heterozygous. Capital letters represent dominant traits; lower case letters represent recessive traits. Dominant traits can mask recessive traits. The colors yellow and green are called the phenotype.
How would we describe the genotype of the green seeds?
By the following ways genotype of the green seeds are determined
If green seeds are recessive and yellow seeds are dominant, then the genotype of green seeds would be "rr".
The lowercase "r" represents the recessive allele for green color, and since both alleles in a homozygous genotype are the same, we use two lowercase "r" letters to indicate that the individual has two copies of the recessive allele.
In contrast, the genotype for yellow seeds would be either "YY" (homozygous dominant) or "Yy" (heterozygous dominant), where the uppercase "Y" represents the dominant allele for yellow color.
It's important to note that the phenotype (observable trait) is determined by the combination of alleles, with dominant alleles always expressed over recessive alleles
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You wish to determine whether a tall pea plant is homozygous or heterozygous for tallness. What
cross should you perform to arrive at your answer? Explain your choice of cross.
Answer:
Bb x Bb or BB x BB or bb x bb
Explanation:
B for dominant
b for recessive
When an organism is heterozygous and is crossed, 2 of the offspring out of the 4 will also share the same trait. So, if two of the tall pea plants are crossed, if they are heterozygous 2 of their offspring will also be tall pea plants and if they are homozygous all of their offspring will be tall pea plants.
Cross:
Bb is the tall pea plant if it is heterozygous.
Bb x Bb
B b B B
B BB Bb for homozygous : B BB BB
b Bb bb B BB BB
2/4 are tall pea plants all are tall pea plants
You could pick either cross, they both will give you the right answer answer:
If you use a heterozygous cross and 2 offspring are tall pea plants (same as the parents) then the trait is heterozygous.
If you use a homozygous cross and all offspring are tall pea plants (same as the parents) then it is homozygous.
Note that if the heterozygous cross doesn't have 2 tall offspring then it is homozygous and similarly if the homozygous crossed offspring does not yield all tall pea plants then the gene is heterozygous.
the chemical messengers that are secreted by glands, enter the bloodstream, and travel to distant target sites to regulate their functions are known as
The chemical messengers that are secreted by glands, enter the bloodstream, and travel to distant target sites to regulate their functions are known as hormones.
Hormones are majorly responsible for stimulating the blood cells that carry the stimulus further to the intended organs.The blood cells promptly respond to the secreted hormones as they have receptors that are designed to receive the message (or the stimulant) from them.There are three major types of the functioning of hormones known as endocrine action, paracrine action, and autocrine action.The endocrine action is responsible for the distribution of hormones to distant cells.Paracrine action refers to the distribution of hormones to the cells in the neighborhood of the gland.Autocrine action is responsible for distribution of hormones among the cells within the gland.Learn more about Hormones
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The chemical messengers that are secreted by glands, enter the bloodstream, and travel to distant target sites to regulate their functions are known as
A) hormones.
B) organelles.
C) enzymes.
The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the _____. a) Iliac crest b) Ischial spine c) Anterior gluteal line d) Anterior superior iliac spine
The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the Iliac crest.
The iliac crest is a ridge-like superior edge of the ilium bone, which is one of the three bones that make up the hip bone. It is a large and thick curved bone that forms the uppermost part of the pelvis. The iliac crest serves as an attachment site for muscles of the abdominal wall, back, and hip. It also provides protection to the underlying structures, such as the kidneys and intestines. The ischial spine is a bony projection that extends from the ischium bone and is located inferior to the ilium. The anterior gluteal line and anterior superior iliac spine are also bony landmarks on the ilium bone.
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A genus cannot contain members of different species
True or False
A genus cannot contain members of different species.
The statement is false.
A taxonomic rank called genus is used to categorise viruses, as well as living and extinct creatures, in terms of biology. Genus is placed below family in the biological categorization hierarchy and above species. For each species within a genus, the binomial species name is composed of the genus name as the first component.
The word "genus" is derived from the Greek letter "o," which is a noun form related to the verb gignere ("to bear; to give birth to"). In his 1753 book Species Plantarum, the Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use, however the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is regarded as the "father of the current concept of genera."
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which organism releases a toxin that causes muscle paralysis?
Answer:
organisms.
Explanation:
Botulism (“BOT-choo-liz-um”) is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves and causes difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and even death. This toxin is made by Clostridium botulinum and sometimes Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii bacteria.<3
Answer:
Clostridium botulinum
Explanation:
The organism that releases a toxin that causes muscle paralysis is a type of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. The toxin produced by this bacteria is called botulinum toxin and is one of the most potent neurotoxins known. When ingested or inhaled, it can cause muscle weakness, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and in severe cases, can even lead to respiratory failure and death.
ALLEN
Select all the correct answers.
The oceanic crust of one plate is colliding with the continental crust of another plate. Which of these events are likely to take
place as the two plates collide?
When an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate, the oceanic crust will always subduct under the continental crust; this is because oceanic crust is naturally denser. Convergent boundaries are commonly associated with larger earthquakes and higher volcanic activity.
The gonads produce steroids. The specific steroid-producing organelle in gonad cells is ribosomes. lysosomes. smooth endoplasmic reticulum. mitochondria. contractile vacuole.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum are the steroid producing organelle within the gonads.
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), an organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, is made up of a network of minuscule disk-shaped tubular membrane vesicles. Lipids like cholesterol and phospholipids, which are required to build new cellular membranes, are synthesised and stored by the SER. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) differs from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), the second fundamental form of endoplasmic reticulum, in that ribosomes, which are found linked to the outer surface of proteins, are absent. Animal and plant cells both display SER.
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lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi andi. mosses.ii. cyanobacteria.iii. green algae.iv. gymnosperms
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and photosynthetic organisms, which can be either green algae or cyanobacteria. So, the correct options are (iii) green algae and (ii) cyanobacteria.
Lichens are extraordinary organisms that outcome from a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms like green algae and cyanobacteria.
The relationship between these two types of organisms is mutualistic, meaning that both the fungal partner and the photosynthetic partner benefit from the association.
Green algae and cyanobacteria are the two fundamental sorts of photosynthetic organisms that can shape symbiotic relationships with parasites to make lichens.
Green algae are photosynthetic organisms that are usually tracked down in aquatic conditions and are known for their capacity to create oxygen through photosynthesis.
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4) how many template strands does a gene have? how many strands serve as template strands during replication of a dna molecule? explain in your own words why the answers to these two questions are different.
One template strand makes up a gene. Both strands of DNA act as templates during replication. This is due to the bidirectional nature of DNA replication.
What is a gene?A gene is a segment of DNA that includes the genetic code required to assemble a protein or RNA molecule that functions. The cell uses the data contained in a gene to perform particular tasks, such as generating enzymes or constructing cellular structures. All living things have genes, which are carried from one generation to the next during reproduction and are located in their chromosomes. Gene alterations can affect the protein or RNA molecules generated, altering how cells function or even causing disease. A significant topic of research in the sciences of genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology is the investigation of genes and their roles.
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