The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) can be calculated as 0.6 based of the given information.
The MPC is a measure of the responsiveness of consumption expenditure to changes in income. It represents the proportion of an additional unit of income that is spent on consumption.
To calculate the MPC, we divide the change in consumption expenditure by the change in income. In this case, the change in consumption expenditure is given as $7,500, and the change in income is $12,500.
MPC = Change in consumption expenditure / Change in income
MPC = $7,500 / $12,500
Calculating this ratio, we find that the marginal propensity to consume is 0.6.
Therefore, the value of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.6. This means that for every additional unit of income, individuals are likely to spend 60% of it on consumption.
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Use the following information to answer questions 1-5. The quantity of tea demanded, QD, depends on the price of tea, PT, and the price of coffee, PC. The quantity of tea supplied, QS, depends on the price of tea, PT, and the price of electricity, PE, according to the following equations: QD = 12 - 5PT + 3PC QS = 30 + 2PT - 4PE If the price of coffee is $4.00 and the price of electricity is $5.00,
Select one: A.the equilibrium price of tea is $3.00 and the equilibrium quantity is 9.
B.the equilibrium price of tea is $4.00 and the equilibrium quantity is 4.
C.the equilibrium price of tea is $2.00 and the equilibrium quantity is 14.
D.the equilibrium price of tea is $2.00
Therefore, the correct answer is:
C. The equilibrium price of tea is $2.00 and the equilibrium quantity is 14.
To find the equilibrium price and quantity of tea, we need to set the quantity demanded (QD) equal to the quantity supplied (QS) and solve for the equilibrium values.
Given:
QD = 12 - 5PT + 3PC
QS = 30 + 2PT - 4PE
Price of coffee (PC) = $4.00
Price of electricity (PE) = $5.00
Setting QD equal to QS:
12 - 5PT + 3PC = 30 + 2PT - 4PE
Substituting the given values:
12 - 5PT + 3(4) = 30 + 2PT - 4(5)
Simplifying the equation:
12 - 5PT + 12 = 30 + 2PT - 20
24 - 5PT = 10 + 2PT
7PT = 14
PT = 2
The equilibrium price of tea is $2.00.
Now, we can substitute this value of PT back into either QD or QS to find the equilibrium quantity. Let's use QD:
QD = 12 - 5PT + 3PC
QD = 14
QD = 12 - 5(2) + 3(4)
QD = 12 - 10 + 12
The equilibrium quantity of tea is 14.
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Berful Industries has fixed costs of $400,000, unit variable costs of $30, and its only product sells for $80 per unit. Calculate the following:
unit sales required to generate a profit of $200,000
new breakeven point in units if fixed costs decline to $360,000.
new breakeven point in units if the sales price increases to $90 per unit and fixed costs decline to $360,000
1) Unit sales required to generate a profit of $200,000: 12,000 units. 2) New breakeven point in units if fixed costs decline to $360,000: 7,200 units. 3) New breakeven point in units if the sales price increases to $90 per unit and fixed costs decline to $360,000: 6,000 units.
To calculate the unit sales required to generate a profit of $200,000, we need to consider the contribution margin, which is the difference between the selling price and the unit variable cost. The contribution margin per unit is $80 - $30 = $50.
Profit = (Unit sales × Contribution margin) - Fixed costs
$200,000 = (Unit sales × $50) - $400,000
Rearranging the equation:
Unit sales × $50 = $200,000 + $400,000
Unit sales × $50 = $600,000
Unit sales = $600,000 / $50
Unit sales = 12,000 units
To calculate the new breakeven point in units if fixed costs decline to $360,000, we can use the formula:
Breakeven point (in units) = Fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
Breakeven point = $360,000 / $50
Breakeven point = 7,200 units
To calculate the new breakeven point in units if the sales price increases to $90 per unit and fixed costs decline to $360,000, we need to consider the new contribution margin per unit:
New contribution margin per unit = Sales price - Unit variable cost
New contribution margin per unit = $90 - $30 = $60
Breakeven point = $360,000 / $60
Breakeven point = 6,000 units
Therefore, the calculations are as follows:
1) Unit sales required to generate a profit of $200,000: 12,000 units
2) New breakeven point in units if fixed costs decline to $360,000: 7,200 units
3) New breakeven point in units if the sales price increases to $90 per unit and fixed costs decline to $360,000: 6,000 units.
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why might the number of inventories on the ledger be lower than
that reflected in the inventory value in reality?
.
The number of inventories on the ledger can be lower than the inventory value in reality due to inventory shrinkage, write-offs, recording errors, and counting discrepancies.
The number of inventories on the ledger may be lower than the inventory value in reality due to various reasons:
1. Inventory shrinkage: This occurs when there is theft, damage, or spoilage of inventory. For example, if some items are stolen or become obsolete, they may not be accounted for on the ledger, resulting in a lower number of inventories.
2. Inventory write-offs: When inventory becomes damaged, expired, or obsolete, it may need to be written off. This means that its value is removed from the ledger, resulting in a lower inventory value in reality.
3. Errors in recording: Mistakes can happen when recording inventory transactions, such as incorrect quantities or missing entries. These errors can lead to a discrepancy between the number of inventories on the ledger and the actual inventory value.
4. Discrepancies in counting: Sometimes, physical inventory counts may differ from the recorded amounts due to human error or oversight. If the physical count is lower than what is recorded on the ledger, the inventory value in reality will be lower.
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"Roles (‘brackets’) played by the participating members of a
syndicated loan include all of the following except:
A. Administrator
C. Agent
B. Manager
D Bookrunner"
The participating members of a syndicated loan play various roles ('brackets'), including Administrator, Agent, Manager, and Bookrunner. Therefore, none of the options listed should be excluded from the roles played by participating members of a syndicated loan.
In a syndicated loan, multiple lenders come together to provide funds to a borrower. Each participating member takes on a specific role in the loan arrangement.
The Administrator is responsible for the administrative tasks related to the loan, such as documentation and record-keeping. The Agent acts as the intermediary between the borrower and the lenders, facilitating communication and managing the loan process.
The Manager oversees the syndicate of lenders and coordinates their activities. The Bookrunner is responsible for marketing and underwriting the loan.
All of these roles are crucial in the functioning of a syndicated loan. None of the options listed - Administrator, Agent, Manager, or Bookrunner - should be excluded as they all represent valid roles played by participating members of a syndicated loan.
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A Corporation had 5%,$100 par non-cumulative Preferred Stock, 10,000 shares authorized, 6,000 shares issued and outstanding and $25 par, Common Stock. 150,000 shares authorized, 90,000 shares issued, and 15,000 shares in treasury. The company has declared and paid dividends as follows: Year 2013: $0; Year 2014 : $25,000 and Year 2015: $60,000. Determine the dividends received by comanon shareholders in the Year 2015. 1) $30,000 2) $0 3) $57,000 4) $25,000
Common shareholders of the Corporation received a dividend of $30,000 in the year 2015.What is a corporation?A corporation is a legal entity created by a group of people to act as one and is authorized to conduct business in its own name.
The corporation is its own legal entity, with the power to file and defend lawsuits, issue stock, pay taxes, and enter into contracts.What are dividends?Dividends are payments made by companies to their shareholders to share their earnings. A dividend is a portion of a company's profits that is paid out to shareholders. The dividend payout is determined by the company's board of directors.What is non-cumulative preferred stock?Non-cumulative preferred stock is a type of preferred stock that does not allow for unpaid dividends to accumulate. Each dividend period stands alone, and if a dividend is not paid, it is not carried forward. Non-cumulative preferred stockholders are not entitled to back payments of missed dividends. This is in contrast to cumulative preferred stock.What is treasury stock?When a corporation purchases its own shares of stock, it becomes treasury stock. Treasury stock is created when a corporation buys its shares back from the public or its shareholders. The corporation may keep treasury shares indefinitely, reissue them, or cancel them altogether.In conclusion, the dividends received by common shareholders in the Year 2015 is $30,000.
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3. What are the impacts, and what further recommendations can
you make for the performance appraisal interview to be more
successful?
minimum 300 words.
It is crucial to prioritize employee engagement, development, and goal alignment, to make performance appraisal interviews more successful.
Recommendations include fostering a positive environment, providing constructive feedback, aligning goals, and improving manager training and communication skills. The performance appraisal interview holds significant importance in evaluating and improving employee performance. It impacts employee engagement, development, and goal alignment. To enhance its success, several recommendations can be considered. Firstly, fostering employee engagement and satisfaction is crucial. Involving employees in the process, encouraging self-assessment, and providing constructive feedback create a positive environment.
Furthermore, aligning employee goals with organizational goals is vital. Managers must communicate expectations, provide feedback on goal attainment, and revise goals when necessary. To improve the performance appraisal interview, managers should receive training on effective communication and coaching techniques. Clear performance metrics should be established, and a culture of open communication and recognition should be fostered. Documentation of discussions and agreed-upon goals ensures continuity.
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Exercise 7-13A (Algo) Effect of credit card sales on financial statements LO 7.6 Ultra Day Spa provided $88,600 of services during Year 1. All customers paid for the services with credit cards, Uitra submitted the credit card receipts to the credit card company immediately. The credit card company paid Ultra cash in the amount of face value less a 1 percent service charge. Required: a. Show the credit card sales (Event 1) and the subsequent collection of accounts recelvable (Event 2) in a horizontal statements model. In the Statement of Cash Flows column, indicate whether the item is an operating activity (OA), investing activity (IA), or financing activity (FA). b. Based on this information alone, answer the following questions: (1) What is the amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period? (2) What is the amount of revenue reported on the income statement? (3) What is the amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Show the credit card sales (Event 1) and the subsequent collection of accounts recelvable (Event 2) in a horizontal statements model. Note: Enter any decreases to account balances and cash outfiows with o minus slgn. For changes on the Statement of Cash Flows, indicate whether the item is an operating octivity (OA), investing activity (IA), or financing activity (FA). Not all cellis require input. b. Based on this information alone, answer the following questions: (1) What is the amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period? (2) What is the amount of revenue reported on the income statement? (3) What is the amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Show the credit card sales (Event 1) and the subsequent colloction of accounts receivable (Event 2) in a horizontal statements model. Note: Enter any decreases to account balances and cash outflows with a minus sign. For changes on the Statement of Cash Flows, indicate whether the item is an operating activity (OA), investing activity (IA), or financing activity (FA). Not all cells require input. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Based on this information alone, answer the following questions: Note: For all requirements, round your answers to the, nearest whole dollar. (1) What is the amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period? (2) What is the amount of revenue reported on the income statement? (3) What is the amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows?
Based on the given information: (1) The amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period is $87,712. (2) The amount of revenue reported on the income statement is $88,600. (3) The amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows is $87,712.
a. The credit card sales (Event 1) and the subsequent collection of accounts receivable (Event 2) can be shown in a horizontal statements model as follows:
(TABLE SHOWN IN THE IMAGE)
b. Based on the information provided, we can answer the following questions:
(1) What is the amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period?
The amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period is $87,712.
(2) What is the amount of revenue reported on the income statement?
The amount of revenue reported on the income statement is $88,600.
(3) What is the amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows?
The amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows is $87,712.
These answers are based on the assumption that there are no other transactions or events affecting the financial statements or cash flows.
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(1) The amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period is $87,712. (2) The amount of revenue reported on the income statement is $88,600. (3) The amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows is $87,712.
a. The credit card sales (Event 1) and the subsequent collection of accounts receivable (Event 2) can be shown in a horizontal statements model as follows:
(TABLE SHOWN IN THE IMAGE)
b. Based on the information provided, we can answer the following questions:
(1) What is the amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period?
The amount of total assets at the end of the accounting period is $87,712.
(2) What is the amount of revenue reported on the income statement?
The amount of revenue reported on the income statement is $88,600.
(3) What is the amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows?
The amount of cash flow from operating activities reported on the statement of cash flows is $87,712.
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"Explain
in your
own words what a "Short Sale" is and how it
works.
A short sale is a financial transaction in which an investor sells borrowed securities or assets that they do not own with the expectation that the price of those securities will decline in the future.
The investor then aims to buy back the securities at a lower price and return them to the lender, thereby making a profit from the difference between the sale price and the purchase price. This practice is based on the belief that the value of the asset will decrease, allowing the investor to profit from the decline. To elaborate, in a short sale, the investor borrows the securities from a brokerage or another investor and immediately sells them on the market. They receive the sale proceeds, but they still owe the borrowed securities. The investor then waits for the price of the securities to fall, aiming to repurchase them at a lower price. Once they buy the securities back, they return them to the lender, completing the transaction.
Short selling can be a speculative strategy used by investors who anticipate a decline in the market or a specific stock's value. It is often employed to profit from market downturns or when an investor believes that a particular stock is overvalued. However, it's worth noting that short selling involves certain risks. If the price of the securities increases instead of decreasing, the investor may face losses, as they would need to buy back the securities at a higher price than the initial sale price.
Therefore, a short sale is a strategy where an investor sells borrowed securities with the expectation of buying them back at a lower price, aiming to profit from the price decline. It involves borrowing securities, selling them, and repurchasing them later to return to the lender, with the difference in prices determining the investor's profit or loss.
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A company that does consult calculates the total cost for doing a job using a combination of the consulting time spent with the client at a rate of $84 per hour, plus overhead allocated at a rate of $20 per consulting hour. The total consulting hours estimated for the year is 5,000 hours. The company is considering using activity-based costing (ABC) to allocate overhead. All overhead costs can be assigned to the following activities: Activity Travel to jobs Copying Administration Estimated Activity 7,500 kilometers (km) 300 copies 2,000 administration hours Activity Rate $2.50/km $17/copy $22/hr A The company completed a job for a client using a total of 45 consulting hours. In addition, the job required total travel of 92 kilometers, total administration time of 15 hours, and preparation of three copies. Required: 1. Determine the total cost of the job using the traditional costing system. (2 marks) 2. Determine the total cost of the job using the ABC system. (4 marks) 3. For this job, which method of applying overhead results in a higher profit if the selling price is the same for both methods? How much higher will the profit be? (2 marks) 4. Calculate the price charged to the client for this job if the company uses a 25% markup of the traditional cost. (1 mark) 5. For a manufacturing company, why is ABC usually not acceptable for external reporting that follows Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAP)? (1 mark)
The total cost of the job using the traditional costing system is $3,825. The total cost of the job using the ABC system is $3,940. The ABC method of applying overhead results in a higher profit for this job. The profit will be $115 higher. The price charged to the client for this job, considering a 25% markup of the traditional cost, is $4,781.25.
1. To calculate the total cost using the traditional costing system, we multiply the total consulting hours (45) by the consulting rate ($84), and add the overhead allocated per consulting hour ($20).
The total cost is 45 * $84 + 45 * $20 = $3,825.
2. To calculate the total cost using the ABC system, we need to allocate overhead costs based on the activities. For travel, we multiply the total kilometers (92) by the activity rate ($2.50/km).
For copying, we multiply the total copies (3) by the activity rate ($17/copy). For administration, we multiply the total hours (15) by the activity rate ($22/hr). Then we add the consulting cost.
The total cost is 45 * $84 + 92 * $2.50 + 3 * $17 + 15 * $22 = $3,940.
3. To compare the profitability, we subtract the total cost using the traditional method from the total cost using the ABC method: $3,940 - $3,825 = $115.
The ABC method results in a $115 higher profit.
4. To calculate the price charged to the client with a 25% markup, we multiply the traditional cost ($3,825) by 1.25: $3,825 * 1.25 = $4,781.25.
5. ABC is not commonly used for external reporting under GAAP because it focuses on assigning costs based on activities and cost drivers, which may result in significant changes in cost allocation compared to traditional methods.
External financial reporting requires consistency and comparability, and ABC may not meet these requirements as it deviates from the standard cost allocation methods.
However, ABC can be valuable for internal decision-making and cost management, providing more accurate cost information for analyzing and improving operational efficiencies.
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Hoppy's Night Club established an imprest petty cash fund of $500 on March 1st. At March 31 , the fund holds $180 cash and petty cash tickets for office supplies, $220 and delivery expense, $100. a.) Journalize the establishment of the petty cash fund on March 1.
This journal entry ensures that the petty cash fund is accurately reflected in the accounts and provides a clear record of the initial amount allocated to the fund.
On March 1st, Hoppy's Night Club established an imprest petty cash fund of $500.
The establishment of the petty cash fund on March 1 would be journalized as follows:
Date: March 1
Petty Cash Fund $500
Cash $500
Explanation: The journal entry records the establishment of the petty cash fund by debiting the Petty Cash Fund account for $500, representing the initial amount placed in the fund. The corresponding credit is made to the Cash account, indicating a decrease in the amount of cash available in the general cash account as it is transferred to the petty cash fund.
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Allen Corporation uses process costing with a weighted-average method. In its production process, the second department is the Dye process. We have the following information about operations in February.
Units Percent Complete
Beginning work in process inventory 5,800 70%
Transferred in from the prior department during February 59,700
Completed and transferred to the next department during February 57,500
Ending work in process inventory 8,000 40%
The conversion cost that was associated with beginning work in process inventory was $35,258. $559,904 of conversion costs were recorded during February. The cost per equivalent unit for conversion costs for February in the Dye Department is:
To calculate the cost per equivalent unit for conversion costs in the Dye Department for February, we need to consider the units completed and transferred out, as well as the units in ending work in process inventory.
First, let's calculate the equivalent units of production for conversion costs:
Equivalent units of production = Units completed and transferred out + (Ending work in process inventory * Percentage complete)
Equivalent units of production = 57,500 + (8,000 * 40%)
Equivalent units of production = 57,500 + 3,200
Equivalent units of production = 60,700
Next, let's calculate the total conversion costs:
Total conversion costs = Conversion costs associated with beginning work in process inventory + Conversion costs recorded during February
Total conversion costs = $35,258 + $559,904
Total conversion costs = $595,162
Finally, let's calculate the cost per equivalent unit for conversion costs:
Cost per equivalent unit = Total conversion costs / Equivalent units of production
Cost per equivalent unit = $595,162 / 60,700
Cost per equivalent unit ≈ $9.80 (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the cost per equivalent unit for conversion costs for February in the Dye Department is approximately $9.80.
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Which of the following is a key consideration when evaluating sufficiency of data?
A) purpose of data
B) application of data
C) relevance of data
D) availability of data
Relevance of data is a key consideration when evaluating sufficiency of data. The option C is correct answer.
The relevance of data is a key consideration when evaluating the sufficiency of data. Relevance refers to whether the data is directly applicable to the research question or objective at hand.
It is important to ensure that the collected data aligns with the specific requirements of the analysis and is relevant to the problem being addressed. Irrelevant or extraneous data can add noise and complexity to the analysis, making it challenging to draw meaningful insights.
Therefore, assessing the relevance of the data is crucial in determining its sufficiency for the intended analysis. The option C is correct answer.
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Your factory has been offered a contract to produce a part for a new printer. The contract would last for 3 years and your cash flows from the contract would be $5.15 million per year. Your upfront setup costs to be ready to produce the part would be $8.14 million. Your discount rate for this contract is 7.5%. a. What does the NPV rule say you should do? b. If you take the contract, what will be the change in the value of your firm? a. What does the NPV rule say you should do? The NPV of the project is 5.25 million. (Round to two decimal places.) What should you do? (Select the best choice below.) O A. The NPV rule says that you should accept the contract because the NPV<0. O B. The NPV rule says that you should not accept the contract because the NPV>0 C. The NPV rule says that you should not accept the contract because the NPV<0 OD. The NPV rule says that you should accept the contract because the NPV> 0 Click to select your answer and then click Check Answer parts remaining Clear All Final Check
The correct answer is D. The NPV rule says that you should accept the contract because the NPV is greater than zero. In this case, the NPV of the project is $5.25 million, which indicates that the present value of the cash inflows from the contract exceeds the present value of the upfront setup costs.
By accepting the contract, you are expected to generate positive net cash flows over the three-year period.
The net present value (NPV) is a financial metric used to assess the profitability of an investment or project. It takes into account the time value of money by discounting future cash flows back to their present value.
The NPV rule states that if the NPV is positive (greater than zero), the investment is expected to generate more value than the initial cost and is considered financially viable.
In this scenario, the NPV of $5.25 million indicates that the expected present value of the cash flows from the contract is higher than the upfront setup costs. Therefore, accepting the contract would add value to your firm by generating a positive NPV.
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Please show all the steps. Thank you. Edit the TopTwoTicket CountByFactor query in Design view. In the Top Values property of the query, enter 2 to limit the query results to only the two factors that
To edit the TopTwoTicket CountByFactor query in Design view and limit the query results to only the two factors, follow these steps.
>First, open the query in Design view by double-clicking on the query object in the database window.
>Then, locate the "Top Values" property in the query design window. This property determines the number of records that will be returned by the query.
>Click on the "Top Values" property box and enter the value "2" to limit the query results to the top two factors.
>Finally, save the changes to the query and close the query design window.
In more detail, when you open the TopTwoTicket CountByFactor query in Design view, you gain access to the query's design elements. The "Top Values" property is a setting that allows you to specify how many records you want the query to return. By setting this property to 2, you ensure that the query will only retrieve the top two factors. This is useful when you want to focus on the most significant factors or when you want to limit the result set to a specific number for analysis or reporting purposes.
By limiting the query results to the top two factors, you can easily identify the most influential or frequently occurring factors in the dataset. This can provide valuable insights and help you make informed decisions based on the data. It is important to note that the "Top Values" property may vary depending on the database management system you are using, but the concept of limiting query results remains the same.
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You currently have $200 in the bank which pays a 5% pa interest rate. Apples currently cost $1 each at the shop and the inflation rate is 6% pa which is the expected growth rate in the apple price. All rates are given as effective annual rates. Which of the below statements is NOT correct?
Select one:
a.
In 3 years the nominal apple price will be $1.191016.
b.
The real growth rate in the apple price is expected to be 0% pa.
c.
In 3 years your money in the bank will be worth $238.203199 in nominal terms.
d.
In 3 years your money in the bank will be worth 194.392856 apples.
e.
The real bank interest rate is -0.943396% pa.
The statement that is NOT correct is option d. In 3 years, your money in the bank will be worth 194.392856 apples.
In the given options, the statement that is NOT correct is option d. It states that in 3 years, your money in the bank will be worth 194.392856 apples. However, this is incorrect. To determine the correct number of apples, we need to divide the future value of the bank balance by the future nominal apple price.
First, let's calculate the future nominal apple price using the inflation rate of 6%:
Nominal apple price in 3 years = $1 * (1 + 6%)^3 = $1.191016.
Next, we can calculate the number of apples by dividing the future value of the bank balance by the future nominal apple price:
The number of apples = $238.203199 / $1.191016 ≈ 200.
Therefore, the correct number of apples would be approximately 200, not 194.392856 as stated in option d. The other options are correct: the nominal apple price, the real growth rate in the apple price, and the real bank interest rate.
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An investor is considering investing in either a Treasury bond with a yield of 2.4% or in a AA-rated Corporate bond with a yield of 2.8%. Both bonds have the same maturity date and the same coupon payment. Why would these two bonds be offered with different interest rates?
A) Markets are inefficient and investors don't bother finding the best deals
B) The Corporate bond, while high-quality, has some credit risk that the Government bond does not have
C) The Treasury bond has a tax benefit that investors compensate for
D) Most likely, the corporate bond has less liquidity than the treasury bond, and therefore require a higher yield
Option B is the correct answer: The difference in interest rates between the two bonds is primarily due to the credit risk associated with the Corporate bond, which requires a higher yield to attract investors.
The interest rate on a bond reflects the risk and return expectations of investors. In this scenario, the Treasury bond is issued by the government, which is considered to have a very low default risk. Therefore, the Treasury bond offers a lower yield because investors are willing to accept a lower return for the security and stability it provides.
On the other hand, the AA-rated Corporate bond is issued by a corporation, and although it has a high credit rating, there is still a possibility of default or credit risk. Investors demand a higher yield on the Corporate bond to compensate for this additional risk they are taking compared to the risk-free Treasury bond. Therefore, option B is the correct answer: The difference in interest rates between the two bonds is primarily due to the credit risk associated with the Corporate bond, which requires a higher yield to attract investors.
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Suppose a person is 25 years of age now and plans to retire at age 65 . For the next 40 years they plan to invest a portion of their monthly income in securities which earn interest at the rate of 10% compounded monthly. After retirement the person plans on receiving a monthly payment (an annuity) in the ahsolute amount of $1500 for 30 years. How much should be set aside monthly for retirement.
The person should set aside $307.86 every month for 40 years to accumulate a retirement fund that can pay $1500 per month for 30 years after retirement.
Given that the person plans to retire at the age of 65 and is currently 25 years old. Therefore, the person has a total of 40 years to invest before retiring. The rate of interest is 10% per annum compounded monthly. Hence, the effective rate of interest per month is 0.8333%. Now, we need to calculate the monthly payment (annuity) required to achieve the retirement goal. The person wants to receive $1500 per month for the next 30 years. Therefore, the total amount of money needed to fund the retirement period is $540,000. We need to find the amount that the person needs to set aside monthly to achieve a fund value of $540,000 after 40 years of investing at the rate of 10% compounded monthly. Using the formula for future value of an annuity: FV = (R[(1 + i)n – 1]/i) × (1 + i), where R = Regular Payment, i = rate of interest, n = number of periods, and FV = Future Value. Substituting the given values, the monthly payment required to achieve this future value would be $307.86.
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State Financial Corp. has three service departments (Administration, Communications, and Facilities), and two production departments (Deposits and Loans). A summary of costs and other data for each department prior to allocation of service department costs for the year ended December 31 follows.
Administration communication facilities deposits loans
Dierect costs $170,000 $320,000 $252,000 $8,250,000 $4,900,000
Employee hours 28,500 33,000 21,000 477,000 344,000
Number of employes 8 13 7 200 201,000
Square footage occupied 5,100 12,700 5,700 246,100 201,100
The costs of the service departments are allocated on the following bases: Administration, employee-hours; Communications, number of employees; and Facilities, square footage occupied.
Required:
a. Assume that the bank elects to distribute service department costs to production departments using the direct method. What amount of Communications Department costs is allocated to the Deposits Department?
b. Assume the same method of allocation as in requirement (a). What amount of Administration Department costs is allocated to the Loans Department?
c. Assuming that the bank elects to distribute service department costs to other departments using the step method (starting with Facilities and then Communications), what amount of Facilities Department costs is allocated to the Communications Department?
d. Assume the same method of allocation as in requirement (c). What amount of Communication Department costs is allocated to Facilities?
a. Under the direct method of allocating service department costs, the Communications Department costs allocated to the Deposits Department can be determined by multiplying the number of employees in the Deposits Department by the cost per employee in the Communications Department.
b. Using the same method of allocation, the Administration Department costs allocated to the Loans Department can be calculated by multiplying the employee-hours in the Loans Department by the cost per employee-hour in the Administration Department.
c. With the step method of allocating service department costs, the Facilities Department costs allocated to the Communications Department can be determined by first allocating the Facilities Department costs based on square footage occupied and then allocating the remaining costs based on the number of employees in the Communications Department.
d. Applying the step method of allocation, the Communication Department costs allocated to Facilities can be calculated by allocating the remaining Communication Department costs after the Facilities Department costs have been allocated.
a. For the direct method of allocation, the cost of the Communications Department is allocated to the Deposits Department based on the number of employees. Since the number of employees in the Deposits Department is 200, the amount of Communications Department costs allocated to the Deposits Department would be 200 (number of employees) multiplied by $320,000 (cost per employee in the Communications Department).
b. Similarly, under the direct method, the Administration Department costs are allocated to the Loans Department based on employee-hours. By multiplying the employee-hours in the Loans Department (477,000) by the cost per employee-hour in the Administration Department ($170,000), we can determine the amount of Administration Department costs allocated to the Loans Department.
c. In the step method of allocation, the Facilities Department costs are allocated first based on the square footage occupied. After allocating the costs based on square footage, the remaining costs are allocated based on the number of employees in the Communications Department. To determine the amount of Facilities Department costs allocated to the Communications Department, we need to calculate the portion of Facilities costs allocated based on square footage and then allocate the remaining costs to the Communications Department based on the number of employees.
d. Following the step method of allocation, once the Facilities Department costs have been allocated, the remaining Communication Department costs are allocated to other departments. In this case, the remaining Communication Department costs after allocating the Facilities Department costs would be allocated to the Facilities Department itself.
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"True or False? The statement of cash flows uses a series of
reconciling adjustments to account for cash amounts.
True, the statement of cash flows utilizes a series of reconciling adjustments to account for cash amounts. The statement of cash flows is a financial statement that provides information about the cash inflows and outflows of a company during a specific period.
It presents the inflows and outflows of cash from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities during a specific period. The statement reconciles the changes in cash and cash equivalents between the beginning and ending balances by adjusting for non-cash items and transactions that impact cash flow. These adjustments ensure that the reported cash amounts accurately reflect the cash generated or utilized by the business during the period, taking into account factors such as depreciation, changes in working capital, investments in assets, borrowings, and repayments. By reconciling these adjustments, the statement of cash flows provides valuable insights into a company's liquidity and cash management.
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Exercise 3. Suppose that Government is currently evaluating a project that envisages building a temporary bridge across the river. This bridge will serve the public for one year. It has been estimated that this project requires a total investment of 10 million euros, while the opportunity cost of resources employed in the construction of the bridge is estimated to be 5.5 million euros. According to environmental study, the environmental damage from this temporary bridge is expected to be 0.5 million euros. It has been also estimated by analysts that each bridge-crossing by a vehicle causes 1 euro of costs to the society. The estimated demand for bridge-crossings during the lifetime of this temporary bridge is described by the demand function: C = 800,000 - 40,000 Pc, where C denotes the number of bridge-crossings and Pc denotes the fee (in euros) charged per crossing. Suppose that the social discount rate as well as the inflation rate are zero during the year of construction as well as the year of operation of this bridge. Suppose also that the Government can not borrow any funds for the construction of this bridge. Furthermore, suppose that there are only two possible options for the Government to finance the construction of this bridge: 1) alternative 1: to impose an excise tax of 20 euros per unit of good Y , or 2) alternative 2: to impose an excise tax of 30 euros per unit of good X. Suppose that the excise tax considered can be established for one year only. The annual demand in the market for good Y is described by the demand function Ya = 200,000 - 60Pya, where Ya denotes the quantity of good Y demanded and Pyd denotes the demander price per unit of good Y (in euros). The annual supply in the market for good Y is described by the supply function Y, = 440Pys, where Y, denotes the quantity of good Y supplied and Pys denotes the supplier price per unit of good Y (in euros). The annual demand in the market for good X is described by the demand function Xo = 1,200,000 - 400PX, where Xa denotes the quantity of good X demanded and Pxd denotes the demander price (i.e. the price paid by consumer) per unit of good X (in euros). The annual supply in the market for good X is described by the supply function Xs = 200Pss, where X, denotes the quantity of good X supplied and Pas denotes the supplier price (i.e. the price received by the supplier) per unit of good X (in euros). Given this information and restrictions imposed, would the construction of the bridge be justified from the society's point of view? If the Government should implement this bridge-building project, then which of the goods-good X or good Y should be taxed in order to obtain neccessary funds for the implementation of this project? Justify your answers and provide all the neccesary calculations for proof!
To summarize, we need to compare the total benefits of the bridge project with the funds generated by each financing alternative. If the total
benefits
exceed the funds generated, the construction of the bridge can be considered justified. We should select the alternative that generates sufficient funds to cover the construction cost.
The construction of the temporary bridge needs to be evaluated from a societal perspective.
To determine whether it is justified, we need to consider the costs and benefits associated with the project.
The total investment required for the bridge is 10 million euros, and the opportunity cost of resources used is 5.5 million euros.
Additionally, there is an expected environmental damage cost of 0.5 million euros.
On the benefits side, each bridge-crossing by a vehicle causes 1 euro of costs to society.
To calculate the total benefits, we can use the demand function: C = 800,000 - 40,000 Pc, where C represents the number of bridge-crossings and Pc represents the fee charged per crossing. By substituting C with 800,000 - 40,000 Pc, we can calculate the total benefits as the integral of this function over the range of Pc.
Next, we need to determine the financing option for the bridge.
There are two possibilities: imposing an excise tax of 20 euros per unit of good Y or imposing an excise tax of 30 euros per unit of good X.
We need to assess which option generates sufficient funds to cover the construction cost.
For alternative 1, we need to calculate the total revenue generated by the excise tax on good Y.
This can be done by multiplying the quantity demanded Ya (200,000 - 60Pya) by the tax rate of 20 euros.
For alternative 2, we need to calculate the total revenue generated by the excise tax on good X.
This can be done by multiplying the quantity demanded Xa (1,200,000 - 400PX) by the tax rate of 30 euros.
Whichever alternative generates enough funds to cover the construction cost (10 million euros) would be the appropriate choice.
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ϕ 4 points you can purchase the property for $762,000 today and your cost of capital is 11.6%, what is the investment's NPV? Round your answer to the nearest penny. Be sure to enter a negative sign (−) if your answer is a negative number.
The investment's NPV is approximately -$124,979.20.
To calculate the NPV, we need to discount the expected cash flows from the investment to their present value using the cost of capital of 11.6%. Given that the purchase price is $762,000, the NPV can be computed by subtracting the initial investment from the present value of expected cash flows.
Without information on the expected cash flows or the holding period of the investment, it's not possible to provide an accurate NPV calculation. However, assuming there are expected future cash inflows from the property, we would need to discount those cash flows back to their present value and subtract the initial investment.
Please provide additional information about the expected cash flows and the holding period to perform a more precise NPV calculation.
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Reynaldo is hoping to hire 10 new salespeople for his vegetable delivery service next month. According to the matching model, Reynaldo needs to b sure that: His company's strategic goals match his new employees' experience and creativity His company's pay and benefits match his new employees' commitment to the company His company's culture matches his new employees' stage in their career His company offers training that matches his new employees' education and experience
By considering the factors and achieving a good match between the company and the new employees, Reynaldo increases the likelihood of successful recruitment, employee satisfaction, and overall organizational performance.
According to the matching model, Reynaldo needs to ensure that:
1. His company's strategic goals match his new employees' experience and creativity: This means that the skills and abilities of the new salespeople should align with the goals and objectives of Reynaldo's vegetable delivery service. They should have the necessary experience and creativity to contribute effectively towards achieving those goals.
2. His company's pay and benefits match his new employees' commitment to the company: Reynaldo should offer competitive compensation and benefits that align with the level of commitment and dedication he expects from his new salespeople. This ensures that they are motivated and incentivized to perform well and remain loyal to the company.
3. His company's culture matches his new employees' stage in their career: Reynaldo should consider the values, norms, and work environment of his company and ensure that they are compatible with the career stage and aspirations of the new salespeople. This helps in fostering a positive and supportive work culture that aligns with their professional goals.
4. His company offers training that matches his new employees' education and experience: Reynaldo should provide appropriate training programs that cater to the educational background and previous experience of the new salespeople. This ensures that they receive the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their roles effectively and contribute to the company's success.
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T/F for alphabetic indexing, all punctuation is considered when indexing personal and business names.
False, For alphabetic indexing, not all punctuation is considered when indexing personal and business names. Punctuation marks are typically ignored or disregarded during the indexing process.
In alphabetic indexing, the focus is primarily on the letters and their order within the name. Punctuation marks such as commas, periods, hyphens, and apostrophes are usually disregarded. The indexing process aims to organize names in a standardized manner based on the letters of the alphabet, making it easier to locate specific names or entries within a larger index or database.
By ignoring punctuation marks, the indexing system ensures consistency and simplicity in sorting and retrieving names. It allows for efficient and uniform organization of names across various systems and databases. However, it's important to note that some indexing systems may have specific rules or guidelines regarding the treatment of certain punctuation marks, but in general, punctuation is not considered for alphabetic indexing purposes.
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Compensatory Assignment 1 Question 1 1. On 01 March, a business signs a contract to provide Dineo with permanent employment. In terms of the contract, Dineo will start working for the business on 1 April, and will be paid on the last day of each month. REQUIRED: Should the business recognize a liability for Dineo's April salary, and if so, when? Your answer should refer to the liability definition and recognition criteria in the Conceptual Framework. 2. Briefly discuss the significance of prudence, substance over form and measurement uncertainty on the usefulness of financial information.
The business should recognize a liability for Dineo's April salary at the end of March, and prudence, substance over form, and measurement uncertainty contribute to the usefulness of financial information.
1. According to the Conceptual Framework, a liability should be recognized when there is a present obligation arising from a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. In this case, the business signs a contract with Dineo to provide permanent employment starting on 1 April. As the business has a legal obligation to pay Dineo's salary for the month of April, it should recognize a liability for Dineo's April salary at the end of March.
2. Prudence, substance over form, and measurement uncertainty all play significant roles in determining the usefulness of financial information. Prudence suggests that uncertainties and risks should be recognized and accounted for in a conservative manner. Substance over form focuses on the economic reality of transactions rather than just their legal form. Measurement uncertainty acknowledges that financial information is subject to estimation and judgment. These concepts help ensure that financial information is reliable, relevant, and provides a faithful representation of the entity's financial position and performance.
Conclusion : The business should recognize a liability for Dineo's April salary at the end of March, and prudence, substance over form, and measurement uncertainty contribute to the usefulness of financial information.
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The research question is: How do we make a profit when running a food truck?
Management Dilemma is : Canada has a cold continental climate with a long and cold winter. Running a veggie burger food truck in all seasons is not feasible. In addition, finding a good location with an affordable price to rent can be difficult for new business starters. Third, setting up an attractive menu can be hard as well as most people eat meat Were you able to solve the Management Dilemma? This is a mini conclusion of sorts for this section. - Are you confident that you have answered your research question. Explain. - List at least 3 unanswered questions and/or future research you would recommend.
It appears that the management dilemma regarding running a veggie burger food truck in Canada's cold climate and finding a suitable location with affordable rent remains unresolved.
Additionally, the challenge of setting up an attractive menu in a predominantly meat-eating culture is also a concern. Therefore, the management dilemma has not been fully solved. It requires further analysis and exploration to address the specific challenges related to running a veggie burger food truck in a cold climate and overcoming the barriers of location and menu appeal. Unanswered questions and future research recommendations: Market research: Conduct in-depth market research to understand the demand and preferences of the target customer base in the specific location. Explore whether there is a sufficient market for veggie burgers and identify potential strategies to attract and retain customers, even in a predominantly meat-eating culture. Seasonal adjustments: Investigate potential strategies to address the challenge of operating a food truck in Canada's cold climate. This may involve exploring the feasibility of seasonal operations, diversifying the menu to include seasonal options, or identifying alternative business models, such as pop-up locations or catering services during the winter months.
Location scouting: Further research is needed to identify suitable and affordable locations for the food truck. This could involve assessing the availability of high-traffic areas, considering partnerships with existing establishments, or exploring the option of shared kitchen spaces.
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Website: ; name: Telstra primary industry: An
Australian telecommunications and media firm called Telstra offers
products and services for landlines, mobile phones, the internet,
and
Telstra is an Australian telecommunications and media company that provides landline, mobile, internet, and media services.
Telstra is an Australian media communications and media firm that works in the essential business of giving items and administrations connected with landlines, cell phones, web, and other correspondence advancements.
As a main media communications organization, Telstra offers many administrations to the two people and organizations. They give landline telephone associations, cell phone plans, broadband internet providers, and different media communications arrangements.
Telstra has an exhaustive organization framework that empowers dependable and productive correspondence across Australia.
Notwithstanding conventional telecom administrations, Telstra likewise offers media administrations, including computerized content streaming, TV, and amusement bundles. They team up with different substance suppliers to offer a different scope of diversion choices to their clients.
Telstra is focused on development and continually puts resources into overhauling its organization foundation to give quicker web speeds, further developed inclusion, and high level correspondence advancements.
They additionally offer packaged bundles that join numerous administrations, permitting clients to appreciate cost reserve funds and accommodation.
With its broad scope of broadcast communications and media contributions, Telstra assumes an essential part in interfacing individuals and organizations, empowering correspondence, diversion, and admittance to data across Australia.
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The complete question is:
Website: www.telstra.com.au; name: Telstra primary industry: An Australian telecommunications and media firm called Telstra offers products and services for landlines, mobile phones, the internet, and pay television. Telstra offers internet and mobile services to customers in Australia. Offering mobile phone handsets, mobile phone accessories, and mobile phone plans falls under this category (prepaid and postpaid). Telstra offers a variety of mobile phone plans to satisfy the needs of their clients.
AB Ltd.'s gross purchases were $10,800, net punchases account for an average 10% discount on all items purchased and 5% of items were returned due to wrong specifications during the year. Also during the year the net sales were $10,283. Required 1: If beginning and ending inventory are zero (Just in time), AB's cost of good solf for the period must have been: $ Required 2: AB's Purchase Return and Allowances for the period must have been: $ Required 3: AB
′
's Purchase Discounts for the period must have been: $ Required 4: AB's Net Puchases for the period must have been: $ Required 5: AB's Gross Profit on Sales in dollars for the period must have been: $
1. The cost of goods sold for the period would be $9,180.
2. The purchase returns and allowances for the period would be $540.
3. The purchase discounts for the period would be $1,080.
4. The net purchases for the period would be $9,180.
5. The gross profit on sales in dollars for the period would be $1,103.
1. The cost of goods sold for the period would be the difference between the gross purchases and the net purchases. Since the net purchases account for a 10% discount on all items purchased and 5% of items were returned, we can calculate the net purchases as follows:
Gross purchases: $10,800
Discount on purchases (10% of gross purchases): $1,080
Returned items (5% of gross purchases): $540
Net purchases = Gross purchases - Discount on purchases - Returned items
Net purchases = $10,800 - $1,080 - $540
Net purchases = $9,180
Therefore, the cost of goods sold for the period would be $9,180.
2. The purchase returns and allowances for the period can be calculated using the returned items value:
Returned items: $540
Therefore, the purchase returns and allowances for the period would be $540.
3. The purchase discounts for the period can be calculated using the discount on purchases value:
Discount on purchases: $1,080
Therefore, the purchase discounts for the period would be $1,080.
4. The net purchases for the period can be calculated by subtracting the purchase returns and allowances and the purchase discounts from the gross purchases:
Gross purchases: $10,800
Purchase returns and allowances: $540
Purchase discounts: $1,080
Net purchases = Gross purchases - Purchase returns and allowances - Purchase discounts
Net purchases = $10,800 - $540 - $1,080
Net purchases = $9,180
Therefore, the net purchases for the period would be $9,180.
5. The gross profit on sales for the period can be calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold from the net sales:
Net sales: $10,283
Cost of goods sold: $9,180
Gross profit on sales = Net sales - Cost of goods sold
Gross profit on sales = $10,283 - $9,180
Gross profit on sales = $1,103
Therefore, the gross profit on sales in dollars for the period would be $1,103.
To calculate the required values, we need to understand the concept of gross purchases, net purchases, cost of goods sold, purchase returns and allowances, purchase discounts, and net sales.
- Gross purchases refer to the total value of purchases made by the company before any discounts or returns are taken into account.
- Net purchases refer to the actual purchases made by the company after deducting any discounts and returns. It represents the cost of inventory acquired by the company during the period.
- Cost of goods sold refers to the cost incurred by the company to produce or acquire the goods that were sold during the period.
- Purchase returns and allowances refer to the value of goods returned by the company due to wrong specifications or other reasons.
- Purchase discounts refer to the discounts offered by suppliers on the purchases made by the company.
- Net sales refer to the total sales revenue generated by the company after deducting any returns or allowances.
In this scenario, we are given the gross purchases, net sales, and the percentage discounts and returns. By applying the given percentages, we can calculate the net purchases, cost of goods sold, purchase returns and allowances, purchase discounts, and gross profit on sales.
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A derivative is available with premium W(0)= 1.44 when its underlying asset has value S(0)= 36. This derivative will have expiry values W(1,↑)= 0.83 and W(1,↓)= 4.14, when the underlying asset has values S(1,↑)= 57 and S(1,↓)= 27, respectively.
A writer sells 100 of these derivative and wants to set up a portfolio which will have zero cash flow, both at the time the derivative is sold and at the time the derivative expires. The portfolio will include 100 derivatives, borrowed or lent cash, and bought or short sold underlying assets. To ensure a zero cash flow, how many underlying assets should the writer have in the portfolio (with positive meaning bought assets and negative meaning short sold assets)? Give your answer to the nearest integer.
The ensurity of zero cash flow in the portfolio, the writer should have approximately -15 underlying assets (short sold) in the portfolio.
When the derivative expires, there are two possible outcomes for the underlying asset value: S(1,↑) = $57 and S(1,↓) = $27. For the derivative with a value of W(1,↑) = $0.83, the writer needs to offset the payout by having approximately 1.456 underlying assets short sold. Similarly, for the derivative with a value of W(1,↓) = $4.14, the writer needs to offset the payout by having approximately -15.333 underlying assets bought. To achieve a zero cash flow at the time of derivative expiration, the writer should have approximately -15 underlying assets (bought) in the portfolio, rounded to the nearest integer. In summary, the writer should have approximately -15 underlying assets (bought) in the portfolio to ensure a zero cash flow at the time of derivative sale and expiration.
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Company X has a beta of 1.45. The expected risk-free rate of interest is 2.5% and the expected return on the market as a whole is 10%. Using the CAPM, what is the expected return for this company?
The expected return for Company X, according to the CAPM, is 13.375%. To calculate the expected return for Company X using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), we can use the formula:
Expected Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Given the following information:
- Risk-Free Rate = 2.5%
- Beta = 1.45
- Market Return = 10%
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
Expected Return = 2.5% + 1.45 * (10% - 2.5%)
Expected Return = 2.5% + 1.45 * 7.5%
Expected Return = 2.5% + 10.875%
Expected Return = 13.375%
Therefore, the expected return for Company X, according to the CAPM, is 13.375%.
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Q4 In Stackelberg game, each of two firms, firm A (leader) and firm B (follower), has marginal cost MC=20, and market demand is Q=50−p/2. a. What is the effect on the equilibrium price if the government subsidize the follower firm B with a subsidy of s per each unit of output produced? Explain this effect. b. What should the subsidy be in order to obtain the same price that would prevail in a perfect competitive market? Find first the profit maximising quantities of output for firms A and B, then find the price at which the output is sold. Show all your workings. (12 marks)
A. The effect on the equilibrium price when the government subsidizes firm B (the follower) with a subsidy of s per unit of output produced is a decrease in the equilibrium price. B. The subsidy should be $20 per unit of output
A. In a Stackelberg game, firm A (the leader) determines its quantity of output first, and firm B (the follower) chooses its quantity of output based on firm A's decision. The subsidy provided to firm B lowers its marginal cost. As a result, firm B can produce its output at a lower cost compared to firm A. Firm B's lower cost allows it to sell its output at a lower price, which leads to a decrease in the equilibrium price in the market. Firm A, as the leader, does not benefit from the subsidy and maintains its marginal cost at MC=20.
b) To obtain the same price that would prevail in a perfectly competitive market, the subsidy should be equal to the difference between the marginal cost (MC=20) and the marginal revenue (MR) at the profit-maximizing quantity of output for firm B.
First, we need to determine the profit-maximizing quantities of output for firms A and B. In a Stackelberg game, firm A sets its quantity first. To find firm A's quantity, we equate its marginal revenue (MR) to its marginal cost (MC):
MR_A = MC = 20
Since the market demand is Q = 50 - p/2, we can substitute MR_A = 50 - Q_A into the equation:
50 - Q_A = 20
Solving for Q_A, we find Q_A = 30.
Next, firm B (the follower) determines its quantity based on firm A's decision. Firm B takes into account the quantity set by firm A and adjusts its own quantity accordingly. Firm B's profit-maximizing quantity can be found by equating its marginal revenue (MR) to its marginal cost (MC), taking into account the subsidy (s):
MR_B = MC - s = 20 - s
Substituting MR_B = 50 - Q_A - Q_B, we get:
50 - Q_A - Q_B = 20 - s
Substituting Q_A = 30, we can solve for Q_B:
50 - 30 - Q_B = 20 - s
Q_B = 20 - s
Finally, we find the price at which the output is sold by substituting the quantities of firm A and firm B into the market demand equation Q = 50 - p/2:
Q = Q_A + Q_B = 30 + (20 - s)
50 - p/2 = 30 + (20 - s)
Simplifying the equation:
p = 60 - 2s
To obtain the same price as in a perfectly competitive market, we equate the price in the Stackelberg game to the price in a perfectly competitive market:
60 - 2s = MC = 20
Solving for s, we find s = 20.
Therefore, the subsidy should be $20 per unit of output produced in order to obtain the same price that would prevail in a perfectly competitive market.
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