Pyruvate + NADH is a glycolysis byproduct that builds up in anaerobic environments.
How is glycolysis maintained when there is no oxygen present?Anaerobic glycolysis is the dominant form of energy production in anaerobic environments and in cells without mitochondria. As NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ by lactate dehydrogenase, the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. For cells without mitochondria, such erythrocytes, this mechanism is a significant source of ATP.
What may anaerobic cells that consume glucose produce?
Some living things have the capacity to continuously transform energy even in the absence of oxygen. They go through glycolysis to produce ATP, which is followed by anaerobic fermentation.
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Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during _____.
Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during embryogenesis.
During embryogenesis, the three germ layers—the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—form from the innermost layer, the hypoblast. Cells move through a process of gastrulation to establish the germ layers. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis, the mesoderm gives rise to the muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system, and the endoderm gives rise to the digestive and respiratory systems.
Cells must move to specific locations within the embryo in order to form the correct tissue type. For example, skin cells must be in the ectoderm layer, and muscle cells must be in the mesoderm layer. This movement of cells is known as cell migration.
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the data suggest the existence of genetic linkage between the snp locus and the disease locus. what is the estimated genetic distance between the two loci?
The data suggest the existence of genetic linkage between the SNP locus and the disease locus yes, there is evidence of linkage. The expected genetic distance is for this reason 1/11 × 100 =nine.1 Map.
SNPs arise usually for the duration of a person's DNA. They arise nearly once in every 1,000 nucleotides in common, which means there are kind of four to five million SNPs in a person's genome.
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) across the genome presents facts to pick out the genes and versions associated with quantitative trends in genome-huge affiliation research (GWAS) and for the implementation of genomic choice (GS).
The gap among loci is measured in centimorgans and 1 centimorgan is defined as the genetic distance among loci with a recombination frequency of 1%. even though the centimorgan is not a degree of bodily distance, it generally equates to a physical distance of a million base pairs.
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if the activation energy required for a chemical reaction were reduced what would happen to the rate of the reaction?
Answer:
If the activation energy of a chemical reaction is reduced, the rate of the reaction will increase.
Explanation:
The function of activation energy is to break bonds in the reaction so that new bonds are formed in the reaction products. If the activation energy is low or decreased, it will cause more particles with sufficient kinetic energy to increase the number of effective collisions, causing the reaction rate to increase.
What kind of weather conditions would you expect to see if you were looking at this weather map section ?
A. Thunderstorms likely ( wind , rain , etc .)
B. Mostly cloudy , some precipitation
C. High winds
D. Mosty sunny , no winds
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
If an animal's haploid (N) number is 10, how many chromosomes are in one of its sex cells?
10 chromosomes are in one of its sex cells.
The number of chromosomes in sex cells.Only 23 chromosomes are present in each egg and sperm cell. Only half as many chromosomes as those are present in typical cells. A zygote, or cell with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), is produced during fertilization when an egg and sperm come together. Each parent contributed one homologous chromosome for every pair of chromosomes.
The haploid chromosome number = 10/2= 5
The number of possible chromosome pairs is = 2n
where n is the number of haploid chromosomes
The number of possible chromosome pairs =2×5 = 10
Having a diploid chromosome number of 10 will result in 25 chromosome pairs.
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How does a chambered nautilus control it’s buoyancy? Compare the diversity of forms of molluscs to that of annelids. Describe which group you think covers the greatest range of body form, function & behavior.
Mollusks, like the common snail, are invertebrates. The majority of mollusks have shells. Annelids are worms similar to the common earthworm. Their bodies are divided into segments. On the outside, annelids resemble roundworms, but on the inside, they resemble mollusks.
What is Mollusks ?Mollusks, like snails, scallops, and squids, are invertebrates. They have a tough exterior shell. Between the shell and the body is a layer of tissue known as the mantle.
Tentacles are used by most mollusks for feeding and sensing, and many have a muscular foot. Mollusks also have a coelom, a complete digestive system, and excretory organs. The ocean is home to the vast majority of mollusks. Food is obtained in various ways by different classes of mollusks.
Annelids, like earthworms and leeches, are segmented worms. Annelids have a coelom, a closed circulatory system, an excretory system, and a fully developed digestive system. They have a mind as well. Earthworms are important deposit feeders that contribute to the formation and enrichment of soil. Leeches can be both predators and parasites. Parasitic leeches feed on vertebrate hosts' blood.
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This bird was the best candidate for the transition between non-avian dinosaurs and birds. Approximately when he lived?.
Archaeopteryx bird was the best candidate for the transition between non-avain dinosaurs and birds.
Archaeopteryx sometimes referred to by its German name, "Urvogel" , is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs. Between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, Archaeopteryx was generally accepted by palaeontologists and popular reference books as the oldest known bird .Older potential avialans have since been identified, including Xiaotingia, and Aurornis.
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Answer: Late Jurassic
Explanation:
The bird that was the best candidate for the transition between non-avian dinosaurs and birds is Archaeopteryx. It lived during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 150 million years ago.
Match the term with its correct description.
Column A
1.
The section of the DNA strand to be copied into messenger RNA
:
The section of the DNA strand to be copied into messenger RNA
2.
The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied
:
The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied
3.
The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA
:
The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA
4.
The base that replace thymine in RNA molecules
:
The base that replace thymine in RNA molecules
5.
The DNa code that stops the transcription process
:
The DNa code that stops the transcription process
6.
The parts of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein
:
The parts of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein
7.
The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing
:
The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing
Column B
a.
transcription unit
b.
RNA polymerase
c.
termination signal
d.
uracil
e.
promotor
f.
introns
g.
exons
Answer:
a. transcription unit -------------------> The section of the DNA strand to be copied into messenger RNA
b. RNA polymerase -------------------> The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA
c. termination signal -------------------> The DNA code that stops the transcription process
d. uracil -------------------> The base that replace thymine in RNA molecules
e. promotor -------------------> The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied
f. introns -------------------> The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing
g. exons -------------------> The parts of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein
Explanation:
Transcription unit:
Transcription unit is a short sequence of DNA that is transcribed into RNA. The transcription unit contains the promoter and the coding region for one or more genes. The coding region can be any length, but it must contain enough information to code for a protein. Transcription units are often called genes because they encode proteins; however, they do not necessarily encode all of the same proteins in an organism. For example, some bacteria have only one gene encoding a protein involved in nitrogen metabolism while humans have many different genes encoding similar proteins involved in this process.
RNA polymerase:
The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA is called an RNA polymerase. The process begins with an initiation step, in which a specific sequence on the template DNA binds to a specific site on the core protein (called RPA). Once bound, the initiator tRNA molecule forms a ternary complex with RPA and ribosomal subunits. This ternary complex then moves along by sliding along microtubules until it reaches its active site where it can bind to mRNA molecules and initiate their synthesis.
Termination signal:
The termination signal is a short sequence of nucleotides that signals to stop transcription and start translation. It is found at the end of most genes, but not all. It acts as an inhibitor of DNA replication and transcription. The term "terminal" means the end, or final stage, of something. Termination signals are used in many different organisms to control the growth and development of cells during embryonic development, including plants and animals. They are also used by bacteria to regulate gene expression (the process by which genes make proteins). In eukaryotes (organisms with complex multicellular structures), they can be found on chromosomes or at specific sites called promoters where they act as molecular switches
Uracil:
The base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules is uracil. The chemical formula of uracil is C(5H)-U-N(1). The chemical name for uracil is 5-methyluracil. The base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules is uracil. Uracil is a derivative of uric acid, which is a breakdown product of purines, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The enzyme that synthesizes uracil from its precursor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) uses energy from glucose to reduce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ADP-ribose, an intermediate in the synthesis of nucleotides. This reaction takes place on ribosomes, small organelles within cells that are responsible for protein synthesis.
Promoter:
In other words, we want to copy a piece of DNA that is located upstream from where it is being copied. The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied is a region of DNA that includes the nucleotides (A, T, C and G) that are used in the replication process. This is also called the 'promoter' or 'core promoter'. The core promoter has been defined as follows: "The sequence of nucleotides immediately 5' of ATG [the start codon] which initiates transcription."
Introns:
The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing is called introns. Introns are short sequences of DNA found within the genes of eukaryotic organisms. The function of introns has been a source of much speculation and controversy, but their removal from messenger RNAs (mRNAs) seems to be essential for the proper functioning of cells. In fact, it has been suggested that the removal of introns may be one reason why many viruses have evolved to encode their own mRNA molecules with the same information as host mRNAs.
Exons:
Exon is the part of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein. exon, intron and promoter are all parts of mRNA. The exon codes for a specific amino acid in a protein. Mutation or deletion of an exon can cause disease or produce abnormal proteins (e.g., cystic fibrosis).
the lactose operon is under positive control by the crp-camp complex. in order for the operon to be fully inducible, the crp-camp complex must be:
In order for the operon to be fully inducible, the crp-camp complex must be at high concentration and it must bind to the regulatory region of the operon.
Because the lac operon is typically shut off (repressed), but can be activated in the presence of the inducer, allolactose, it is referred to as an inducible operon. Catabolite activator protein, or CAP, attaches to a section of DNA right before the lac operon promoter and aids RNA polymerase in binding to the promoter, promoting a lot of transcription.
E. coli produces cAMP as a "hunger signal" in low glucose conditions. cAMP binds to CAP and changes its structure, allowing it to bind DNA and activate transcription. Without cAMP, CAP is inactive due to its inability to bind DNA. Therefore, high levels of lac operon transcription are only possible in the absence of glucose.
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If the haploid number of an organism is 5, then each dividing diploid cell will have how many chromatids at mitotic metaphase?.
20 diploids chromatids will be present at mitotic metaphase.
A duplicated chromosome's other half is known as a chromatid. One DNA molecule makes up one chromosome prior to replication. The DNA molecule is duplicated during replication, and the two molecules are referred to as chromatids.
The separation of the pair of chromatids during cell division results in the formation of two separate sets of pairs (daughter) chromosomes (from anaphase on in mitosis and anaphase II in meiosis) A cell or organism with only one set of chromosomes is referred to as haploid (n).
During cell division, separating pairs of chromatids creates two distinct sets of chromosomes (daughter chromosomes). a classification for organisms or cells that only have one set.
A "diploid cell" is one that has two copies of each chromosome. Human cells have 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes, making them diploid.
Haploid = 1 chromosome;
Diploid = 1 chromatid
5 haploids = 10 diploids
Chromosomes are duplicating in metaphase,
So 10 x 2 = 20 diploids (chromatids)
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A process in which two haploid gametes unite to form a genetically unique diploid cell.
The process which involves the fusion of two haploid gametes unite to form a genetically unique diploid cell is known as fertilization.
What is meant by fertilization?Fertilization can simply be defined as the process which is concerned with union of the male and female gametes to produce new offsprings. In order words, this process specifically occurs when two different haploid gamates of diffusion cells unite or come together to form new offsprings. That being said, fertilization is a process which occurs in both plants and animals and in various species of living organisms. Also, different types of fertilization occurs in viviparous, oviparous and ovoviviparous animals.
However, in science, there are different types of fertilization known, among which includes the following:
Internal fertilizationExternal fertilizationIn conclusion, we now perfectly understand and can confirm from the explanation given above that the union of two haploids forms a diploid cell.
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3. the basal ganglia are thought to elicit movement via . group of answer choices a. direct excitation of the primary motor cortex b. direct excitation of the premotor cortex c. disinhibition of thalamic neurons (va/vl) d. direct excitation of thalamic neurons (va/vl)
The basal ganglia are thought to elicit movement via disinhibition of thalamic neurons (va/vl).
The term "basal ganglia" describes a collection of subcortical nuclei that play a variety of tasks, including motor learning, executive behaviors, and emotions in addition to their primary job of controlling movement. The putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra are the other four pairs of nuclei that make up the basal ganglia. For a very long time, it has been considered that thalamic neurons fire in burst mode during sleep and unconsciousness and in tonic mode during perceptive states. However, new research indicates that bursts could also be important for the encoding of sensory data. The clusters of tightly packed neuronal cell bodies that make up the thalamus are known as thalamic neurons. Just above the brainstem in the middle of the brain, the thalamus is an oval, paired gray matter structure.
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Which of the following combinations is TRUE of the nucleotide composition of a sample of DNA?
A = G AND C = T
A + C = G + T
G + C = T + A
A = C
Answer: b: A+C = G+T
Explanation:
Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis and Temperature Active
Prompt
As you learned in the previous research activity, homeostasis is one of the main characteristics of life. A normal body
temperature for humans is approximately 98.6 degrees Fareinheit, or, 37 degrees Celcius. Use an online resource to look up
the two mechanisms the human body uses to maintain a healthy body temperature. Describe how the body maintains
homeostasis. (Hint: another way of thinking about this: What happens when the body gets too hot or too cold.)
Different species have different adaptations. Spend a couple minutes researching why dogs pant. Explain how panting
helps a dog maintain homeostasis.
Please remember to use complete sentences in your responses.
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Explanation:
Don't really understand.
Pls help me with this.
Answer:
Diffusion ensures that the metabolic processes in both types of cells/organisms may develop appropriately, diffusion is crucial for both plants and animals.
The spontaneous movement of particles caused by their thermal energy from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is known as diffusion.
Animal and plant cells have similar structures. Plant cells have a rigid cellulose wall that offers protection without obstructing the diffusion of ions and water into the plasma membrane.
For instance, water and CO2 diffusion are necessary for photosynthesis in plants, while perspiration produces water vapor by a diffusive mechanism.
Diffusion has a role in all chemical processes, including the roots' ability to absorb minerals from the soil solution.
Which of the qualities is a major difference between all spore-dispersing and seed-dispersing plants? select all that apply.
The option D is correct :The gametophytes of seed plants are never exposed to the external environment. Unlike spores, The gametophyte in seed plants is often tiny and is kept in the tissues of the sporophyte. The integument refers to the layers of sporophyte tissue that encircle the megasporangium.
seeds carry food reserves that can be used to support a young plant. While spores are distributed by the wind, seeds can be spread by animals. While spores only live a few days, seeds can slumber for weeks or even years. Seeds contain a supply of food in storage, in contrast to spores. If the conditions are right, seeds that have been transported far from the parent sporophyte may germinate and rely on stored nourishment to develop into seedlings. Spores and seeds vary primarily in that seeds have stored nourishment in their endosperm, which allows them to germinate in adverse conditions whereas spores do not, making them more dependent on good conditions for germination.
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Full Question :
Which of the qualities is a major difference between all spore-dispersing and seed-dispersing plants? select all that apply.
A In seed plants, dispersed spores contain a multicellular gametophyte.
B Seed plants disperse gametes and seeds instead of spores.
C The sporophyte of seed plants is photosynthetically independent.
D The gametophytes of seed plants are never exposed to the external environment.
on the basis of the organisms other than d. discoideum listed in the table, what are some differences in the genome characteristics between unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Unicellular organisms are made from a single cell. They are the oldest shape of life, with fossil statistics relationship returned to approximately 3.8 billion years ago. Bacteria, amoeba, Paramecium, archaea, protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi are examples of unicellular organisms. These unicellular organisms are primarily invisible to the bare eye, hence, they may be additionally called microscopic organisms. Most of the unicellular organisms also are prokaryotes.
Organisms which are composed of multiple cells are referred to as multicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms are nearly usually eukaryotes. However, micro organism can shape big interlinked systems which includes colonies or biofilms however those can’t be labeled as multicellular organisms.
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The rate of transcription for a gene is found to be affected by a mutation. Where would you expect the mutation to appear on the dna?.
Mutations can occur in germ-line cells or somatic cells.
How does mutation affect transcription?When DNA harm in the transcribed strand of an active gene is bypassed by an RNA polymerase, it can miscode at the destruction site and produce mutant transcripts. This procedure known as transcriptional mutagenesis can lead to the production of mutant proteins that could be important in tumor development. The effect of a frameshift mutation is the complete alteration of the amino acid course of a protein one form of mutation is a point mutation, in which a single base is changed.
So we can conclude that Spontaneous mutations, like those induced by mutagens, should suit more frequently with increased transcription.
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approximately what percentage of the atp formed by the reactions of glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? * 10 points a) 0% b) 2% c) 10% d) 38% e) 100%
Substrate -level phosphorylation accounts for approximately 100% of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis.
The direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is known as substrate-level phosphorylation. It accounts for all of the ATP produced by glycolysis reactions. The first substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when 1,3-diphosphoglyceraldehyde is converted to 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid and 2 NADH2, resulting in the formation of 6 ATP. Substrate-level phosphorylation converts the 1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid to 3 phosphoglyceric acid, which produces 2 ATP. The second substrate-level phosphorylation takes place when phosphoenolpyruvic acid is converted to pyruvic acid, which results in the formation of two ATP molecules.
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How i photoynthei part of God’ good deign for life in light of Genei 1:29–31? How can we ue it?
Photosynthesis is part of God's true design for lifestyles in light of Gene everyone human and animal can advantage of it and we will use it through the usage of it successfully.
Both stages of photosynthesis take place in chloroplasts. The mild reactions take region inside the thylakoid membranes, and the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma. The mild reactions seize electricity from daylight, which they exchange for chemical power this is saved in molecules of NADPH and ATP.
Photosynthesis is a technique utilized by the flora and different organisms to transform light power into chemical electricity that, thru mobile respiration, can later be launched to fuel the organism's activities.
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Which body system is responsible for our movement and for moving food from one organ to another?
A skeletal
B cardiovascular
C nervous
D muscular
Option D. muscular system is responsible for our movement and for moving food from one organ to another.
The muscular system is chargeable for the movement of the frame and internal organs. Skeletal (striated) muscle tissues manipulate voluntary movement. easy muscles control involuntary movement in blood vessels and at some stage in the digestive tract.
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells referred to as muscle fibers. Their fundamental feature is contractibility. muscles, attached to bones or inner organs and blood vessels, are answerable for movement. almost all motion in the frame is the end result of muscle contraction.
Skeletal muscles connect to the bone and work hand-in-hand with the skeletal machine to control voluntary motion including walking and jogging. smooth muscles are involuntary muscle groups that might be accountable for the contraction of whole muscular tissues which consist of the belly, intestines and bladder.
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Answer: The answer is muscular.
Explanation:
an individual muscle fiber which contracts with equal force in response to each action potential is often referred to as the
An individual muscle fiber which contracts with equal force in response to each action potential is often referred to as the MUSCLE TWITCH.
When an movement ability travels down the motor neuron, it'll bring about a contraction of all the muscle fibers related to that motor neuron. The contraction generated with the aid of using a single movement ability is known as a muscle twitch. A single muscle twitch has 3 components.
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A group of cells is assayed for dna content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 12 picograms of dna per nucleus. How many picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at the end of g1 and the end of g2?.
The G1 phase of each nucleus' 12 picograms of DNA will be followed by a 24 picogram G2 phase.
The amount of DNA in picograms following mitosis.If a cell enters the G1 phase of mitosis with 15 picograms of DNA and 14 chromosomes, it will have 28 chromosomes and 30 picograms of DNA by the time it enters the G2 phase.
How many chromosomes in total does an organism with N 12 have?The number of haploid (n) chromosomes in the gametes, or reproductive cells of sperm and ova, would be 23. The organism in this case has an organism with a diploid (2n) number of 12 and a haploid (n) number of half that, or 6 chromosomes.
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if a true breeding red flower was pollinated with a true breeding white flower and incomplete dominance was to occur, we would observe ?
If a red flower and a true-breeding white flower cross, all of the offspring (F1) will have pink blooms. recognizing the incompleteness of this species.
What kind of inheritance happens when a rose is pink?Partial dominance is the term used to describe the inheritance pattern that occurs when both alleles are present at the same time because neither allele is completely dominant over the other. The white blossom allele is only somewhat more dominant than the red flower gene.
What will happen if red flowers and white flowers breed together?All of the pink-flowered progeny are produced when a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant are crossed. This cross serves as an example of the incomplete dominance of red and white. The mixing of both alleles results in this circumstance.
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Which best describes the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and inherited traits?.
Answer: An individual's inherited traits are determined by genes, which are located inside a person's chromosomes.
the naturally occurring fungus penicillium produces an antibiotic substance that kills bacteria. why does the fungus produce this substance?
The fungus produces an antibiotic substance that kills bacteria to kill bacteria that are competing with it for resources.
Many organisms such as the fungus produce antibiotics in order to kill bacteria. This is a kind of defense mechanism that organisms like fungus use in order to get more resources where there is a competition of resources between the bacteria and the fungus.
Antibiotics may also be secreted by organisms like fungi if the bacteria can harm the fungal cell in some way.
Hence, we can say that naturally occurring fungus produces penicillium in order to kill the bacteria so that there is lesser competition for resources.
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surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion play different roles in the transport of water from the roots to the leaves in the xylem.
One function is to produce the force that eventually causes the water to be drawn up through the xylem. The ability to distribute the force evenly across the xylem is another function.
What function do cohesion and adhesion serve in the movement of water in plants?The water molecules are held together and preserve their stability thanks to the cohesive forces that exist between them. The water molecules are assisted by the adhesive forces to adhere to other surfaces such as glasses, leaves, or other plant surfaces.
What part in transpiration does surface tension play?The cohesion-tension theory states that transpiration is the primary force behind water movement in the xylem. At the leaf surface, it generates negative pressure (tension) equal to -2 MPa. This tension ultimately draws water up from the roots.
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dermestid beetles: select one: a. are used by forensic anthropologists to determine human from non-human bone b. appear on a decomposing body usually within the first 2 days after death c. delicately remove desiccated tissue (dehydrated) from bodies d. both a and c
Dermestid beetles: is option c. delicately remove desiccated tissue (dehydrated) from bodies.
What are Dermestid beetles?Coleoptera's Dermestidae family, also known as skin beetles, are commonly found on human skin. Other common names for these insects include carpet beetles, khapra beetles, hide or leather beetles, and larder beetles. There are descriptions of over 1,100 species. [1]
There are many different dermestid habits, but the majority of genera are scavengers that consume dry animal or plant matter like skin or pollen, animal hair, feathers, dead insects, and natural fibers. Dermestes members can be found in animal carcasses and in nests made by mammals, birds, bees, and wasps. Trogoderma species are grain pests, whereas Thaumaglossa only inhabits the mantids' egg cases.
Hence, In forensic entomology, these beetles are important. Criminal investigations are aided by the fact that some species are connected to decomposing remains. Certain species are pests.
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Mendel used true‑breeding strains of peas. Would true‑breeding peas with the trait caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele have been easier to produce?.
It has been simpler to create recessive alleles.
Why was pea true breeding significant to Mendel's research?Mendel experimented on true-breeding pea plants to prevent the emergence of unexpected features in the progeny that would have happened if the plants weren't genuine breeders. A number of generations might be assessed within a brief period of time because the garden pea matures in just one growing season.
Quiz about what true-breeding in pea plants means.Prior to beginning his studies, Mendel created true-breeding pea plants for specific features. True-breeding is a word that describes: CH. 11 - A true-breeding plant is one that, upon self-fertilization, exclusively bears offspring with the same characteristics.
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When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer. The best explanation for this is that _____.
The best explanation for this is that when membrane surfaces are frozen, hydrophilic connections between them are lost.
Why does the cell membrane rupture?Exposure to supraphysiologic temperatures can result in cell membrane breakdown (18–21). Mammalian membranes start to change structurally as temperatures rise above 42.5°C, which has been extensively established. Carvalho et al. used dye leakage-based membrane transport studies in their research.
Why does the central bilayer of membranes crack?When biological membranes are frozen and then broken, the bilayer's center is where the breaks usually occur. Best explained by the fact that. When membrane surfaces are frozen, hydrophilic connections between them are lost.
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