Myriapoda, a family of arthropods that includes creatures with several trunk segments and two pairs of walking legs per trunk section.
A class, or subclass, of arthropods, related to the hexapod insects, from which they differ in having the body made up of numerous similar segments, nearly all of which bear true jointed legs. They have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and numerous trachaae, similar to those of true insects. The larvae, when first hatched, often have but three pairs of legs. See Centiped, Galleyworm, milliped.
The existing Myriapoda are divided into three orders: chilopoda, Chilognatha or diplopoda, and pauropoda (see these words in the vocabulary). Large fossil species (very different from any living forms) are found in the Carboniferous formation.
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Which structural component in protist shown in the picture indicates that it is an autotroph?
An organism that can make its own nourishment by the use of light, water, carbon dioxide, or other substances is an autotroph.
Autotrophs are also referred to as producers because they make their own nourishment. Although plants are the most well-known autotroph, there are numerous more types of autotrophic creatures. Algae, which are aquatic plants that are recognised by their larger forms as seaweed, are autotrophic. Autotrophs are the small marine organisms known as phytoplankton. Autotrophic bacteria include certain varieties. The majority of autotrophs produce their food through a process known as photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, autotrophs use the sun's energy to turn carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil into glucose, a nutrition. One variety of sugar is glucose. Plants are given energy by the glucose. Additionally, plants use glucose to create cellulose, which helps them develop and create cell walls.
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which type of membrane protein transmits information into the cell by responding to signal molecules?
Receptor protein are membrane protein transmits information into the cell by responding to signal molecules.
Receptors are the type of transmembrane proteins, that binds to the signaling molecules present outside the cell and ultimately transmit the signal with the help of sequence of molecular switches to internal signaling pathways.
Hence , instead of the nature of the signal, the target cell present will responds in terms of a specific protein known as receptor, that successfully binds with signal molecule and then initiates a response in the target cell.
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a scientist conducted an experiment to determine how the amount of oxygen in a body of water affect the number of aquatic plants that can live in the water . in this experience the dependent variable is
A scientist conducted an experiment to determine how the amount of salt in a body of water affects the number of plants that can live in the water. Amount of salt in the water is the independent variable option c)
Scientific MethodThe scientific method is a way of learning that involves formulating and evaluating hypotheses.The scientific method is a rational, methodical approach to answering problems that eliminate subjectivity by requiring each response to be backed up by objective data that can be replicated.Steps in Scientific MethodAsk a question.Perform research.Establish your hypothesis.Test your hypothesis by conducting an experiment.Make an observation.Analyze the results and draw a conclusion.Present the findings.Two types of research variables:INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Independent variable causes the change on the dependent variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Dependent variable is the variable that is being measured in an experiment.
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Full Question :A scientist conducted an experiment to determine how the amount of salt in a body of water affects the number of plants that can live in the water. Which is the independent variable?
A. Water
B. Temperature of the water
C. Amount of salt in the water
D. Number of plants in the water
enzymes that can be shut down or activated based on the presence of chemicals in their environment are called
Allosteric enzymes are those that may be turned on or off depending on the chemicals present in their surrounding area.
The allosteric site, which is distinct from the enzyme's active site, is a second location on the structure of allosteric enzymes. A conformational shift in the enzyme can be brought on by the binding of certain molecules to the allosteric site, which can either stimulate or inhibit its activity. This enables the fine-tuning of enzyme activity in response to modifications in the environment or metabolic requirements of the cell. In order for a chemical reaction to take place, less activation energy is needed, which causes the reaction to proceed more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Due to their extreme specificity, enzymes can only catalyse certain types of reactions. They undergo a conformational shift to promote the reaction when they attach to a particular molecule, known as the substrate, at a location known as the active site.
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to lift 200 N weight to a height of 1 meter by hand a mover did 2000J of work assuming the pulleys are frictionless how much work does he do when using a block and tackle
The mover would only need to do 200 J of work when using a block and tackle to lift the weight, which is 10 times less work compared to doing it by hand (2000 J).
A block and tackle is a mechanical system of pulleys and ropes that is commonly used to lift heavy weights.
If we assume that the pulleys in the block and tackle are also frictionless, the mover would have to do less work to lift the same 200 N weight to a height of 1 meter compared to doing it by hand.
The amount of work done by the mover using a block and tackle can be calculated using the formula:
Work = Force x Distance
Since the weight being lifted is 200 N and the distance it is being lifted is 1 meter, the work done by the mover using a block and tackle can be calculated as:
Work = 200 N x 1 m = 200 J
Therefore, the mover would only need to do 200 J of work when using a block and tackle to lift the weight, which is 10 times less work compared to doing it by hand (2000 J).
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What structures are similar in appearance but not in structure?
Analogous structures are those found in similar ways in unrelated animals. These structures are analogous because they serve the same purpose rather than because they have a common ancestor.
What structure, though similar in structure, serves a different purpose?Serial homologous refers to a situation where two or more organs or structures are substantially the same in terms of construction but have been altered to serve distinct purposes. Bat wings and whale flippers are two examples of this.
What do structures that differ in appearance but are related in origin mean?Homologous structures are those with the same evolutionary ancestry, despite the fact that they will ultimately have different structural roles or different physical characteristics.
As opposed to sharing a common evolutionary origin, analogous structures are features or structures that are comparable in two separate species. In other words, despite the structures' distinct evolution, they are comparable due to similar selective forces.
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Does epinephrine have to cross the cell membrane?
Epinephrine cannot pass the cell membrane, thus cAMP, functioning as a second messenger, transmits its hormonal signal within the cell .
What is the purpose of epinephrine?
Descriptions. An injection of epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic responses (including anaphylaxis) to meals, medications, insect stings, foods, or other substances in an emergency. It can also be used to alleviate anaphylaxis brought on by unidentified chemicals or brought on by physical activity.
When should you administer epinephrine?Even if individuals do not satisfy diagnostic criteria, epinephrine should be given as quickly as possible after anaphylaxis has been diagnosed or if oncoming anaphylaxis is anticipated. Administration delays have been linked to increased mortality.
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explain how variation in hemoglobin maximizes oxygen absoprtion in humans and other placental mammals at various life stages
Hemoglobin variation allows for oxygen absorption at varying stages of life. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, allowing for efficient transfer from mother to fetus.
After birth, adult hemoglobin takes over with a lower affinity, maximizing oxygen release to tissues. In high altitude environments, some populations evolved variants with increased oxygen affinity.Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Hemoglobin is made up of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group with an iron atom at the center. The iron binds to oxygen, allowing hemoglobin to transport it throughout the body.
During fetal development, the fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. This allows for efficient oxygen transfer from the mother to the fetus, even in low oxygen conditions. After birth, the switch to adult hemoglobin with a lower affinity for oxygen enables the efficient release of oxygen to the tissues.
In some populations, such as those living at high altitudes, natural selection has favored variants of hemoglobin with increased oxygen affinity, allowing for more efficient oxygen uptake in low-oxygen environments. However, these variants can also lead to medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, when two copies of the variant gene are inherited.
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Why is more rain forming over west Ferris than east Ferris
More rain is forming over west Ferris than east Ferris because of its location on the globe.
What is rain?Rain is a type of liquid precipitation that falls from the sky. When clouds get saturated with water droplets, raindrops descend to Earth. Millions of water drops collide as they congregate in a cloud. When a little water droplet collides with a larger one, this condenses, or unites.
As this continues, the droplet becomes heavier and heavier. When a water droplet is becoming too heavy to float in the cloud, and falls to the earth. More rain is forming over west Ferris than east Ferris because of its location on globe.
Therefore, more rain is forming over west Ferris than east Ferris because of its location on globe.
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in the diagrammed dna molecule, assume the promoter for this gene is located to the right. which strand is the template strand for mrna synthesis?
To differenciate between the template and the coding strand, you need to identify the promoter. This segment is always located at the extreme of the template strand.
What are the DNA template and the coding strands?
During the transcription process, the DNI molecule separates into two strands to form the transcription bubble. Two strands are identified
The coding strand goes in directions 5' to 3',
The complementary strand -template strand- grows in directions 3' to 5'.
The template strand is the one that is going to be complemented by the mRNA. RNA polymerase is in charge of reading the original DNI strand for mRNA synthesis.
mRNA molecule grows complementing DNA base sequences beginning from the promoter position. Let us remember that the promoter is the DNA sequence to which proteins bind to initiate transcription.
The coding strand is not involved in transcription, and its nucleotidic sequence is the same as the mRNA sequence.
I could not find the diagrammed DNA molecule, but to identify the template strand, you need to look for the promoter position. The promoter is always located at the extreme of the template strand.
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under the Linnaeus system of classification, organisms are grouped based on ____ and _____.
Under the Linnaeus system of classification, organisms are grouped based on -Name for all species.
-Grouping species into categories.
The Linnaean system is significant because it encouraged the use of binomial nomenclature to distinguish between species. Once the approach was accepted, scientists could communicate without using deceptive common names.
A person was considered a member of the Homo sapiens species regardless of the language they spoke. Living things are classified into groups based on their structure and characteristics. This system was developed in the seventeenth century by Carl Linnaeus. The classification of species allows living things to be divided into more specialised and smaller groups.
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Please help me with my AP BIOLOGY HOMEWORK
Answer:
The image describe the mechanism of action of cholera
Explanation:
Cholera toxin is a potent enterotoxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. The toxin is composed of two subunits: A and B. Subunit B is responsible for binding to specific receptors on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, while subunit A is responsible for the enzymatic activity that results in the toxic effects.
The mechanism of action of cholera toxin can be described as follows:
Subunit B binds to GM1 gangliosides, a type of molecule found on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells. This binding is specific and allows the toxin to target the cells of the small intestine.
Once the toxin has bound to the GM1 gangliosides, it is internalized by the cell in a process called endocytosis. This results in the formation of an endosome, a compartment within the cell that contains the toxin.
Subunit A is then able to enter the cytoplasm of the cell and bind to a specific type of molecule called an ADP-ribosylating factor.
4.The ADP-ribosylating activity of subunit A results in the modification of a specific type of G protein, called the Gs protein. This modification prevents the Gs protein from functioning normally and leads to an increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Elevated cAMP levels activate a type of ion channel in the plasma membrane of the cell, which allows the entry of chloride ions into the cell. This results in an increased secretion of water and electrolytes into the lumen of the intestine, leading to severe diarrhea.
T.he loss of water and electrolytes from the body can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and other serious complications if not properly managed.
In conclusion, the mechanism of action of cholera toxin involves the specific targeting of intestinal epithelial cells, the internalization of the toxin, the modification of a specific G protein, and the subsequent increase in cAMP levels and chloride ion secretion, resulting in severe diarrhea and other complications.
what is the name of the concept that represents perceivable differences in stimuli as registered by human sensory organs?
a. Threshold categorization
b. Minimal differences
c. Just noticeable difference
d. behaviorism
a) Threshold categorization , The difference in a stimulus that can only just be recognised is referred to as the differential threshold (or just discernible difference, commonly abbreviated as "JND").
What is differential Threshold?Regression and a group of algorithms collectively known as classification make up supervised machine learning (ML). On data, supervised ML makes predictions. These forecasts can be expressed as a continuous value or a discrete class. Classification handles discrete use cases (such yes/no or true/false predictions), while regression handles continuous use cases (such as propensity scores or price predictions).The sigmoid function returns a probability for the positive class, or the class that is most important to our prediction, between 0 and 1. The softmax function produces a probability for each class and is a generalisation of the sigmoid to more classes. Although both functions give the same result for the positive class in binary classification, the sigmoid is more frequently employed in practise than the softmax because it is less expensive to calculate and functions more smoothly.
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the uterus serves as the site of implantation for the embryo, supports the developing embryo, and contracts during birth to expel the fetus. (True or False)
The uterus serves as the site of implantation for the embryo, supports the developing embryo, and contracts during birth to expel the fetus. The given statement is true.
ImplantationThroughout gestation, the uterus nurtures the growing embryo and fetus. During labor, the baby is helped to pass through the vagina by contractions of the uterus' smooth muscle. A piece of the uterine lining sheds throughout each menstrual month if fertilization does not take place.Generally 2-4 days after the morula enters the uterine canal, the blastocyst attaches to the uterine epithelium to begin the process of implantation. Typically, the upper and posterior wall of the midsagittal plane of the human uterus houses the implantation site.The uterus's functions include retaining the fertilized ovum until it is ready to develop into a fetus and give birth to the child.For more information on development of embryo kindly visit to
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What are the 2 domains of Bacteria?
In the early stages in the history of life, the two prokaryote kingdoms, Bacteria and Archaea, separated from one another.
Bacteria come in a wide variety, from pathogens that cause disease to helpful photosynthesizers and symbionts.Prokaryotes are everywhere, yet they can be challenging to find, count, and categorise. Only a small portion of the prokaryotic species that are predicted to exist are represented by those that we currently understand.In fact, in the world of prokaryotes, the concept of a "species" itself becomes complex.The key prokaryotic groupings at first Then, we'll look at why it can be difficult to categorise and recognise them. Finally, we'll look at how DNA sequencing techniques are enabling us to understand the prokaryotes that surround us.
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which of the following occurs prior to speciation? question 1 options: different species share the same space. organisms of different populations join together. a major change on earth takes place. a population is divided.
The population is divided prior to speciation. Thus, C is the correct option.
Speciation can be defined as the process of formation of new species that are distinct from old species and formed during the course of evolution of old species.
In other words, when one species gives rise to two or more different species during the course of its evolution, it is termed as speciation.
An example is 13 distinct species of Galapagos finches which are a bird species, an due to allopatric speciation which were formed from single ancestral species (ans geographical isolation that occured by ocean).
Speciation start to take place on a genetic level between two isolated populations when allele frequencies change in different ways.
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The correct question is:
Which event occurs prior to speciation?A) Different species share the same space.
B) A major change on earth takes place.
C) A population is divided.
D) Organisms of different populations join together.
Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.a. Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the oxygen necessary to sustain life.b. Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the heat necessary to sustain life.c. Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the sugars that will be "burned" to fuel the energy of life.d. Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.
d. Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.
What is cellular respiration?Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a molecule that provides the energy necessary to power many of the processes in living cells. Both consumers and producers require ATP to carry out cellular processes and maintain life, and they generate ATP through cellular respiration.
While consumers obtain their sugars through eating other organisms, producers synthesize their own sugars through photosynthesis. Regardless of the source of their sugars, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to convert those sugars into ATP to fuel their cellular processes.
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what is the mostly phylogenetic tree based on these shared derived characters? When did these characters appear during the aliens'evolutionary history? Drag the lens and shared derived characters to their appropriate locations on this phylogenetic tree.
A derived feature is one that emerged in the lineage before a clade and distinguishes members of that clade from other people, whereas a shared character is one that two lineages share in phylogenetic tree.
How does a phylogenetic tree work?Understanding a phylogeny is analogous to reading a family tree. The root of the tree represents the lineage of the ancestors, while the points of the branches represent their descendants. By moving from the root to the tips, you advance through time. A lineage splitting (speciation) is shown as branching on a phylogeny. When a speciation event occurs, a single ancestral lineage produces two or more daughter lineages. A clade is a grouping of all current and extinct individuals of a lineage who descend from the same ancestor. A phylogeny makes it easy to establish whether a group of lineages is a clade. The phylogeny might be simplified by deleting just one branch, where the severed branch now contains a clade.
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The feather color of Andalusian chickens is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. A cross between a true-breeding, white-feathered Andalusian hen and a true-breeding, black-feathered Andalusian rooster results in 100% blue-feathered Andalusian offspring. Which of the following describes the inheritance pattern for feather color in these chickens?
The inheritance pattern for feather color in Andalusian chickens is a codominant pattern because the heterozygous offspring have a different phenotype than either parent.
The white-feathered hen and the black-feathered rooster are both true-breeding, meaning they are homozygous for their respective feather color alleles. However, when they are crossed, the resulting offspring all have blue feathers, indicating that neither the white nor the black allele is completely dominant over the other. Instead, the two alleles interact to produce the blue feather color phenotype. This is an example of codominant dominance, where the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your option were
A. It is a polygenic pattern because more than two phenotypes are possible.
B. It is a dominant-recessive pattern because both parents are true breeding.
C. It is a sex-linked pattern because the hen and the rooster have different feather colors.
D. It is a codominant pattern because the heterozygous offspring have a different phenotype than either parent.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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Which of the following terms is used to describe an area of the body that is farther from the median plane?A. ProximalB. LateralC. MedialD. IpsilateralE. Contralateral
B. A region of the body that really is further away from median plane is referred to as lateral.
Distance from the trunk, the site of origin of a portion, or both, is referred to as distal (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm). It is lateral's antithesis. The phrase refers to the general placement of body parts. For instance, the arm is medial to a chest. Looking upward (away from the head or lower section) from the base of a structure Near the surface of the body is referred to be superficial. Deep: Away from the surface of the body. Proximal: A structure's origin is nearer. Distance from the origin that is distal.
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QuestionAn organism made up of many cells is known as:AUnicellularBMulticellularCAcellularDNone of the aboveEasy
An organism made up of many cells is known multicellular organism option b)
A multicellular organism, as opposed to a unicellular organism, is one that has more than one cell.
All animals, land plants, and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, with the exception of slime molds and social amoebae such as the genus Dictyostelium, which are partially unicellular and partially multicellular.
Multicellular creatures form in a variety of methods, including cell division and the aggregation of many single cells.
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what is one thing that all living things have in common?
A) they are made of multiple cells
B) they are all the result from the replication of pre-existing cells
C) they all perform cell division to decrease the surface area to volume ratio
D) they all start as single celled organisms and become multicellular through replication
They are all the result from the replication of pre-existing cells. The correct option is B
What is living things?Living things also known as organisms, are entities that have the ability to carry out certain vital functions, such as growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. Living things are typically made up of one or more cells, which are the basic building blocks of life.
Therefore, All living things, whether they are single-celled or multicellular, arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division. This is a fundamental characteristic of life, and one of the defining features of living things.
Therefore the correct option is B
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An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer per one square mile in one woodlot and 20 per one square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?
A comparison of (A) density was made by an ecologist who found 12 white-tailed deer per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot.
What is the job of ecologist?Ecologists study how organisms as well as their surroundings interact. They examine the wildlife and plant life that exist in a specific area and provide information on the potential effects of any proposed development projects. Most ecologists are scientists by training and hold degrees on chemistry, environmental science, geologist, biology, climatology, statistics, and occasionally economics.
Why do we need ecologists?Ecologists investigate not only how ecosystems work, but also what happens when they don't work as they should. Numerous variables, such as illnesses spread by local species, temperature rises, and increasing human activity, can cause changes in ecosystems. It offers fresh understanding of the connection of humans and nature, which is essential for food production, preserving clean air and water, and preserving biodiversity in the face of climate change.
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The complete question:An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile on another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?
A) density
B) dispersion
C) carrying capacity
D) quadrats
E) range
Cat-like eyes (E) are dominant to round eyes (e). Cross a mom monster with round eyes with a dad monster who has homozygous alleles for cat eyes.
50% of the offspring would inherit one dominant and one recessive allele (Ee) and have cat-like eyes
define offsprings ?
Offspring refers to the young or progeny of an organism produced by sexual or asexual reproduction. They inherit genetic material from their parents, determining their physical and behavioral traits. The term is commonly used to refer to the offspring of animals, but it can also apply to plants and other organisms.
Assuming that both the mom monster and dad monster are hybrids (heterozygous) for the eye shape gene:
The mom monster would have the genotype Ee (one dominant allele and one recessive allele)
The dad monster would have the genotype EE (two dominant alleles)
Using a Punnett square to cross these two monsters would result in the following offspring:
E e
E EE Ee
e Ee ee
50% of the offspring would inherit one dominant and one recessive allele (Ee) and have cat-like eyes
50% of the offspring would inherit two recessive alleles (ee) and have round eyes
All of the offspring would inherit one allele from each parent. Since the dominant cat-like eye allele (E) is present in the dad monster, and it only takes one copy of the dominant allele to express the trait, half of the offspring will have cat-like eyes.
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Which description gives an example of acute exposure to a toxicant?
OA. A child experiences developmental delays from years of contact
with lead.
OB. A rescue worker experiences respiratory damage from smoke
inhalation at a fire.
C. A factory worker falls ill after repeated, very small doses of a
chemical product.
OD. A person develops lung cancer after a lifetime of smoking
cigarettes.
Answer:
C. A factory worker falls ill
Explanation:
Acute exposure is a short contact with a chemical. It may last a few seconds or a few hours. For example, it might take a few minutes to clean windows with ammonia, use nail polish remover or spray a can of paint. The fumes someone might inhale during these activities are examples of acute exposures.
Answer: b. A rescue worker experiences respiratory damage from smoke inhalation at a fire.
Explanation: just did it
Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because:_______
Muscles are unlikely to break off their bones because they are held together by connective tissues called tendons.
Tendons are capable of withstanding high levels of tension since they are strong and flexible. They serve as a connection between the muscle and the bone, enabling movement without the muscle separating from the bone.
In order to prevent the muscle from tearing under the strain of movement, the tendon's flexibility also aids to cushion the muscle.
Additionally, the tendon has the capacity to absorb some of the force generated by the contraction of the muscle, which aids in lowering the force applied.
Finally, ligaments hold the muscles and bones together and offer joint stability. To maintain the muscles linked to the bones and stop them from separating, the tendons, ligaments, and muscles all work together.
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Explain why viruses, chloroplasts and mitochondria are exceptions to cell theory
Viruses, chloroplasts, and mitochondria are exceptions to cell theory because they are not composed of cells.
What is mitochondria?
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all eukaryotic organisms, such as animals, plants, and fungi. They are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell, as they generate the majority of the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria also have a variety of other roles, including metabolism and calcium storage. They are semi-autonomous, meaning that they can replicate and divide independently of the cell, and contain their own DNA.
Viruses are not composed of cells and instead are composed of genetic material, typically DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. Chloroplasts and mitochondria, on the other hand, are organelles contained within cells and are composed of their own genetic material and protein coat. Therefore, they are not considered to be cells themselves.
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what is the megagametophyte also know as in angiosperm reproduction?
The megagametophyte is also known as the embryo sac in angiosperm reproduction. The megagametophyte is a female haploid gametophyte that develops inside the flower's ovule.
It develops from a megaspore that is created by meiosis inside the ovule during mitotic divisions. The megagametophyte houses the egg cell as well as synergids, antipodal cells, and other cells necessary for fertilization. As a pollen grain fertilizes an embryo sac, the embryo and endosperm that result eventually form the seed. The haploid embryo sac is a component of flowering plants' female reproductive system. It is created inside the flower's ovule and is also referred to as the megagametophyte. The megaspore, a single cell that divides repeatedly without cytokinesis to form a multicellular structure, is the precursor of the embryo sac.
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Because we know that DNA has complementary strands, what is
the complementary strand for DNA if one strand is:
3' ATGGGCAACGTCAT 5'
Answer:
TACCCGTTGCAGTA
Explanation:
A > T
T > A
C > G
G > C
what molecular processes are found only in retroviruses?
Only simple retroviruses, not complex retroviruses, have been found to transmit cellular genes.
It is unclear why these two viruses differ, but it may have something to do with how retroviruses acquire cellular sequences or how the viral genome is organised, which must be tolerant of foreign insertion.
Retroviruses carry changed cellular genes that give the virus a high level of tumorigenicity. The growth-regulatory genes in these viral or v-onc genes are typically altered. Protooncogenes or c-onc genes are the names given to their cellular progenitors (Bishop 1983, Varmus 1984, Cooper 1990).
Gain of function of a positive growth signal is caused by over expression or incorrect expression, which is frequently paired with mutation of an oncogene that has integrated into a viral genome.
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