The macromolecule produced by the ribosome is a polymer consisting of α-L-amino acids.
Backbone-extended monomers' poor compatibility with the translation apparatus makes ribosome-mediated polymerization of these monomers into polypeptides difficult. A further bottleneck is the methods used to acylate (or charge) these monomers in order to create aminoacyl-tRNA substrates. The ribosome and related components for protein biosynthesis, which make up the cellular translation system, catalyze the synthesis of sequence-defined polymers (polypeptides) using a variety of amino-acylated transfer RNA (tRNA) substrates and a predetermined coding template (messenger RNA). The potential diversity of polymers that can be generated is constrained in nature because this method only uses a small number of α-L-amino acid monomers.
However, efforts to increase the genetic code have demonstrated that the natural translation system is capable of selectively adopting a wide variety of non-canonical monomers over the past 20 years.
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Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? Select one: a. disulfide bonds
b. peptide bonds C. phosphodiester bonds d_ hydrogen bonds'
The bonds created during the formation of primary structure of proteins are: (b) peptide bonds.
Proteins are the biomolecules that are one of the most essential components required by the body. These are the structures formed by the polymerization of amino acids at the cytoplasm of the cell. The information for the formation of proteins is encoded in the genes.
Peptide bonds are the covalent types of chemical bonds that are the most essential for the formation of proteins, These are formed between the carboxylic group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid by the removal of one molecule of water.
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Scientists compared the chemical structure of several molecules that various bacterial species use for quorum sensing. Quorum sensing is an ability some bacteria have to detect the number of related cells nearby. The chemical structure of some of these molecules found in certain species of bacteria are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. The chemical structure of several molecules used for quorum sensing in three species of bacteria Which of the following research questions would best guide an investigation of the link between the structure of the signaling molecules and the evolution of quorum sensing? A. Do these molecules require the same receptors in each bacteria species to generate a response? B. Did these species evolve from a common ancestor that used a similar signaling molecule? C. Do these species all perform the same action when the concentration of the signaling molecules is high enough? D. Did these species evolve from the same common ancestor that is still living today and uses the same receptors?
The research question of whether these species evolved from a common ancestor that used a similar signaling molecule will best guide an investigation of the link between the structure of the signaling molecules and the evolution of quorum sensing.
This research question would guide an investigation of the link between the structure of the signaling molecules and the evolution of quorum sensing by focusing on the evolutionary history of these molecules.
By comparing the chemical structures of signaling molecules used by different species of bacteria, scientists could determine whether or not these molecules have a common origin and if they evolved from a common ancestor that used a similar signaling molecule.
This will give an insight into how these molecules have evolved and how they are related to each other. Understanding the evolutionary history of these molecules will help provide a better understanding of how quorum sensing evolved within these bacterial species.
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A tradeoff exists between a clean environment and higher level of income in that :
A/ stustudies show that individuals with higher levels of income pollute less than low-income individuals.
B/efforts to reduce pollution typically are not completely successful.
C/laws that reduce pollution raise costs of production and reduce incomes.
D/ employing individuals to clean up pollution causes employment and income both rise.
A tradeoff exists between a clean environment and higher level of income in that : (A) studies show that individuals with higher levels of income pollute less than low-income individuals.
Tradeoff is the process of maintenance of balance between two opposing situations or things. The balance is required so that the opposing things can be attained at the same time.
Pollution is the contamination of natural abiotic factors like the air, water, etc. The agents that cause pollution are known as contaminants. These are harmful to the living beings and this is the reason why they are pollutants. For example, chemicals, biotic agents like pollens, etc.
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c. what anatomical feature of the heart prevents the sa node from causing direct ventricular contraction?
The anatomical feature of the heart that prevents the sinoatrial (SA) node from causing direct ventricular contraction is the atrioventricular (AV) node.
The AV node is located in the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus. Its function is to act as a gatekeeper, controlling the electrical impulse that travels from the atria to the ventricles. The AV node delays the impulse for a brief period of time (about 0.1 seconds) to allow the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract. This separation of electrical activity between the atria and ventricles ensures that the ventricles contract in a coordinated and efficient manner, to pump blood out to the body.
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how many amino acids would be coded from a sequence of 27 nucleotides given thaat the sequence codes for one stop codon
Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter genetic word called a codon, which is written in a commaless fashion. As a result, 24 bases would result in 24/3 = 8 codons/words. As a result, a DNA containing 24 bases would code for an 8-amino acid protein.
How many nucleotides do 50 amino acids require?Cistron is a DNA segment that codes for a single polypeptide. If the polypeptide has 50 amino acids, the cistron must include at least 51 codons (50 codons for amino acids and 1 codon is the stop codon). Because each codon is a triplet, the minimal length of the cistron for 50 amino acids is 51 x 3 = 153 bp (base pairs).
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Classify each type of cell transport. osmosis added to Passive transport Passive transport exocytosisdiffusionfacilitated diffusionosmosis Active transport endocytosis
Passive transport: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Active transport: exocytosis, endocytosis
Passive transport:
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion: The movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process does not require energy and can occur through passive transport.
Facilitated diffusion: The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane with the help of transport proteins. Like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion does not require energy and moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Active transport:
Exocytosis: The process by which a cell transports molecules out of the cell by enclosing them in a vesicle, which then fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside of the cell. This process requires energy in the form of ATP.
Endocytosis: The process by which a cell takes in molecules by engulfing them in a vesicle, which then travels into the cell. This can occur through two subtypes: phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking). This process also requires energy.
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at the earliest stages of primary succession, before any plants are present at a site, which type of nitrogen fixation would occur, and why?
At the earliest stages of primary succession, free-living prokaryotes in the soil would reduce atmospheric N2 to NH3. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation could not occur until plants were present at the site.
Plants are the primary food source. Plants synthesize nutrients from various elements obtained from the atmosphere and the soil. Nitrogen is included in this group of elements. Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil and use it in the protein synthesis process. In contrast to carbon dioxide and oxygen, atmospheric nitrogen cannot be obtained via leaf stomata. Because plants cannot directly use nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Nitrogen fixation is aided by specific bacteria and natural phenomena.
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are darwin's ideas about descent with modification and natural selection over long periods of time original to him?
No, Darwin was born in the 1830s, while jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Alfred Russel Wallace were the ones who first proposed the concepts of natural selection and descent with modification.
What defines something as natural?The word "natural" is frequently used to describe products that are healthy or not manufactured by humans in daily speech, but in scientific language, the definition of "natural" is far broader. Any component of the physical cosmos, whether or not it was created by humans, is considered to be natural in science.
Can one be naturally born?A living human individual is what is referred to as a "natural person" in law. This distinction between a natural person and a legal person, which is a collection of persons functioning jointly in a business but is regarded by law as behaving as a single fictional and virtual person, is intended to clarify what constitutes a natural person.
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Biology - Please Help!
Create three relevant questions you would like answered or clarified about the role of DNA and chromosomes. Focus on the following areas as you generate questions:
i. The cause-and-effect relationship between the genetic code and gene expression
ii. Mechanisms of gene regulation
iii. The role of DNA segments that do not code for proteins
Make sure your questions are scientific, meaning scientists could test them.
The questions can be Why DNA is a suitable molecule for information storage?, What is the function of the genes in the DNA molecule?, and What is the role of the chromosomes in the cell nucleus?.
What is scientific question?A scientific question is one that may generate a hypothesis and assist in determining the cause of an observation.
A good scientific hypothesis must be verifiable and quantifiable. You can do an experiment to find the solution.
The pertinent questions regarding the function of chromosomes and DNA can be clarified or answered as follows:
Why is DNA a good molecule for storing information? What purpose do the genes serve in the DNA molecule? What purpose do the chromosomes serve in the cell nucleus?Thus, these are the questions required.
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what is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? state a problem analyze and interpret data develop a hypothesis share the results with other scientists design and perform experiment to test the hypothesis
The proper steps in the scientific process include observation of a phenomenon, formulation of a hypothesis, design and execution of an experiment to test the hypothesis, and analysis.
What kind of thing is a hypothesis?One independent or one dependent variable are all that a straightforward hypothesis says are related. Examples: The day after staying up late, you feel exhausted. Your phone charges more quickly while it is turned off.
Simply put, what is hypothesis?An assumption based on some evidence is known as a hypothesis. This is where any investigation that turns the research questions into forecasts starts. Variables, the population, and how the variables relate to one another are all included.
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Part F: Brainstorm Ideas
Brainstorm ideas for your house. Think about devices, appliances, and building materials you want your house to have. In addition, these computer tools might help you brainstorm some ideas.
This calculator gives you the average energy use of household appliances, so you can research energy-saving alternatives.
This quiz can tell you what your carbon footprint is and how to reduce it in your home. Consider turning some of the questions into energy solutions. For example, one of the questions is, Do you turn off your faucets? If water supply is a concern in your region, perhaps faucets that turn off automatically might be an eco-friendly solution.
This database provides information about air emissions rates in a region. Search the ZIP code for the location you chose and select one of the electrical companies listed. Then scroll down to see how much of the energy in this ZIP code comes from renewable and nuclear energy (a non-renewable, cleaner energy source) compared to fossil fuel sources (oil, coal, and gas). Bar graphs compare the ZIP code's energy profile to the national average.
Write down your ideas for the house you’ll design. Explain how those ideas can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and preserve natural diversity.
Hi!
The carbon emission can be reduced and natural diversity can be preserved by constructing homes as “green buildings”.
A "green building” is one that minimizes or eliminates negative effects on our climate and natural environment all through design, construction, or operation and can create a positive impact. Green buildings protect valuable natural resources and raise our standard of living.
The carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide that is generated by human activity.
Following improvements in house designs can help in reducing the emission of carbon dioxide:
Use of renewable energy resources like solar energy, hydraulic energy, etc because these forms of energy do not emit any greenhouse gases while their production and operation.
Planting indoor plants and creating a garden to absorb the carbon dioxide produced in the house and improve the quality of air.
Installing appliances with more energy stars, these types of appliances have low CFC emissions and hence decrease carbon dioxide trapping in the environment.
Planting a garden with no usage of chemical fertilizers or pesticides to preserve natural diversity.
about how many seconds should you check for breathing?
Examine a person's chest to see whether it is rising and falling to see if they are still breathing. For signs of breathing, listen over their lips and nose. You may feel their breath on your cheek for ten seconds.
In what ways do doctors examine your breathing?
The most used type of breathing or pulmonary function test is spirometry. This test evaluates your ability to effortlessly and quickly expel air from your lungs as well as how much air you can comfortably breathe in and out of your lungs. If you have wheezing, breathlessness, or a cough, your doctor could recommend spirometry.How can I tell if my lungs have been injured?
Wheezing: Noisy breathing or wheezing are indicators that something unexpected is restricting or constricting the airways in your lungs. You may be coughing up blood from your lungs or upper respiratory tract if this is the case. It indicates a health issue no matter where it is originating from.
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[Anatomy of the eye] The ciliary body is responsible for lens accommodation- it attaches via _____ _____.
The ciliary body is responsible for lens accommodation and it attaches via the zonular fibres.
What is the Eye?This is referred to as the sense organ that allows us to see and this is done by taking in light from the world around us and then sending visual information to the brain.
The eye has various parts of the body such as the ciliary body which is an extension of the iris, the colored part of the eye is responsible for lens accommodation and produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous humor.
They attach to the lens through zonular fibres which is a ring of fibrous structures that help to maintain the position of the lens in the optical path and also anchor muscles that change the shape of the lens to alter focus thereby making it the correct choice in this scenario.
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if the pedigree is for an autosomal revessive characteristic, which individuals are deifntely heterozygous
I-1, I-2, II-4, II-5, III-1 is the correct answer if the pedigree is for an autosomal recessive characteristic, which individuals are deifntely heterozygous.
A pedigree is a record of a plant's ancestry. Pedigree breeding is a method of genetic improvement for self-pollinated species in which superior genotypes are selected from segregating generations and proper records of selected plants' ancestry are kept in each generation. In other words, it is a segregating population of self-pollinated species selection procedure that keeps proper record of plants and or progeny selected in each generation. This technique is commonly used to improve self-pollinated species. It is typically used when both parents used in the hybridization have favorable agronomic characteristics or are well adapted.
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if 6- year old sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect as she grows older? what s an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situation?
(1) Sarah, age 6, may experience growth ret4rdation in one of the epiphyseal plates if she fractures her femur owing to an accident and damages the proximal epiphyseal plate.
(2) Epiphyseal plate is the primary location for the long bones longitudinal growth is the epiphyseal growth plate. At this location, cells proliferate, enlarge, and produce the characteristic extracellular matrix, resulting in the formation of cartilage. Following formation, the cartilage is destroyed, hardened, and replaced by osseous tissue.
In developing juvenile bone, there is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage known as the epiphyseal plate. Long bones grow lengthwise due to epiphyseal plates. She should anticipate stunted growth in that one epiphyseal plate because the child is still growing and has not reached puberty. Fortunately for Sarah, the proximal and distal ends of the femur both have an epiphyseal plate. The distal plate can develop in a healthy state.
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hich of the following are limitations of the light microscope? multiple select question. light microscopes have a resolution limit of 0.2 micrometers. light microscopes are not able to show detailed internal cellular structure. light microscopes have a resolution limit of 2 micrometers. light microscopes are not able to show the shape and arrangement of bacteria.
a. light microscopes have a resolution limit of 0.2 micrometers.The light microscope's resolving power is its main drawback. With some discomfort, this number might be roughly cut in half by employing ultraviolet radiation with shorter wavelengths. Transmission Atomic microscope Resolution: In a TEM, a monochromatic electron beam is accelerated through a high magnetic field that serves as a lens at a potential of 40 to 100 kilovolts (kV).
A TEM has a resolution of around 0.2 nanometers (nm). Modest resolution - Despite being perfect for observing some subcellular structures, a light microscope's resolution is nevertheless somewhat low. Structures that are less than half the wavelength of light apart in the lateral direction are the only ones that can be observed.
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how many stomach compartments does a ruminant have?
A ruminant have four stomach compartments.
The rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum are the four chambers that make up a ruminant's stomach. Volatile fatty acids, the primary source of energy for cows, are created through the fermentation of grain by rumen bacteria. Amino acids, vitamin K, and B vitamins are also produced by rumen microorganisms.
Ruminant animals can digest grass or other plants without fully chewing it thanks to their four compartmentalized stomachs. Rather, they only slightly chew the vegetation; the remainder is broken down by microbes in the rumen region of the stomach.
The majority of ruminants possess two-toed feet and a four-chambered stomach. The upper incisors are underdeveloped or occasionally missing. Contrarily, camels and chevrotains, which are regularly alluded to as pseudoruminants, have a three-chambered stomach. Ruminant animals eat rapidly.
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duchenne muscular dystrophy is a recessive sex-linked condition that is more common in males than in females. which best explains why this is true?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive condition, which means that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the disorder.
DMD is more common in males than in females because it is a sex-linked condition, meaning that the gene responsible for the disorder is located on the X chromosome. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. Because the Y chromosome does not carry the dystrophin gene, males are more susceptible to DMD since they only have one X chromosome.
A female would need to inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, for the condition to occur, which is less likely than a male, who only needs one copy of the mutation.The inheritance pattern of DMD is X-linked recessive, which means that the gene responsible for the disorder is located on the X chromosome and that the condition is inherited in a recessive manner.
In this type of inheritance, females are considered carriers of the disorder, as they have one normal and one mutated copy of the gene. They may not show symptoms of the disorder, but they can pass on the mutation to their offspring. On the other hand, males, who have only one X chromosome, will show symptoms of the disorder if they inherit the mutation.
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The word equation below shows a biological process. Water. Hydrogen atom + oxygen
a) Name the process.
b) Where does the process named in a) above take place?
c) State two conditions necessary for the process to occur.
Answer:
a) The process is called photosynthesis
b) The process of photosynthesis typically takes place in the chloroplasts of a cell.
c) Two conditions necessary for photosynthesis to occur are the presence of light and chlorophyll (a pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy).
Explanation:
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write a short essay/bullet list giving at least two examples for each of the relationships in the ecosystem you have chosen. Go into detail on what is involved in the relationship, don't just list the two organisms in it.
For predator and prey, talk about how they react to each other. How does the prey either fight back or flee?
For parasite/host, what is the parasite taking from the host and how does that harm the host?
For the example where they both benefit explain how they are both benefiting.
etc.
The relation ship between the predator and prey; parasite and the host;
what are predators ?
The sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living things on Earth. This energy is used by plants to produce food. When plants are digested by other species, this energy is transmitted, and it finally works its way up the food chain.
Predators are creatures that hunt and eat other species. The creatures devoured by predators are referred to as prey. Carnivores and omnivores are both types of predators. Predators include lions, tigers, sharks, and snakes.
Depending on their position in the food chain, predators can potentially become prey to other big animals. A snake, for example, is a predator to a mouse but prey to a hawk.
In a predator-prey relationship, one species feeds on the other. The predator is the animal being fed, while the prey species is the animal being fed. As generations of each species interact, the predator-prey interaction evolves through time.
The interplay of two species is entirely responsible for the host parasite relationship. The interdependence of the parasite and host populations influences the infection level. Obligate parasites are usually harmful microorganisms that live with their hosts. Staphylococci and streptococci are two examples of harmful microorganisms. The parasite host can survive and reproduce outside the host's body, but it infects the host source. Among the host tissues.
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which organisms in the marine environment do viruses infect?
Explanation:
Viruses were recognized as the causative agents of fish diseases, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis and Oregon sockeye disease, in the early 1960s [1], and have since been shown to be responsible for diseases in all marine life from bacteria to protists, mollusks, crustaceans, fish and mammals [2].
process of giving rise to offspring; required for species to survive
process of giving rise to offspring; required for species to survive
The process of reproduction is how living things create the next generation of their species.
The act of producing children is called reproduction. Reproduction comes in two major forms: sexual and asexual. A sexually reproducing creature integrates the genetic material of both parents to create a genetically distinct individual. Asexual reproduction involves the self-replication of one parent to create genetically identical kids.The biological process by which brand-new, distinct organisms—their "offspring"—are created from their "parent" or "parents" is known as reproduction (sometimes referred to as procreation, breeding, or fertilisation). Every single organism on Earth exists as a result of reproduction, which is a fundamental aspect of all life as we currently understand it. Asexual and sexual reproduction are the two types of reproduction.Without the assistance of another creature, an organism can reproduce through asexual reproduction. Not just single-celled organisms can reproduce asexually. Asexual reproduction takes place during the cloning of an organism. An organism makes a replica of itself that is genetically identical to it through asexual reproduction. Biologists struggle to understand how sexual reproduction evolved.
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true/false. Researchers are investigating whether people who exercise with a training partner have a greater increase, on average, in targeted exercise intensity compared with people who exercise alone. Two methods of collecting data have been proposed.
Answer: we have to compare the effects of method I and method II.
Explanation: (ii) he population of generalization if the method I is used will be all people who are willing to determine the effect of exercising with a training partner as compared to exercising alone.
(ii) The population of generalization, if method II is used, will be all people who exercise at a community fitness center.
The 2 methods I am answering for are:
ﾷ Method I: Recruit volunteers who are willing to participate. Randomly assign each participant to exercise with a training partner or to exercise alone.
ﾷ Method II: Select a random sample of people from all the people who exercise at a community fitness center. Ask each person in the sample whether they use a training partner, and use the response to create the two groups.
a new phlebotomy tech is gathering equipment for an arterial puncture. she has gathered the following equipment: heparin solution of 1,000 iu per ml, container of water, betadine wipes, sterile needle, and syringe. what else is needed for this puncture?
disposable sterile gauze. A 20 gauge needle and 0.025 inch guidewire work well for arterial puncture. There is a 24 cm graduated dilator system over a 0.025 inch guidewire for radial artery sheaths.
For patient comfort and easier catheter manipulation, the long sheath technique is recommended. It has been demonstrated that radial artery puncture damages the newborn infant's median nerve. Following radial artery punctures to measure arterial blood gas values, two infants displayed prolonged median nerve conduction velocity and distal motor latency. Without careful clinical and electrical testing, this compressive neuropathy could go undetected in the neonatal period. The question of whether graduates of neonatal intensive care units experience long-term effects on hand function is once more raised by these data.
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all amino acid-based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane. True/False ?
in the body, why do muscle cells and skin cells look and behave differently? responses their genes are being expressed differently. their genes are being expressed differently. the same genes are being expressed in both types of cells. the same genes are being expressed in both types of cells. they have different genes. they have different genes. there is no similarity in their chromosomes.
Answer: Their genes are being expressed differently
Functional means that: a) a person can live life without being kept in a hospital or other institutions. b) a person needs help in order to funcion. c) a person has a mental disorder that is being treated in an institution. d) a person can function despite a disorder.
apex
psychology
Functional refers to the ability of a person to function in spite of a disorder. So, Option D is correct.
A set of identifiable medical illnesses that are caused by modifications in how the body's systems work rather than by a disease that affects the body's structure are collectively referred to as "functional disorders." Medical systems are challenged by the widespread and complicated phenomena known as functional diseases. The body is traditionally viewed in western medicine as being made up of many organ systems, but it is less clear how these systems interact or communicate with one another. Functional diseases can impact how many organ systems interact, such as the gastrointestinal, respiratory, musculoskeletal, or neurological systems, resulting in a wide range of symptoms. Less frequently, only one conspicuous symptom or organ system is compromised.
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Match the words to the numbers.
Here, 1 is nucleotide sequence, 2 is phosphate, 3 is sugar, 5 is nitrogenous base, 6 is phosphate bond, 7 is guanine, 8 is thymine, 9 is triple hydrogen bonding, 10 is cytosine, 12 is phosphate backbone, 13 is pyrimidine, 14 is purine.
What is a DNA?Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA of an individual can be found in almost all of their cells.
DNA is often referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid due to its structure. Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine make up the phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid.
The Pentose Sugar makes up the deoxyribose part. Deoxyribose lacks the -OH group at position 2 of the sugar ring.
Here, in the given image,
1 denotes the nucleotide sequence.2 the phosphate group.3 the sugar group.5 the nitrogenous base.6 the phosphate bond.7 the guanine group.8 the thymine group.9 the triple hydrogen bonding.10 the cytosine group.12 the phosphate backbone.13 the pyrimidine group.14 the purine group.Thus, this can be the match for the given scenario.
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why might the native and denatured versions of the same proteins show large differences in migration on a page gel?
The native and denatured versions of the same protein can show large differences in migration on a gel because of their different conformations.
What is native version of proteins?This refers to Proteins in their natural state with intact structure that is not changed by heat, chemicals, enzyme reaction, or other denaturants that are named "native proteins".
What is a denatured version of proteins?
What does it mean if a protein is denatured?
A protein is denatured when its normal shape gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken. Weak hydrogen bonds break when too much heat is applied or when they are exposed to acid (like citric acid from lemon juice).
In native form, the protein is folded in a specific three-dimensional shape, which can affect its charge and size. When the protein is denatured, it loses its specific shape and can become larger and more positively charged, causing it to migrate more quickly on a gel. Additionally, denatured proteins can also form aggregates which will also affect the migration on gel. So in summary the migration on gel is affected by the protein's size, charge and conformation, which can be different in native and denatured forms.
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Part A What is the mass number of an ion with 109 electrons, 157 neutrons, and a +1 charge? Express your answer as an integer.
The mass number of an ion with 109 electrons, 157 neutrons, and a charge of +1 is 157
What is mass number ?Together, the number of protons and the number of neutrons determine an element's mass number
mass number = protons + neutrons
In nuclear physics, the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
An element's mass number is so termed because it indicates the mass of all of the protons and neutrons present in the element. Most periodic charts also include the element's atomic number and atomic mass in addition to its chemical symbol.
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