how did portugal and spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their methods overseas empires, and how did their methods differ?

Answer:

D. Republic

Explanation:

D. Republic.

A republic is a form of government in which the people or their representatives are empowered to exercise supreme authority in making and enforcing laws. It is a system in which the head of state is elected by the people, rather than inheriting the position.

"The Huns are coming! The Huns are coming! The German forces are on the march, and they are coming for us! Reports from the front lines tell of a ruthless enemy, determined to take our freedom and our way of life. They have already invaded Belgium and France, and now they are coming for us!

We must act now to protect our nation and our people. We must declare war on Germany and send our brave soldiers to the front lines to fight for our freedom. We must not let the German forces take away our liberty and our way of life.

The time for action is now. We must stand together and fight for our freedom. We must declare war on Germany and send our brave soldiers to the front lines to protect our nation and our people. We must not let the Huns take away our freedom and our way of life. The time for action is now. Let us stand together and fight for our freedom!"

A hickory stick, which served as a campaign emblem for Andrew Jackson, is the little object that metaphorically depicts the Election of 1828.

The campaign button is a little object that symbolically reflects the Election of 1828. The Democratic and National Republican parties each created buttons for their respective candidates, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams, in the Election of 1828, which saw the first widespread usage of campaign buttons. The buttons, which were given out to supporters as a method to spark interest and support for their preferred candidate, were frequently decorated with patriotic symbols or phrases. A major turning point in American political campaigning occurred in 1828 with the widespread use of campaign buttons, which paved the way for the present era of presidential elections.

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Before laws were passed, the negative effect of urbanization was increased crime rates.

What is urbanization?

Urbanization is the process through which people move from rural to urban regions, wherein the number of people living in rural areas correspondingly declines, and how societies adjust to this change.

Furthermore, urbanization is the process of resembling a city more. When populations increase, a city's population may spread to the surrounding areas. We refer to this as urbanization. Perhaps on the town's former periphery, big apartment buildings emerge, attracting more residents and workers.

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The gadgets and "weird stuff" that the West offered them were of little interest to them. China was able to decline these Western proposals because it had a high level of self-sufficiency.

This self-sufficiency was made possible by China's robust agricultural economy. China was in a position to decline these Western proposals because it was mostly self-sufficient. This self-sufficiency was made possible by China's robust agricultural economy. A rice variety with fast growth had been imported to China from Southeast Asia during the 11th century. The rice was farmed all across the southern region of the country by the Qing Dynasty. Spanish and Portuguese traders introduced maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts from the Americas at about the same period, in the 17th and 18th centuries. These crops were helpful fo china.

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There are hard challenges and struggles in daily lives of American during the Great Depression such as high unemployment rate, lack of food, lack of access to medical care, etc.

During the Great Depression in 1930s, many Americans experienced significant challenges and struggles in their daily lives, such as:

Unemployment: Unemployment rates reached as high as 25%, meaning that one out of every four Americans was out of work. Finding a job was difficult, and many people who were employed faced pay cuts and reduced hours.

Homelessness: Many people lost their homes due to foreclosure or eviction, and homeless shelters and soup kitchens were overwhelmed with demand.

Hunger: A significant portion of the population struggled with hunger and malnutrition due to a lack of resources and access to affordable food.

Lack of access to medical care: With little or no money, many people could not afford medical care or basic necessities like clothing and shelter.

Despite the many challenges of the Great Depression, it also led to a sense of community and solidarity among Americans as people came together to support each other through tough times.

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Answer:

They ended after they started. They started before they ended as well.

Explanation:

Answer: 1867 to 1896,

Explanation:   START:

Congress established six all-black regiments (consolidated to four shortly after) to help rebuild the country after the Civil War and to fight on the Western frontier during the Plains Wars.

END: during the Korean War and the institution of Executive Order 9981

They all died trying to fight off the Korean soldiers.

Several factors contributed to national unity in the early 1800s in the United States

For Unity factors responsible were:

The concept of "Manifest Destiny" held sway in the early 1800s and claimed that the United States had a divinely granted right and obligation to expand its territory.

The Second Great Awakening: In the early 1800s, a religious fervor known as the Second Great Awakening swept the country.

American economic expansion: At the beginning of the 1800s, technological advancements were a major driver of the country's economic expansion.

The War of 1812 was a crucial occasion in the early 1800s that aided in the unification of the nation. It was fought between the United States and Great Britain.

The emergence of nationalism: In the early 1800s, America experienced a rise in nationalism.

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In the late nineteenth century, many white Louisianans attempted to reverse the gains African Americans had made during Reconstruction. The implementation of Jim Crow—or racial segregation laws—institutionalized white supremacy and Black inferiority throughout the South. The term Jim Crow originated in minstrel shows, the popular vaudeville-type traveling stage plays that circulated the South in the mid-nineteenth century. Jim Crow was a stock character, a stereotypically lazy and shiftless Black buffoon, designed to elicit laughs with his avoidance of work and dancing ability. By 1880, however, “Jim Crow” came to signify a model of race relations in which African Americans and white Americans operated in separate social planes. Almost one hundred years would pass before civil rights workers were able to reverse these laws.

The Origins of Jim Crow, 1865 to 1890

In the five years after the Civil War, the Republican-controlled Louisiana Congress enacted powerful civil rights legislation aimed at securing African Americans their political rights. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, respectively, abolished slavery, recognized African Americans as citizens, and guaranteed African American men the right to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment was particularly significant because it guaranteed African Americans the same rights of citizenship that white Americans had, including equal protection under the law. By 1875 African Americans across the South, supported by the federal government, had established nearly four thousand schools for Black students. In addition, more than fifteen hundred had run for office as state and national representatives.

Instituting Jim Crow was a gradual process before 1880, especially during Reconstruction, when it appeared that African Americans enjoyed some protection from the federal government. But in 1865, the Louisiana legislature began implementing “black codes,” laws that formed the basis for racial segregation. Originating in the eighteenth century, black codes regulated and restricted the movement of enslaved people. More generally, they reinstated the antebellum southern social order, in which white people occupied a higher social rung than Black people. Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, black codes limited Black life in numerous ways. They determined the types of businesses African Americans could own and the time of day they could visit downtown. The codes stipulated that no more than three African Americans could ever assemble in one place, and gave white people legal authority over Black people when no police officer was present. Though black codes were found in every parish, they were most vigorously enforced in the northern and eastern parishes of Louisiana.

In southern Louisiana, African Americans were allowed much more freedom, largely owing to the racial demographics of southern Louisiana in general and New Orleans in particular. By 1860, New Orleans could be divided into three discernable racial groups: whites, free people of color, and enslaved people of African descent. In New Orleans, free people of color, who often had a mixed racial heritage, traditionally enjoyed a measure of freedom in their businesses and social interactions not found in other parts of the state.

By 1877, deepening distrust between white people and African Americans led to the lowest point in race relations in American history. At the beginning of Reconstruction, Louisiana sent several Black politicians to the US House of Representatives, and one African American, P. B. S. Pinchback, served as governor from late 1872 to January 1873. By the time federal troops were officially removed from Louisiana in 1877, however, all of these politicians had been defeated; all hopes for improved racial relations, or federal intervention on behalf of Black Louisianans, seemed to have evaporated.

As Reconstruction ended, most African Americans in Louisiana rented small plots of land, hoping to become self-sufficient farmers. Formerly enslaved people tended to stay geographically close to their former owners, usually living no more than fifty miles away. In place of slavery, white Louisianans developed an agricultural system called sharecropping. White property owners gave African American farmers access to land with the understanding that these farmers would give the landowner part of the crop as “rent.” Sharecropping quickly evolved into an exploitative relationship between farmers and landlords. Often illiterate and uneducated, sharecroppers rarely understood the written contracts they were compelled to sign. Further, landlords set the price of the crop, often ignoring its market value, while Black farmers with left without recourse. Sharecropping undergirded Black poverty in Louisiana—profits were scarce, weather and climate were often uncooperative, and corruption was rampant.

Answer:

In the late nineteenth century, many white Louisianans attempted to reverse the gains African Americans had made during Reconstruction. The implementation of Jim Crow—or racial segregation laws—institutionalized white supremacy and Black inferiority throughout the South. The term Jim Crow originated in minstrel shows, the popular vaudeville-type traveling stage plays that circulated the South in the mid-nineteenth century. Jim Crow was a stock character, a stereotypically lazy and shiftless Black buffoon, designed to elicit laughs with his avoidance of work and dancing ability. By 1880, however, “Jim Crow” came to signify a model of race relations in which African Americans and white Americans operated in separate social planes. Almost one hundred years would pass before civil rights workers were able to reverse these laws.

The Origins of Jim Crow, 1865 to 1890

In the five years after the Civil War, the Republican-controlled Louisiana Congress enacted powerful civil rights legislation aimed at securing African Americans their political rights. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, respectively, abolished slavery, recognized African Americans as citizens, and guaranteed African American men the right to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment was particularly significant because it guaranteed African Americans the same rights of citizenship that white Americans had, including equal protection under the law. By 1875 African Americans across the South, supported by the federal government, had established nearly four thousand schools for Black students. In addition, more than fifteen hundred had run for office as state and national representatives.

Instituting Jim Crow was a gradual process before 1880, especially during Reconstruction, when it appeared that African Americans enjoyed some protection from the federal government. But in 1865, the Louisiana legislature began implementing “black codes,” laws that formed the basis for racial segregation. Originating in the eighteenth century, black codes regulated and restricted the movement of enslaved people. More generally, they reinstated the antebellum southern social order, in which white people occupied a higher social rung than Black people. Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, black codes limited Black life in numerous ways. They determined the types of businesses African Americans could own and the time of day they could visit downtown. The codes stipulated that no more than three African Americans could ever assemble in one place, and gave white people legal authority over Black people when no police officer was present. Though black codes were found in every parish, they were most vigorously enforced in the northern and eastern parishes of Louisiana.

In southern Louisiana, African Americans were allowed much more freedom, largely owing to the racial demographics of southern Louisiana in general and New Orleans in particular. By 1860, New Orleans could be divided into three discernable racial groups: whites, free people of color, and enslaved people of African descent. In New Orleans, free people of color, who often had a mixed racial heritage, traditionally enjoyed a measure of freedom in their businesses and social interactions not found in other parts of the state.

By 1877, deepening distrust between white people and African Americans led to the lowest point in race relations in American history. At the beginning of Reconstruction, Louisiana sent several Black politicians to the US House of Representatives, and one African American, P. B. S. Pinchback, served as governor from late 1872 to January 1873. By the time federal troops were officially removed from Louisiana in 1877, however, all of these politicians had been defeated; all hopes for improved racial relations, or federal intervention on behalf of Black Louisianans, seemed to have evaporated.

As Reconstruction ended, most African Americans in Louisiana rented small plots of land, hoping to become self-sufficient farmers. Formerly enslaved people tended to stay geographically close to their former owners, usually living no more than fifty miles away. In place of slavery, white Louisianans developed an agricultural system called sharecropping. White property owners gave African American farmers access to land with the understanding that these farmers would give the landowner part of the crop as “rent.” Sharecropping quickly evolved into an exploitative relationship between farmers and landlords. Often illiterate and uneducated, sharecroppers rarely understood the written contracts they were compelled to sign. Further, landlords set the price of the crop, often ignoring its market value, while Black farmers with left without recourse. Sharecropping undergirded Black poverty in Louisiana—profits were scarce, weather and climate were often uncooperative, and corruption was rampant.

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Explanation:

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One theory that originated with 11th century church theology and the work of Peter Abelard is known as the "conceptualism."

Conceptualism is a philosophical theology that addresses the universals problem, or the issue of whether abstract notions like "justice" or "beauty" actually exist in and of themselves or are only labels applied to groups of distinct objects with similar properties.

According to Abelard, universal concepts like "redness" and "sweetness" are mental constructs or concepts that only exist in human minds and not as actual, external things. In other words, he held that the human mind developed broad ideas as a means of classifying and making sense of the variety of sensory experiences that people face throughout their lives.

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Henry Hudson, Christopher Columbus, James Cook, Ferdinand Magellan, Hernan Cortes  are five main characters of the age of exploration.

Geography was significantly impacted by the Age of Exploration. Explorers were able to learn more about places like Africa and the Americas and bring that knowledge back to Europe by visiting various parts of the world.

Under Henry the Navigator's direction, the Age of Exploration got underway in Portugal. Henry dispatched ships to map and investigate Africa's west coast.

The first expedition to circle the globe was led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan.

Christopher Columbus believed he could travel to Asia by sailing west over the Atlantic Ocean.

Their discoveries also exposed Europeans to a completely new world of flora and wildlife.

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The moral influence theory originated with the eleventh-century church theologian Peter Abelard. It is also known as the Moral influence theory of Atonement. It was an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory.  

The Moral Influence Theory of the Atonement is a belief in Christian theology that addresses the purpose and impact of Jesus Christ's death. According to this perspective, Christ's death had the dual goals of improving human morality and influencing it. Abelard concentrated on transforming man's view of God so that he was seen as loving rather than offended, harsh, or judgemental. Abelard asserts that "Jesus died as the evidence of God's love," a demonstration that can cause sinners to alter their hearts and thoughts and turn to God. Abelard disagreed with the notion that Jesus' death was a "debt paid to God's honour" which elevated the Devil to the status of a competing god. He also opposed the notion that Jesus' death was a "ransom given to the devil."

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Answer: "Substitute aircraft carrier" " D"

Explanation:

Ferry Boat was not a use of the "Mosquito Fleet" in World War II.

Describe Mosquito Fleet?

During World War II, the "Mosquito Fleet" was a term used to describe a group of small, fast ships that were used by the United States Navy for a variety of purposes. These ships were typically less than 200 feet in length and had shallow drafts, which allowed them to operate in coastal and riverine environments that larger ships could not navigate.

The Mosquito Fleet was used for a number of different tasks, including:

Substitute Aircraft Carrier: The Mosquito Fleet was used as a substitute for aircraft carriers, which were in short supply during the early years of the war. These small ships were fitted with flight decks and used to launch and recover seaplanes for reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare.

Speedy Combat: The Mosquito Fleet was used for fast, hit-and-run attacks on enemy shipping and coastal targets. Their speed and agility made them difficult targets for enemy ships and aircraft.

Reconnaissance: The Mosquito Fleet was used for reconnaissance missions, particularly in the Pacific theater, where they would scout out islands and shorelines ahead of larger naval forces.

The Mosquito Fleet was also used to transport troops and supplies, as well as to lay mines and conduct anti-submarine patrols. The ships in the fleet were typically armed with machine guns and depth charges, but were not heavily armored or armed compared to larger warships.

The Mosquito Fleet played an important role in the early years of World War II, particularly in the Pacific theater, where their speed and versatility were well-suited to the island-hopping campaigns that characterized the war in that region.

During World War II, the "Mosquito Fleet" was a term used to describe a group of small, fast ships that were used by the United States Navy for a variety of purposes. These included:

Substitute Aircraft Carrier: The Mosquito Fleet was used as a substitute for aircraft carriers, which were in short supply during the early years of the war. These small ships were fitted with flight decks and used to launch and recover seaplanes for reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare.

Speedy Combat: The Mosquito Fleet was used for fast, hit-and-run attacks on enemy shipping and coastal targets. Their speed and agility made them difficult targets for enemy ships and aircraft.

Reconnaissance: The Mosquito Fleet was used for reconnaissance missions, particularly in the Pacific theater, where they would scout out islands and shorelines ahead of larger naval forces.

However, the Mosquito Fleet was not primarily used as a ferry boat during World War II, as their speed and small size made them better suited for other roles.

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Known as Madam C.J. Walker, she fostered a line of beauty care items for black women.

Madam C.J. Walker (1867-1919) was "the primary Black woman millionaire in America" and made her fortune thanks to her homemade line of hair care items for Black women. She was motivated to create her hair items after an involvement in hair misfortune, which prompted the creation of the "Walker framework" of hair care. The independent millionaire involved her fortune to subsidize scholarships for women at the Tuskegee Organization and donated large parts of her wealth to the NAACP, the Black YMCA and different charities

Walker constructed a factory, hair salon, mail-request business and a beauty school which trained 20,000 sales agents. Later she became a philanthropist and was active in organizing the NAACP's Quiet Dissent Parade in New York in 1917.

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Poland during the Cold War was the first and most challenging test case. So, option D is correct.

As mistrust and animosity between the US and the Soviet Union grew as a result of disagreements over how the post-World War II world would be organized, the Cold War began. The USSR had invaded and occupied Poland's eastern half in 1939, making it the first and most challenging test scenario. Moscow wanted a government that was under Soviet control, while Washington desired a more autonomous, representative democracy that was based on a Western model. A flexible agreement for Eastern Europe was produced by the Yalta Conference in February 1945.

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There have been three U.S. Presidents who have faced impeachment proceedings in the history of the United States: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump.

A process called impeachment allows for the removal of an elected figure from office for "high crimes and misdemeanors," such as the President of the United States. The procedure is specified in the U.S. Constitution and involves the House of Representatives, which submits articles of impeachment against the official, and the Senate, which holds a trial to decide whether or not to convict the person and remove him or her from office.

Simple majority votes in the House of Representatives and two-thirds majorities in the Senate are needed to convict and remove an official from office, respectively. A president who is impeached may continue hold office, so impeachment does not always mean removal from office.

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I have as much muscle as any man, and can do as much work as any man.

Sojourner Truth, an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist, gave a powerful and historic speech on women's rights in 1851 at a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio. The speech is often referred to as "Ain't I a Woman?" because of its most famous line. In the speech, Truth spoke out against the prevailing ideas of the time that women were inferior to men, particularly women of color.

Here is an excerpt from the speech:

"I have as much muscle as any man, and can do as much work as any man. I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?

Then they talk about this thing in the head; what's this they call it? [Intellect, someone whispers.] That's it, honey. What's that got to do with women's rights or negroes' rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?"

Truth's speech was a powerful critique of the societal norms of the time, particularly the way that women and women of color were marginalized and excluded from full participation in society. Her eloquence and forceful delivery made a lasting impression on those who heard her speak and helped to advance the cause of women's rights.

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Answer:

Explanation:

In 1646 BC a massive volcanic eruption, perhaps one of the largest ever witnessed by mankind, took place at Thera (present day Santorini), an island in the Aegean not far from Crete.

The Mexican-American War, often called the Mexican War, the Spanish War of 1847, or Guerra de Estados Unidos a Mexico (literally, "War of the United States Against Mexico").

It was a confrontation between the United States and Mexico that lasted from April 1846 to February 1848. Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, and there was a dispute about whether Texas ended at the Nueces River or the Rio Grande (a claim made by Mexico) (U.S. claim). In the course of the war, which U.S. soldiers consistently prevailed in, the nation seized more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square kilometres) of Mexican territory, extending from the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean in the west. March 1845, not long following the annexation of Texas.

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The first black person to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives was Joseph Rainey.

He was elected in 1870 to represent South Carolina's 1st congressional district, and he served until 1879. Rainey was also the first black person to preside over the House of Representatives, which he did on several occasions during his tenure.The first Black person to serve in the United States House of Representatives was Joseph Rainey. Rainey was born into slavery in South Carolina in 1832 and after the Civil War, he became involved in politics. In 1870, Rainey was elected to the House of Representatives from the state of South Carolina. He was a member of the Republican Party and served on several important committees during his time in office. Rainey's time in the House was marked by his commitment to civil rights and equality for African Americans. He fought for voting rights and for an end to segregation in public places. Rainey served five terms in the House of Representatives and left office in 1879.

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Answer: D

Social Rights.

Answer:

Political Rights

Explanation:

The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 was not successful in bringing about the lasting reforms that radicals sought because Belgian independence was won by the liberals.

Did the 1830 and 1848 revolutions succeed?

A wave of republican uprisings against European monarchy that began in Sicily and eventually spread to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian empire is known as the 1848 revolutions. They were all met with opposition and failure, and a general disappointment among liberals followed. However, in the majority of other places, revolutions failed because to a lack of widespread support. Despite some setbacks, the 1830 revolutions did have noteworthy results. They partially stopped the emergence of a regressive political movement.

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The Progressive movement, of which city planning was a component, was eventually born out of the corruption and exploitation of the time. Slums, traffic, disarray, ugliness, and the threat of disease sparked a response in which the first priority was sanitation improvement.

Cities around the country saw a significant transformation as a result of industrial development and population growth. It became usual to experience noise, traffic congestion, Slums, air pollution, and sanitation and health issues. Skyscrapers started to dominate city skylines, while mass transit was developed in the shape of trolleys, cable cars, and subways.

With the influx of people from rural parts of the United States and Europe, as well as factories and other structures needed for manufacturing, the Industrial Revolution led to towns becoming cities and existing cities growing both in terms of population and geographic size.

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I think the answer is D, not sure though. Hope this helps.

Hoover's philosophy of the government was based on the principles of individualism, self-reliance, and limited government intervention.

Hoover was of the opinion that the federal government could not provide direct assistance to individuals. He believed in "free market capitalism" and did not believe that the federal government had the authority to regulate prices under the constitution.

He believed that the role of the government should be minimal and that individuals and businesses should be allowed to operate freely without excessive regulation or interference from the government. This philosophy is often referred to as "Hooverism" and was a key aspect of his approach to governance during his tenure as President of the United States.

Hoover's philosophy of the government also emphasized the importance of voluntary cooperation and mutual aid among individuals and communities as a means of addressing social and economic challenges.

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The Sherman Antitrust Act was enacted in 1890 to curtail combinations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition.

Answer:

D- if a state's police force could not keep the peace ​

Explanation:

With an aim to pay off the debts,  the British government raised funds to defend the vast new American territories who won by French after a seven years war (from 1756 to 1763), the British Government passed the atamp act in the year 1765.

The stamp Act used a strategy to raise the funde in England.  That resulted in the rise of protest in the Colonies.  This is because,  they were facing three major taxes at one time.

The one was Sugar Act 1764, that imposed new responsibilities on the import of textiles, wines, and coffee, sugar etc.

The currency Act 1764, that caused decline in the paper money that the Colonies were using. And the Quartering Act 1765 that forced the Colonies to provide food and place/shelter to the British troops.

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Answer:

a. Thurgood Marshall

b. Landmark case: Brown v. Board of Education in 1954

Explanation:

Thurgood Marshall was the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to his appointment to the Supreme Court, he worked as a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

His landmark case as a lawyer was Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The case is widely recognized as a major step forward in civil rights in the United States, as it overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case.

Marshall argued that segregation was inherently unequal and that it violated the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law. The Supreme Court agreed and unanimously ruled in favor of Brown. Marshall’s victory in the case set a precedent for civil rights cases that followed and shaped the legal landscape of the United States for decades.

American isolationist policies hampered international collaboration and shifted attention inward, delaying the world's recovery from World War I.

Both local and international events were significantly impacted by the US's isolationist post-World War I policy. Domestically, the policies helped fuel an era of economic expansion and prosperity as the US concentrated on developing its own markets and industries. The US's capacity to have an impact on world events was, however, constrained because of the policies' role in the widespread unwillingness to participate in foreign affairs. For example, the League of Nations' capacity to uphold world peace was hampered by the US's refusal to join, which also aided the growth of belligerent nations like Nazi Germany.

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