Other things constant, which of the following is likely to bring about a movement along the supply curve for oranges?
a. a change in weather conditions
b. a change in the price of oranges
c. a change in the wages paid to orange pickers
d. a change in the demand for grapefruit
e. a change in the price of fertilizer

The correct answer is "generally lower prices at Walmart than at Target." Price discrimination refers to the practice of charging different prices for the same product or service to different groups of people based on their willingness to pay.

This practice is commonly used by businesses to increase their profits by charging more to those who are willing to pay more and less to those who are not. Discounts for senior citizens at the movies and discounts for families with young children at motels are examples of price discrimination because they are targeted at specific groups based on their age and family status.

Cheaper airfares, if the traveler stays over a Saturday, are also an example of price discrimination because they are targeted at people who are willing to be flexible with their travel plans. However, lower prices at Walmart compared to Target are not an example of price discrimination because they are based on the competition between the two retailers rather than the willingness to pay off their customers.

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The answer is (b) use of statistical.

The Baldrige Award is a prestigious award given by the U.S. government to organizations that demonstrate excellence in various areas of performance, including leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, and business results. The award criteria are divided into seven categories: leadership; strategy; customers; measurement, analysis, and knowledge management; workforce; operations; and results. The use of statistical methods is an important aspect of the Baldrige criteria, as it helps organizations measure and analyze their performance data to identify areas for improvement. However, "use of statistical" is not a category reported in applying for the Baldrige Award.

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The minimum-cost staffing plan for PharmaPlus requires a certain number of pharmacists and technicians, but the specific values are not provided in the given information.

To determine the minimum-cost staffing plan for PharmaPlus, we need to solve the given linear programming problem.

Let P be the number of full-time equivalent pharmacists and T be the number of full-time equivalent technicians.

The objective is to minimize the cost, which is the sum of the salaries for pharmacists and technicians.

The constraints are as follows:

1. P + T >= 320 (required number of full-time equivalent employees)

2. T <= 2P (quality guideline of no more than two technicians per pharmacist)

3. P >= 105 - 10 + 15 (current pharmacists minus expected attrition plus additional hires)

4. T >= 175 - 30 (current technicians minus expected attrition)

Using these constraints, we can solve the linear programming problem to find the optimal solution.

The optimal solution requires a certain number of full-time equivalent pharmacists and technicians, which depends on the specific values of the variables obtained from solving the problem. The total cost per hour can also be determined based on the optimal solution.

Unfortunately, the specific values for P, T, the minimum number of pharmacists, and the optimal solution are not provided in the given paragraph. Therefore, I'm unable to provide the exact numbers and cost per hour.

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If a commercial bank has no excess reserves and the reserve requirement is 10%, and a new customer deposits $10,000, the value of new loans this bank can issue is $9,000.

The answer to this question requires a long answer, as we need to take several factors into consideration.

Firstly, the reserve requirement is the percentage of deposits that a bank is required to hold in reserves. In this case, the reserve requirement is 10%, meaning that the bank must hold 10% of its deposits in reserves.
Now, if a new customer deposits $10,000 into the bank, the bank is required to hold 10% of this deposit in reserves. Therefore, the bank must hold $1,000 in reserves, leaving the bank with $9,000 in excess reserves.
Excess reserves are the funds that a bank has available to lend out to customers.

In this case, the bank has $9,000 in excess reserves, which means that it can issue new loans up to this amount.

However, it is important to note that the bank may choose to hold onto some of its excess reserves as a buffer against unexpected withdrawals or other events.

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c. Before executing his exit strategy, Arthur should understand why he wants out. It is important for Arthur to have a clear understanding of his motivations for leaving and what he hopes to achieve through his exit strategy.

This will help him make more informed decisions about how to proceed and ensure that his exit strategy is aligned with his goals. Planning his budget based on the sudden inflow of cash and making sure his heirs approve his exit strategy are also important considerations, but they are not as critical as understanding his motivations for leaving. Finding a hobby to occupy his time is a personal choice and not directly related to his exit strategy.

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The value of the EUAC is $57,425 assuming an interest rate of 9%

The equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) is an annual cash flow that is equivalent to the present worth of a project, spread out evenly over its lifetime. It includes both the capital recovery cost and the annual operating cost.

We can calculate the equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) as:

EUAC = A + PVIFAi,n * P

Where,

PVIFAi,n = Present value interest factor for an annuity which is given by (1 - 1/(1 + i)ⁿ) / i.

A = Annual operating cost.

P = Initial cost.

i = Interest rate.

n = Number of years.

Let's calculate the EUAC using the above formula:

PVIFA9%,8 = (1 - 1/(1 + 0.09)⁸) / 0.09 = 4.9425.

A = $1,000 per year for 8 years = 8,000.

P = -$30,000 + $40,000 = $10,000.

EUAC = 8,000 + 4.9425 * 10,000= 8,000 + 49,425

EUAC = $57,425

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In this situation, Shannon has the right to either terminate the contract or renegotiate the terms with Gerry. If Shannon chooses to terminate the contract, Gerry would be responsible for the losses incurred due to the unforeseen storm.

However, if Shannon decides to renegotiate the terms, the new price per head would be adjusted to reflect the loss of cattle. It is important for both parties to communicate openly and come to a mutually beneficial solution. In situations like this, it is always best to have a contingency plan in place to minimize any potential losses or disputes. Contracts should include clauses for unforeseen events or acts of nature that could impact the sale of goods or services. These clauses should clearly outline the rights and responsibilities of both parties in such situations.

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A vendor request change form is a critical document in the procurement process, and any failure in controlling this process can result in financial misstatements.

Therefore, the lack of control over the vendor request change form could lead to a higher risk of material misstatement in the financial statements, indicating a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. It is essential to establish and maintain robust controls over all critical financial processes to mitigate such risks. The determination of whether a failure in the vendor request change form control constitutes a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting would depend on various factors, including the significance of the control failure and its potential impact on the accuracy and reliability of the financial statements.

A material weakness in internal control over financial reporting is typically defined as a deficiency or combination of deficiencies that results in a reasonable possibility of a material misstatement in the financial statements. Material weaknesses are significant enough to require the attention of management and potentially affect the decisions of users of the financial statements.

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The book value of an asset is the value at which it is carried on the company's balance sheet, based on its original cost minus any accumulated depreciation. In this case, the equipment being sold has a book value of 100,000, which means that it has been depreciated by 20,000 (120,000 - 100,000) over its useful life.

The tax rate refers to the percentage of the sale price that the company will have to pay in taxes. In this case, the tax rate is 35%, which means that the company will have to pay 35% of the sale price of 120,000 in taxes.

Now, let's look at the cash flows related to this sale. When the equipment is sold for 120,000, the company will receive that amount as cash inflow. However, since the book value of the equipment is only 100,000, the company will have to recognize a gain of 20,000 (120,000 - 100,000) on the sale. This gain will be subject to the 35% tax rate, which means that the company will have to pay 7,000 (20,000 x 35%) in taxes on the gain.

So, the cash flows related to this sale can be summarized as follows:

Cash inflow from sale: 120,000
Gain on sale: 20,000
Taxes on gain: 7,000

Therefore, the net cash flow from this sale will be 113,000 (120,000 - 7,000), which is the amount that the company will actually receive after paying taxes on the gain. It is important to note that the cash flows related to this sale will have an impact on the company's financial statements, specifically on its income statement and cash flow statement.

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The correct answer is consumption. The component of real GDP that seems to play the biggest role in business cycle fluctuations is consumption. Consumption, which is the spending by households on goods and services, accounts for the largest portion of GDP in most countries.

During economic expansions, consumers tend to spend more as they feel confident about their financial situation, leading to an increase in demand for goods and services. This, in turn, results in higher production levels, job growth, and a boost in overall economic growth. However, during a recession or economic downturn, consumers tend to cut back on spending, leading to a decrease in demand for goods and services. This decrease in demand results in lower production levels, job losses, and a decline in overall economic growth. Therefore, the fluctuations in consumption play a significant role in business cycle fluctuations.
In conclusion, consumption is the most important component of GDP that plays a vital role in business cycle fluctuations. Its impact on the economy is significant and directly affects the overall economic growth of a country.

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The short-run profit per unit of output for a monopolistically competitive firm is equal to the difference between its price (P) and average total cost (ATC).

In a Monopolistically competitive market, each firm has some degree of market power due to product differentiation. This allows them to set their own price for their unique product. To find the short-run profit per unit of output, we need to determine the difference between the price (P) and average total cost (ATC) at the profit-maximizing level of output.

The profit-maximizing output occurs where marginal cost (MC) equals marginal revenue (MR). At this level of output, the firm's price (P) will be determined by the demand curve. The average total cost (ATC) can be found by dividing the total cost by the quantity produced. By subtracting the ATC from the price (P), we can calculate the short-run profit per unit of output for the Monopolistically competitive firm.

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When a budget is formulated, it is being used as a planning tool. It is essential to use a budget as a planning tool to ensure effective financial management and control.

This is because a budget serves as a financial roadmap that outlines the projected income and expenses for a specific period of time. The budget provides a framework for decision-making and helps to guide resource allocation and spending priorities.

By creating a budget, individuals or organizations can set realistic financial goals and measure their progress towards achieving them. Additionally, the budgeting process can also help to identify areas where cost savings can be achieved, or where additional resources may be needed.

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The reason why a standard corporation cannot claim a trademark in the phrase "quality is standard" is because the phrase is considered a generic or descriptive phrase that is commonly used in business.

A generic phrase is a common word or phrase that cannot be trademarked as it would give a company an unfair monopoly on a commonly used phrase. In this case, the phrase "quality is standard" is used by many companies to promote their products or services, making it a generic phrase that is not unique to any specific company. To obtain a trademark, a company must use a phrase that is unique, distinctive, and not commonly used by other companies in the same industry.

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The estimated accounting (book) rate of return on the initial investment can be calculated using the formula: Average Annual Operating Income / Initial Investment.

To find the Average Annual Operating Income, we need to first calculate the annual depreciation expense. Since the machine has no residual value and will be depreciated over 8 years using straight-line depreciation, the annual depreciation expense will be: $2,400,000 / 8 = $300,000.

Next, we need to subtract the annual depreciation expense from the constant after-tax income generated by the machine to get the Average Annual Operating Income: $80,000 - $300,000 = -$220,000.

Since the Average Annual Operating Income is negative, the estimated accounting (book) rate of return cannot be calculated using this formula.

This indicates that the investment is not expected to generate a positive return based on accounting (book) measures. However, it is important to note that this does not take into account other factors such as the time value of money, inflation, and potential future benefits of owning the machine.

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The marketing manager should find socially active persons who are very interested in the product category in order to identify opinion leaders. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Opinion leaders are individuals who have a significant influence on the opinions and behavior of others in their social network. These individuals are often sought out by marketing managers because they can help spread positive word-of-mouth about a product or service. Socially active persons who are interested in the product category are more likely to be opinion leaders because they are knowledgeable about the product and have a strong interest in it. They are also more likely to have a wide social network and to be seen as experts or authorities in the product category. By identifying these individuals and targeting them with marketing efforts, the marketing manager can leverage their influence to promote the product and reach a wider audience.

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Marginal product is the additional output that is produced when one additional unit of input (such as labor) is added to the production process while holding all other inputs constant.

Marginal product is important because it tells us how much the total output will increase if we add one more worker to the production process.
Now, the point where the marginal product crosses the horizontal axis (is equal to zero) is an important point in the production process.

This is because it indicates the point at which adding additional units of input (such as labor) will no longer result in an increase in output. In other words, the point where the marginal product is zero is the point where diminishing returns set in.
Diminishing returns occur when additional units of input (such as labor) no longer result in an increase in output at the same rate.

At this point, the marginal product of the additional unit of input becomes smaller and smaller until it reaches zero.

This happens because there are only a limited number of inputs (such as capital, technology, and natural resources) available, which can only be used to a certain extent before the law of diminishing returns sets in.

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A contract is considered unconscionable when it is extremely unfair or oppressive to one of the parties involved.

This means that the terms of the agreement are so one-sided that they shock the conscience of the court and go against the principles of fairness and equity that govern contract law. There are a number of factors that can make a contract unconscionable. One of these factors is when one party to the agreement is much more knowledgeable or experienced than the other and takes advantage of this advantage to include terms that are heavily skewed in their favor. In such a scenario, the court may find that the disadvantaged party did not fully understand what they were agreeing to and that the contract was therefore unconscionable.

Another factor that can make a contract unconscionable is when the terms of the agreement are significantly unfair or one-sided. This can happen when one party demands terms that are overly burdensome or disadvantageous to the other party, such as requiring them to waive important legal rights or to bear the entire risk of a business venture.

Ultimately, whether a contract is unconscionable or not will depend on the specific circumstances of each case. The court will look at a range of factors, including the bargaining power of the parties, the clarity of the contractual terms, and the reasonableness of the agreement as a whole, in order to determine whether the contract is fair and equitable. If the court finds that the contract is unconscionable, it may declare the agreement null and void, or it may modify the terms of the contract to make it more fair and reasonable for both parties.

In summary, a contract is considered unconscionable when it is extremely unfair or oppressive to one party, and there are a number of factors that can contribute to this determination. The court will consider a range of factors when deciding whether a contract is unconscionable and may declare the agreement null and void or modify the terms of the contract to make it more equitable.

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The revenue bonds issued by a municipality to obtain funds to purchase land and build facilities for private businesses are commonly referred to as "industrial development bonds" (IDBs).

These bonds are a form of tax-exempt financing used by municipalities to promote economic growth and development within their communities.

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The appropriate words that indicate the drawbacks of issuing more stock are that it can change control of the company and firms lose the right to keep any profits. Here options C and D are the correct answer.

When a company issues additional shares of stock, it dilutes the ownership stake of existing shareholders. This can lead to a shift in control of the firm if new shareholders acquire a significant portion of the shares. Existing shareholders may lose voting power and influence over important decisions, which can be a disadvantage for those who want to maintain control of the company.

Issuing additional shares of stock can result in the dilution of existing shareholders' ownership and their proportionate claim on the company's earnings. When new shares are issued, the company may have to distribute a portion of its earnings to a larger number of shareholders, reducing the earnings per share and the ability of the company to retain and reinvest its profits. This can limit the company's financial flexibility and hinder its growth potential.

Issuing additional shares can increase the market capitalization of the company, but it doesn't necessarily affect the value of the firm as reflected on the balance sheet. Market value is influenced by various factors, including supply and demand dynamics, investor sentiment, and financial performance.

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One way for managers to show that they know how to keep food safe is to implement and enforce proper food safety practices within their establishment.

This includes following guidelines and regulations set by local health departments and regulatory agencies. Managers should ensure that all employees receive proper training in food handling, storage, and preparation techniques.

They should also establish and maintain effective systems for monitoring and maintaining food safety, such as regular inspections, temperature controls, and hygiene protocols. By demonstrating a commitment to food safety through their actions, managers can instill confidence in customers, employees, and regulatory authorities.

Additionally, participating in relevant training programs, obtaining certifications like ServSafe, and staying updated on industry best practices further reinforce their knowledge and dedication to keeping food safe.

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However, a system of teacher evaluation that almost always leads to tenure and advancement and, as a result, has a very low rate of false negatives also has a high rate of false positives, or instructors who are classified as effective but are not.

These teachers underperform in the classroom and do not benefit students' learning as much as teachers who are more effective. The teacher's first and top priority should be to: A. minimise any disruptions to the lesson when misbehaviour does take place in class. B. remind the pupils of the classroom regulations. C. react right away with the intended results. D. Ensure fair treatment for all pupils. Attempt to limit any disruptions to the lesson.

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During a recession, the purchase of goods that are considered non-essential or durable typically sees a dramatic reduction. In this case, the correct answer is C) refrigerators.

Refrigerators are considered durable goods, which are items with a long lifespan that are not frequently purchased. During a recession, consumers often limit their spending to essential items and cut back on expensive, non-essential purchases.

Since refrigerators are not a daily necessity and can be quite costly, their sales are likely to decrease significantly during economic downturns. In contrast, items like tomatoes (A), ink pens (B), and gasoline (D) are more likely to maintain steady demand during a recession.

These goods are considered non-durable or consumable, as they have a shorter lifespan and are necessary for everyday living. People still need to eat, write, and travel even during tough economic times, so the demand for these items remains relatively stable.

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The price of the put option, for a stock with a current price of $61 is $1.61.

We can use the two-state pricing model to calculate the price of the put option.

If the stock goes up, the price will be $61 x 1.43 = $87.23.

If the stock goes down, the price will be $61 x 0.91 = $55.51.

The risk-neutral probabilities for an up or down movement can be calculated using the risk-free rate and the up/down factors:

p(up) = [1 + r - d] / [u - d] = [1 + 0.03 - 0.91] / [1.43 - 0.91] = 0.3333

p(down) = 1 - p(up) = 0.6667

Now we can calculate the expected value of the put option at expiration for each state:

Put(up) = max(K - S(up), 0) = max(58 - 87.23, 0) = 0

Put(down) = max(K - S(down), 0) = max(58 - 55.51, 0) = 2.49

The expected value of the put option at expiration is the weighted average of the put values for each state:

Put = p(up) x Put(up) + p(down) x Put(down) = 0.3333 x 0 + 0.6667 x 2.49 = 1.66

Finally, we need to discount the expected value back to the present using the risk-free rate:

Put price = Put / (1 + r) = 1.66 / (1 + 0.03) = 1.61 (rounded to 2 decimal places)

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The end of the 4th year, Walter should have approximately $99,138.60 in the fund.

To calculate the total amount Walter will have in the fund at the end of the 4th year, we'll use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where:
FV = future value
P = periodic payment (deposits)
r = interest rate per period
n = number of periods
In this case:
P = $22,000
r = 8% compounded annually = 0.08
n = 4 years
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
FV = $22,000 * [(1 + 0.08)^4 - 1] / 0.08
FV = $22,000 * [(1.08^4) - 1] / 0.08
FV = $22,000 * (1.3605 - 1) / 0.08
FV = $22,000 * 0.3605 / 0.08
FV ≈ $22,000 * 4.5063
FV ≈ $99,138.60
At the end of the 4th year, Walter should have approximately $99,138.60 in the fund.

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The correct answer is b. The firm does not control or own the unique technology.

Licensing is a means of acquiring new technology by obtaining the rights to use or access a specific technology or intellectual property owned by another party. While licensing can have its advantages, such as quick access to new technology and lower upfront costs compared to internal development, it also has certain disadvantages.

One significant disadvantage of licensing is that the firm does not control or own the unique technology it licenses. The technology remains the property of the licensor, and the licensee has limited control over how the technology is used, modified, or further developed. This lack of control can limit the flexibility and customization options for the licensee, as they are bound by the terms and conditions set by the licensor.

Additionally, licensing agreements often come with restrictions and limitations, such as geographical restrictions or time-limited licenses. This can hinder the firm's ability to fully exploit the technology or adapt it to changing market conditions.

Other options listed in the question:

a. It involves high monitoring costs: This statement is not necessarily true. While licensing agreements may require some degree of monitoring and compliance, the level of monitoring costs can vary depending on the specifics of the agreement.

c. It is less economical than internal development: This statement is not universally true. The cost-effectiveness of licensing versus internal development depends on various factors, such as the nature of the technology, the firm's capabilities, and the market conditions.

d. It is the most time-consuming way to develop new technology: This statement is incorrect. Licensing can often provide a faster route to acquiring new technology compared to internal development, which can require significant time and resources.

e. The firm will need to acquire internal development capabilities: This statement is not directly related to licensing. Acquiring internal development capabilities may be necessary if a firm wants to pursue internal development of technology, but it is not a requirement specific to licensing.

Therefore, the correct answer is b. The firm does not control or own the unique technology.

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Child tax credit can bob and carol claim for their two children osi $4100.

Assuming the tax year is 2021, Bob and Carol can claim a child tax credit of up to $3,600 for their 11-year-old child and up to $3,000 for their 7-year-old child, for a total of $6,600. However, the credit is subject to phase-out based on their adjusted gross income (AGI). Since their AGI is $132,500, which is above the phase-out threshold of $150,000 for married filing jointly status, the credit will be reduced by $50 for every $1,000 of AGI above the threshold. Therefore, their child tax credit will be reduced by,

= $2,500 (($132,500 - $150,000)/$1,000 * $50),

= $4,100.

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The advantages of filing a consolidated tax return include (a) Multiple select from intercompany transactions can be deferred until sold to an outside party and (c) The losses of one group company can be offset against the income of another.

Multiple select from intercompany transactions can be deferred until sold to an outside party: Filing a consolidated tax return allows for the deferral of intercompany transactions until they are realized with an external party. This can provide tax advantages by postponing the recognition of income or expenses until the transaction occurs outside the group.

The losses of one group company can be offset against the income of another: Consolidated tax returns allow for the offsetting of losses from one company within the group against the income of another. This can help to reduce the overall tax liability of the consolidated group by utilizing losses efficiently.

Companies can change the election annually so that the most advantageous method is used each year: The ability to change the election annually provides flexibility in selecting the most advantageous tax method for the consolidated group in a given year. This allows for tax optimization and adaptability to changing circumstances.

Note: The option "income from intercompany transactions can be deferred until sold to an outside party" is incorrect. Filing a consolidated tax return does not typically defer income from intercompany transactions until they are sold to an external party.

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The type of design that takes into account the physical limitations of the database management system is Physical Database Design.

Physical Database Design is a crucial step in the overall database design process. It involves mapping the logical database design into a specific physical implementation that considers the limitations and capabilities of the chosen database management system (DBMS). The physical design addresses how the database will be stored, organized, and accessed on the underlying hardware and storage devices.

By considering the physical limitations of the DBMS, such as storage capacity, processing power, and data access speeds, the physical database design aims to optimize performance, efficiency, and reliability. It involves decisions related to indexing strategies, partitioning schemes, file structures, data compression techniques, and other implementation details that align with the capabilities and constraints of the chosen DBMS.

In summary, physical database design takes into account the physical limitations of the database management system and aims to create an efficient and optimized database implementation that maximizes performance while utilizing the available resources effectively.

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To prepare a direct labor budget for the months of July, August, and September for Manner Company, we need to use the units to be produced and the direct labor rate.

Detailed answer:

1. July:
- Units to be produced: 620
- Direct labor required per unit: 2 hours
- Total direct labor hours required: 620 x 2 = 1240 hours
- Direct labor rate: $20 per hour
- Direct labor cost: 1240 x $20 = $24,800

2. August:
- Units to be produced: 680
- Direct labor required per unit: 2 hours
- Total direct labor hours required: 680 x 2 = 1360 hours
- Direct labor rate: $20 per hour
- Direct labor cost: 1360 x $20 = $27,200

3. September:
- Units to be produced: 540
- Direct labor required per unit: 2 hours
- Total direct labor hours required: 540 x 2 = 1080 hours
- Direct labor rate: $21 per hour
- Direct labor cost: 1080 x $21 = $22,680

Therefore, the direct labor budget for July, August, and September for Manner Company is as follows:

July: $24,800
August: $27,200
September: $22,680

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