what are the independent,dependent, and controlled variables

The stem cells in cloned embryos are genetically identical to the parent cell/ donor cell from which the nucleus is transferred.

Stem cells are those cells that retain the ability to divide continuously without differentiating. A stem cell renews itself by forming a daughter cell similar to itself and also a cell which further grows and differentiates, in one single division. A stem call can have different types of potency for the type of cells it can form after differentiating.

Embryo is the initial stage of development of multicellular organisms. It is the stage after the fertilization of the egg cell. It is the stage of growth and development between the zygote and fetus.

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In order for the operon to be fully inducible, the crp-camp complex must be at high concentration and it must bind to the regulatory region of the operon.

Because the lac operon is typically shut off (repressed), but can be activated in the presence of the inducer, allolactose, it is referred to as an inducible operon. Catabolite activator protein, or CAP, attaches to a section of DNA right before the lac operon promoter and aids RNA polymerase in binding to the promoter, promoting a lot of transcription.

E. coli produces cAMP as a "hunger signal" in low glucose conditions. cAMP binds to CAP and changes its structure, allowing it to bind DNA and activate transcription. Without cAMP, CAP is inactive due to its inability to bind DNA. Therefore, high levels of lac operon transcription are only possible in the absence of glucose.

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The G1 phase of each nucleus' 12 picograms of DNA will be followed by a 24 picogram G2 phase.

If a cell enters the G1 phase of mitosis with 15 picograms of DNA and 14 chromosomes, it will have 28 chromosomes and 30 picograms of DNA by the time it enters the G2 phase.

The number of haploid (n) chromosomes in the gametes, or reproductive cells of sperm and ova, would be 23. The organism in this case has an organism with a diploid (2n) number of 12 and a haploid (n) number of half that, or 6 chromosomes.

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Archaeopteryx bird was the best candidate for the transition between non-avain dinosaurs and birds.

Archaeopteryx sometimes referred to by its German name, "Urvogel" , is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs. Between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, Archaeopteryx was generally accepted by palaeontologists and popular reference books as the oldest known bird .Older potential avialans have since been identified, including Xiaotingia, and Aurornis.

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Answer: Late Jurassic

Explanation:

The bird that was the best candidate for the transition between non-avian dinosaurs and birds is Archaeopteryx. It lived during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 150 million years ago.

Answer:

A.has pH of 2.5, litmus paper turned red

Explanation:

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One function is to produce the force that eventually causes the water to be drawn up through the xylem. The ability to distribute the force evenly across the xylem is another function.

The water molecules are held together and preserve their stability thanks to the cohesive forces that exist between them. The water molecules are assisted by the adhesive forces to adhere to other surfaces such as glasses, leaves, or other plant surfaces.

The cohesion-tension theory states that transpiration is the primary force behind water movement in the xylem. At the leaf surface, it generates negative pressure (tension) equal to -2 MPa. This tension ultimately draws water up from the roots.

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According to the second law, everything shifts from order to disorder, which results in a rise in entropy. When there is a systemic imbalance, living things perish.

Biological systems' first law of thermodynamics

To survive, all biological organisms need energy. In a closed system like the universe, this energy is transferred from one form to another rather than being consumed. For instance, cells carry out a variety of crucial functions. Energy is needed for these processes.

Energy can be gained or lost by living things depending on their environment. Living things are thus open systems. Living things are not closed systems, hence their existence has no bearing on the second law of thermodynamics.

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Answer: b: A+C = G+T

Explanation:

Bacteria can quickly divide by means of binary fission. Because of this, following binary fission reactions, every child will have the same genetic makeup. Option C provides the right response.

The most common method of cell division in unicellular organisms is binary fission. It closely resembles the mitotic division that occurs in multicellular animals. DNA is copied when bacteria divide by binary fission.

A particular asexual mechanism of reproduction is binary fission. In binary fission, the parent cell's nucleus and cytoplasm divide after which two new daughter cells are created. It is observed in single-celled creatures including amoebas, paramecium, and others.

Because DNA replication and DNA separation occur simultaneously during binary fission, the newly created cells are identical to one another.

Complete question:

Bacteria can reproduce quickly by means of binary fission. Because of this, after binary fission

A) the offspring will have traits of both parents.

B) there is genetic variation among the offspring.

C) all the offspring will be genetically identical.

D) none of the offspring will be genetically like the parents.

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The fungus produces an antibiotic substance that kills bacteria to kill bacteria that are competing with it for resources.

Many organisms such as the fungus produce antibiotics in order to kill bacteria. This is a kind of defense mechanism that organisms like fungus use in order to get more resources where there is a competition of resources between the bacteria and the fungus.

Antibiotics may also be secreted by organisms like fungi if the bacteria can harm the fungal cell in some way.

Hence, we can say that naturally occurring fungus produces penicillium in order to kill the bacteria so that there is lesser competition for resources.

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Ganglion layer, bipolar layer, and photoreceptor layer are the three cell layers of retina.

Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptor cells are the three layers of nerve cells that compose the retina. The vitreous body is closest to where ganglion cells are found. Photoreceptor cells, which are primarily composed of rods and cones, make up the first layer of light-sensitive tissue. The image formed on retina is real and inverted and thus appears counterintuitive.

The retina is touched by light after passing through your eye's front lens. Your retina contains photoreceptors, which convert light energy into an electrical signal. Your brain receives this signal as it passes through your optic nerve, which transforms it into the image of the environment you see.

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By pulling air in through the mantle and expelling it through the funnel, this body component in squids enables them to move quickly.

The pharynx, sometimes known as the throat, is a muscular, funnel-shaped internal conduit. It joins the larynx and esophagus (which leads to the stomach) to the mouth and nose (leading to the trachea and then lungs)

In reality, squids have three hearts. The two branchial hearts are utilized to pump blood from the body to the gills; they are found at the base of each gill. The branchial hearts are smaller and situated between the systemic heart, which is utilized to circulate blood throughout the entire body.

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Answer:

Explanation:to find this we need the the data of how much time and how much bacteria

It has been simpler to create recessive alleles.

Mendel experimented on true-breeding pea plants to prevent the emergence of unexpected features in the progeny that would have happened if the plants weren't genuine breeders. A number of generations might be assessed within a brief period of time because the garden pea matures in just one growing season.

Prior to beginning his studies, Mendel created true-breeding pea plants for specific features. True-breeding is a word that describes: CH. 11 - A true-breeding plant is one that, upon self-fertilization, exclusively bears offspring with the same characteristics.

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Answer:

A.

Explanation:

20 diploids chromatids will be present at mitotic metaphase.

A duplicated chromosome's other half is known as a chromatid. One DNA molecule makes up one chromosome prior to replication. The DNA molecule is duplicated during replication, and the two molecules are referred to as chromatids.

The separation of the pair of chromatids during cell division results in the formation of two separate sets of pairs (daughter) chromosomes (from anaphase on in mitosis and anaphase II in meiosis) A cell or organism with only one set of chromosomes is referred to as haploid (n).

During cell division, separating pairs of chromatids creates two distinct sets of chromosomes (daughter chromosomes). a classification for organisms or cells that only have one set.

A "diploid cell" is one that has two copies of each chromosome. Human cells have 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes, making them diploid.

Haploid = 1 chromosome;

Diploid = 1 chromatid

5 haploids = 10 diploids

Chromosomes are duplicating in metaphase,

So 10 x 2 = 20 diploids (chromatids)

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This an example of an organism being changed through technological methods.

What is selective breeding?

Selective breeding is the practice of breeding specific parents to produce offspring with desirable characteristics. Dogs bred for specific work tasks or fruit bred to be sweeter are two examples

Humans use selective breeding, also known as artificial selection, to create new organisms with desirable characteristics.

A breeder chooses two parents with beneficial phenotypic traits to reproduce, resulting in offspring with those desired traits. Selective breeding can be used to produce tastier fruits and vegetables, crops with greater pest resistance, and larger meat-producing animals.

Charles Darwin coined the term "artificial selection," but the practice of selective breeding predates Darwin by thousands of years. Indeed, selective breeding is one of the earliest forms of biotechnology, responsible for many of the plants and animals we know today.

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Answer:

If the activation energy of a chemical reaction is reduced, the rate of the reaction will increase.

Explanation:

The function of activation energy is to break bonds in the reaction so that new bonds are formed in the reaction products. If the activation energy is low or decreased, it will cause more particles with sufficient kinetic energy to increase the number of effective collisions, causing the reaction rate to increase.

The cell first commits to continuing the cell cycle through M after the G1 checkpoint.

The cell commits to entering the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast.

Eukaryotes often stop the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint if the environment prevents cell division or if the cell spends an extended amount of time in G0. The G1 phase checkpoint is also known as the restriction point in animal cells and the start point in yeast cells.

While the G2/M checkpoint stops cells from dividing with damaged DNA, the G1/S checkpoint stops cells from duplicating damaged DNA.

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Answer: True

Explanation: you can grow a sunflower with out light but it will weak it will not grow at its best.

Answer:  The correct answer is True

Explanation:  Confirmed correct.

Genetic engineers develop plants and livestock that have uniquely beneficial and improved qualities. In this case, a sunflower plant that did not require sunlight could potentially grow during cloudy and nighttime conditions.

The best explanation for this is that when membrane surfaces are frozen, hydrophilic connections between them are lost.

Exposure to supraphysiologic temperatures can result in cell membrane breakdown (18–21). Mammalian membranes start to change structurally as temperatures rise above 42.5°C, which has been extensively established. Carvalho et al. used dye leakage-based membrane transport studies in their research.

When biological membranes are frozen and then broken, the bilayer's center is where the breaks usually occur. Best explained by the fact that.  When membrane surfaces are frozen, hydrophilic connections between them are lost.

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Answer:

a. transcription unit -------------------> The section of the DNA strand to be copied into messenger RNA

b. RNA polymerase -------------------> The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA

c. termination signal -------------------> The DNA code that stops the transcription process

d. uracil -------------------> The base that replace thymine in RNA molecules

e. promotor -------------------> The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied

f. introns -------------------> The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing

g. exons -------------------> The parts of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein

Explanation:

Transcription unit:

Transcription unit is a short sequence of DNA that is transcribed into RNA. The transcription unit contains the promoter and the coding region for one or more genes. The coding region can be any length, but it must contain enough information to code for a protein. Transcription units are often called genes because they encode proteins; however, they do not necessarily encode all of the same proteins in an organism. For example, some bacteria have only one gene encoding a protein involved in nitrogen metabolism while humans have many different genes encoding similar proteins involved in this process.

RNA polymerase:

The enzyme that copies the DNA code into messenger RNA is called an RNA polymerase. The process begins with an initiation step, in which a specific sequence on the template DNA binds to a specific site on the core protein (called RPA). Once bound, the initiator tRNA molecule forms a ternary complex with RPA and ribosomal subunits. This ternary complex then moves along by sliding along microtubules until it reaches its active site where it can bind to mRNA molecules and initiate their synthesis.

Termination signal:

The termination signal is a short sequence of nucleotides that signals to stop transcription and start translation. It is found at the end of most genes, but not all. It acts as an inhibitor of DNA replication and transcription. The term "terminal" means the end, or final stage, of something. Termination signals are used in many different organisms to control the growth and development of cells during embryonic development, including plants and animals. They are also used by bacteria to regulate gene expression (the process by which genes make proteins). In eukaryotes (organisms with complex multicellular structures), they can be found on chromosomes or at specific sites called promoters where they act as molecular switches

Uracil:

The base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules is uracil. The chemical formula of uracil is C(5H)-U-N(1). The chemical name for uracil is 5-methyluracil. The base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules is uracil. Uracil is a derivative of uric acid, which is a breakdown product of purines, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The enzyme that synthesizes uracil from its precursor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) uses energy from glucose to reduce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ADP-ribose, an intermediate in the synthesis of nucleotides. This reaction takes place on ribosomes, small organelles within cells that are responsible for protein synthesis.

Promoter:

In other words, we want to copy a piece of DNA that is located upstream from where it is being copied. The area upstream from the DNA code to be copied is a region of DNA that includes the nucleotides (A, T, C and G) that are used in the replication process. This is also called the 'promoter' or 'core promoter'. The core promoter has been defined as follows: "The sequence of nucleotides immediately 5' of ATG [the start codon] which initiates transcription."

Introns:

The "junk" material that is removed in RNA splicing is called introns. Introns are short sequences of DNA found within the genes of eukaryotic organisms. The function of introns has been a source of much speculation and controversy, but their removal from messenger RNAs (mRNAs) seems to be essential for the proper functioning of cells. In fact, it has been suggested that the removal of introns may be one reason why many viruses have evolved to encode their own mRNA molecules with the same information as host mRNAs.

Exons:

Exon is the part of the messenger RNA that will be spliced together to form the code to make the protein. exon, intron and promoter are all parts of mRNA. The exon codes for a specific amino acid in a protein. Mutation or deletion of an exon can cause disease or produce abnormal proteins (e.g., cystic fibrosis).

Glomeruli are considered as the rounded structures in which the synapses between olfactory receptor neurons and neurons of the olfactory bulb.

The glomerular layer (GL), which is made up of spherical structures called glomeruli, is where the axons of olfactory sensory neurons form synapses. The glomerulus (plural glomeruli) is a spherical structure in the brain's olfactory bulb where synapses develop between the olfactory nerve's terminals and the dendrites of mitral, periglomerular, and tufted cells.

Glomeruli with similar responses were frequently found to be direct neighbors, and such neighbors may mutually inhibit each other, demonstrating lateral inhibitory mechanisms. Glomeruli are surrounded by a sheath of glial cells and are made up of tightly packed neurites of ORCs, AL neurons, and centrifugal neurons, as well as synapses among them.

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Answer:

Diffusion ensures that the metabolic processes in both types of cells/organisms may develop appropriately, diffusion is crucial for both plants and animals.

The spontaneous movement of particles caused by their thermal energy from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is known as diffusion.

Animal and plant cells have similar structures. Plant cells have a rigid cellulose wall that offers protection without obstructing the diffusion of ions and water into the plasma membrane.

For instance, water and CO2 diffusion are necessary for photosynthesis in plants, while perspiration produces water vapor by a diffusive mechanism.

Unicellular organisms are made from a single cell. They are the oldest shape of life, with fossil statistics relationship returned to approximately 3.8 billion years ago. Bacteria, amoeba, Paramecium, archaea, protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi are examples of unicellular organisms. These unicellular organisms are primarily invisible to the bare eye, hence, they may be additionally called microscopic organisms. Most of the unicellular organisms also are prokaryotes.

Organisms which are composed of multiple cells are referred to as multicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms are nearly usually eukaryotes. However, micro organism can shape big interlinked systems which includes colonies or biofilms however those can’t be labeled as multicellular organisms.

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When dangerous germs or allergies transfer from one food to another, surfaces, hands, or equipment, cross-contamination occurs.

When germs from raw food come into touch with cooked or fully prepared food and have the ability to thrive, food poisoning can happen.

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Dermestid beetles: is option c. delicately remove desiccated tissue (dehydrated) from bodies.

Coleoptera's Dermestidae family, also known as skin beetles, are commonly found on human skin. Other common names for these insects include carpet beetles, khapra beetles, hide or leather beetles, and larder beetles. There are descriptions of over 1,100 species. [1]

There are many different dermestid habits, but the majority of genera are scavengers that consume dry animal or plant matter like skin or pollen, animal hair, feathers, dead insects, and natural fibers. Dermestes members can be found in animal carcasses and in nests made by mammals, birds, bees, and wasps. Trogoderma species are grain pests, whereas Thaumaglossa only inhabits the mantids' egg cases.

Hence, In forensic entomology, these beetles are important. Criminal investigations are aided by the fact that some species are connected to decomposing remains. Certain species are pests.

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The data suggest the existence of genetic linkage between the SNP locus and the disease locus yes, there is evidence of linkage. The expected genetic distance is for this reason 1/11 × 100 =nine.1 Map.

SNPs arise usually for the duration of a person's DNA. They arise nearly once in every 1,000 nucleotides in common, which means there are kind of four to five million SNPs in a person's genome.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) across the genome presents facts to pick out the genes and versions associated with quantitative trends in genome-huge affiliation research (GWAS) and for the implementation of genomic choice (GS).

The gap among loci is measured in centimorgans and 1 centimorgan is defined as the genetic distance among loci with a recombination frequency of 1%. even though the centimorgan is not a degree of bodily distance, it generally equates to a physical distance of a million base pairs.

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Answer: can feel what others in the group are thinking and feeling

Answer: A can feel what others in the group are thinking and feeling

Explanation:

i took the test

The option D is correct :The gametophytes of seed plants are never exposed to the external environment. Unlike spores, The gametophyte in seed plants is often tiny and is kept in the tissues of the sporophyte. The integument refers to the layers of sporophyte tissue that encircle the megasporangium.

seeds carry food reserves that can be used to support a young plant. While spores are distributed by the wind, seeds can be spread by animals. While spores only live a few days, seeds can slumber for weeks or even years. Seeds contain a supply of food in storage, in contrast to spores. If the conditions are right, seeds that have been transported far from the parent sporophyte may germinate and rely on stored nourishment to develop into seedlings. Spores and seeds vary primarily in that seeds have stored nourishment in their endosperm, which allows them to germinate in adverse conditions whereas spores do not, making them more dependent on good conditions for germination.

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Full Question :

Which of the qualities is a major difference between all spore-dispersing and seed-dispersing plants? select all that apply.

A In seed plants, dispersed spores contain a multicellular gametophyte.

B Seed plants disperse gametes and seeds instead of spores.

C The sporophyte of seed plants is photosynthetically independent.

D The gametophytes of seed plants are never exposed to the external environment.