Both came to the same conclusion that the disaster had been caused by atmospheric conditions that rainy evening, though they disagreed on the precise mechanism.
What ignited the Hindenburg's explosion?The Americans proposed that the rapidly spreading fire was most likely started by an electrical occurrence known as a "brush discharge," which sparked leaking hydrogen.On May 6, 1937, an airship catastrophe known as the Hindenburg disaster took place in Manchester Township, New Jersey, in the United States.At Naval Air Station Lakehurst, the German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg attempted to dock with its mooring mast but caught fire and sank.Bain notes that a combination of components often found in incendiary bombs were used to cover the Hindenburg. His hypothesis is that the Hindenburg accident was brought on by these chemicals igniting. He contends that the primary offender was actually not flammable hydrogen gas!To learn more about Hindenburg's explosion refer to:
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How is a scientific law different from a scientific theory?
Explanation:
A scientific law tells what happens
Scientific laws can't be changed
A scientific theory tells why it happens
Scientific theories can be changed
which feature is peculiar to retroviral vectors and not shared with adeno-associated viral (aav) vectors used in gene therapy?
Packaging cells do not make active viruses because helper DNA lacks packaging sequences and therapeutic DNA lack essential viral genes.
A key component of gene therapy is the genetic modification of cells to have a therapeutic effect or the repair or reconstruction of damaged genetic material in order to treat disease. Although Martin Cline made the first effort to alter human DNA in 1980, the National Institutes of Health-approved first nuclear gene transfer in humans was carried out in May 1989.
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Explain how soil crumbs are formed. List four reason why they are important
Clay soil particles combine together with lime of humus particles when they are added to it. Crumbs are formed when they combine. You need to accomplish something. You contribute greatly to society.
How do humus particles work?humus, a nonliving, finely split organic material found in soil that results from the microbial breakdown of both animal and plant remains. About 60% of humus is composed of carbon, 6% of it is nitrogen, and there are traces of sulfur and phosphorus.
What ingredients make up humus?In addition to a plant matter found in leaf litter, humus also contains decomposing insects and other living things, such mushrooms. When animal and plant matter decomposes, humus, a black, organic substance, emerges in the soil. It accumulates on the ground when plants shed leaves, twigs, as well as other debris.
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which process requires a variance from a regulatory authority? a none of these are correct b sprouting seeds or beans on-site c smoking food only to enhance its flavor d serving wild game
Sprouting seeds or beans requires a variance from a regulatory authority. A seed is a developing plant that has a food supply and is protected by a shell.
Gymnosperm and angiosperm plants, which are spermatophytes and seed plants, generate seeds as a step in the reproductive process. Once the zygote, which was produced by the pollen-derived sperm fertilizing the embryo sac, is formed, the matured ovule produces seeds. From the zygote, the embryo of a seed develops inside the mother plant until it reaches a particular size before growth is stopped. The integuments of the ovule evolve into the seed coat.
The complete question is:
Which process requires a variance from the regulatory authority?
a. smoking food to enhance flavor
b. serving wild game
c. serving imported cheese
d. Sprouting seeds or beans
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How do mRNA and tRNA work together to make proteins? A. tRNA carries the instructions coded in mRNA to the ribosomes where mRNA decodes DNA to make proteins. B. mRNA carries the instructions coded in tRNA to the ribosomes where mRNA decodes DNA to make proteins. C. mRNA carries the instructions coded in DNA to the ribosomes where tRNA decodes the mRNA to make proteins. D. tRNA carries the instructions coded in DNA to the ribosomes where mRNA decodes the tRNA to make proteins.
The correct answer is C. mRNA carries instructions coded in DNA to the ribosomes where the tRNA decodes mRNA to make proteins.
What is mRNA and tRNA?
Ribonucleic acids, RNAs, are essential components of all living cells. They take part in the protein synthesis. RNAs present in a cell are of three different types; mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA). They have been named according to the different functions they perform.
mRNA– they provide a template for gene coding during synthesis of proteins. Site of synthesis is the nucleus in mRNAs. They also carry codons for the process of translation.
tRNA- they carry amino acids to ribosomes for synthesis of protein. tRNAs are produced in the cytoplasm. tRNAs carry anticodons that are specific to particular amino acids.
Therefore, the correct answer is C. mRNA carries instructions coded in DNA to the ribosomes where the tRNA decodes mRNA to make proteins.
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The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.
a. gap (communicating) junctions.
b. the cytoskeleton.
c. desmosomes.
d. plasmodesmata.
e. tight junctions.
The primary role of e. tight junctions is to bind animal cells together by the binding properties.
Tight junctions shape the non-stop intercellular barrier among epithelial cells, that's required to split tissue areas and alter selective motion of solutes throughout the epithelium. Animal cells might also incorporate junctions referred to as desmosomes, which act like spot welds among adjoining epithelial cells.
A desmosome includes a complicated of proteins. Some of those proteins enlarge throughout the membrane, at the same time as others anchor the junction in the. This tight adherence prevents substances from leaking among the cells; tight junctions are commonly determined in epithelial tissues that line inner organs and cavities, and incorporate maximum of the skin.
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Why do we need to label the membrane? To visualize the cargo molecules using the fluorescent microscope b) To check whether the synthetic cells have a membrane To visualize the cell membrane using the fluorescent microscope To visualize the transport proteins using the fluorescent microscope
The correct answer is, 'to visualize the cell membrane using the fluorescent microscope'.
Researchers may be able to detect membrane proteins in living animals using the labeling technique. To get rid of dye molecules that aren't attached to the protein when a scientist uses a dye to mark a membrane protein, she must repeatedly wash the cells.
Fluorescent dextrans or calcein markers make it simple to label the extracellular space of cells. Due to its accessibility, the plasma membrane is the cell membrane that labels the simplest. The plasma membrane can be marked with fluorescent dyes, the most popular of which belongs to the FM 1-43 family.
To employ the probe, scientists must first insert the SNAP-tag DNA sequence into the gene for their target membrane protein. This genetic alteration causes SNAP-tag to be attached to the protein's outside.
The modified dye connects to the membrane protein, enters the membrane, and begins to glow when researchers put the probe to cells that are expressing the hybrid gene.
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9. You are an oceanographer taking measurements to predict whether this year will be an El Niño, a La Niña, or a normal year. (15 points)
A. What are three instruments you will use? (3 points)
B. What measurements will each of these instruments take? (6 points)
C. What measurements would you expect to collect during an El Niño year and a La Niña year? (6 points)
An El Nino scenario develops when east winds blow less strongly than usual and surface water in the equatorial Pacific warms up more than usual.
La Nina is the name for the adverse situation. The east winds are stronger and the ocean is cooler than typical during this ENSO phase. Every three to five years, el Ninos typically occur.
One example is data produced by radar altimetry, which is used to monitor the El Nino global climatological event. El Nino is a term used to describe a periodic weakening of the trade winds and warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean's surface layers.
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An El Nino scenario develops when the equatorial Pacific Ocean's surface water warms up more than usual and east winds blow less strongly than usual.
The opposite situation is known as La Nina. During this ENSO phase, the water is cooler than usual and the east winds are stronger. Typically, el Ninos occur every three to five years.
One example is the data produced by radar altimetry, which is used to monitor the global climatological event known as El Nino. El Nino is a term used to describe a periodic weakening of the trade winds and warming of the surface layers of the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean.
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it was observed that beetles that were lighter in color, as compared to the ones which were darker in color, were targeted and eaten by swallows on top of an old building in london city. after few years only dark colored beetles were seen. this phenomenon is
This phenomenon is known as natural selection or "survival of the fittest."
What is Natural selection?
Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time. This process is driven by the environment, which can favor some individuals over others, resulting in the spread of certain traits within the population. Natural selection is one of the main mechanisms of evolution, and is the primary driver of adaptation.
In the case of the beetles, the lighter-colored beetles were more visible to the swallows, making them more likely to be eaten and therefore less likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, the darker-colored beetles were the only ones left, since they were least likely to be targeted by the swallows.
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A certain organ K was surgically removed from a rat, later drastic increase in glucose level in the blood was reported but when substance Q was injected into the animal the whole process was reversed. Identify: (i) Organ K (ii) Substance Q
The organ K is the pancreas while the substance Q is insulin.
What is pancreas?The pancreas is the accessory organ of the digestive system that is located at the upper part of the abdomen which assists in the metabolism of carbohydrate.
The hormone called insulin is being secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas which helps the body to utilize glucose which is the end product of digestion of carbohydrates.
Therefore, removal of pancreas lead to drastic increase in glucose levels of the mood while injection of insulin reverses the effect.
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a mutation causes all of the glycine residues in the gxy repeats of collagen (see pgs. 142-144 of text) to be changed to phe. which levels of protein structure would be most affected by such a mutation?
Secondary levels of protein structure would be most affected by such a mutation.
Detailed explanation: Triple helix forms a unique secondary structure in collagen. It consists of three polypeptide chains, each of which repeats the amino acid sequence glycine-X-Y with proline or hydroxyproline as the typical X and Y.
The triple helix structure is stabilized by a hydrogen bond that is created between the NH group of glycine and the CO group of other residues. The three chains are tightly packed since glycine is the smallest amino acid. This close packing is disturbed when phenylalanine, which is substantially larger in size, replaces glycine as a result of a mutation. Because of this, the collagen's secondary structure, the triple helix, cannot form.
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art-labeling activity: overview of the cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is responsible for the rhythmic contraction of the heart muscle and the generation of electrical signals that control the heart rate. It is composed of specialized muscle cells and nerves that are found throughout the heart. The main components of the system include the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, the Bundle of His, the Purkinje fibers, as well as the right and left bundle branches.
The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker and is located in the right atrium. It is responsible for initiating the electrical impulse that signals the heart muscle to contract. The impulse then travels through the AV node, located at the base of the right atrium, where it slows down before passing through the Bundle of His. This bundle contains specialized fibers that help conduct the electrical impulse to the ventricles. From there, the impulse is transmitted to the Purkinje fibers, which are located in the ventricles. Finally, the impulse is sent to the right and left bundle branches, which help distribute it to the rest of the heart muscle. Through this process, the heart is able to maintain a regular rhythm and beat.
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Why do we need to label the membrane? a)To visualize the cargo molecules using the fluorescent microscope b) To check whether the synthetic cells have a membrane c)To visualize the cell membrane using the fluorescent microscope d)To visualize the transport proteins using the fluorescent microscope VIEW THEORY
Researchers may be able to detect membrane proteins in living animals using the labeling technique.
To get rid of dye molecules that aren't attached to the protein when a scientist uses a dye to mark a membrane protein, she must repeatedly wash the cells.
Why do we need to label the membrane?
Membrane transport proteins play a crucial role in the movement of solutes across biological membranes, including ions, nutrients, neurotransmitters, and a wide range of medications. A cell is protected by its cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. Additionally, it offers a stable environment inside the cell. And that membrane serves a variety of purposes.
One is to move compounds out of the cell that are harmful as well as nutrients into the cell.
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the progesterone receptor (pr) is a steroid hormone receptor and transcription factor. the protein src-1, which does not bind dna by itself, can bind to pr and increase expression of genes regulated by pr. based on this information, src-1 is best described as a(n)
The progesterone receptor (pr) is a transcription factor and steroid hormone receptor. Although the protein src-1 can bind to pr and boost the expression of genes controlled by pr, coactivator does not bind DNA on its own.
The nuclear progesterone receptor is bound to modulate the actions of progesterone (PR). Progesterone receptors (PR) are transcription factors that, like all nuclear receptors, are made up of a DNA binding domain (DBD) sandwiched between an upstream N-terminal region that has terminal ligand binding domain. Sp1 is a member of the 26-member Sp/KLF transcription factor . It is an example of a progesterone receptor transcription factor that is widely expressed and controls the expression of genes linked to a variety of biological functions in mammalian cells.
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Which of the following is mainly responsible for the causes of water pollution?A AfforestationB Oil refineriesC Paper factoriesD Both b and c
Oil refineries, paper factories, textile and sugar mills, chemical factories are responsible for water pollution.
So Both b and c are responsible for the causes of water pollution
What is water pollution ?The term "water pollution" refers to the contaminating of water bodies, typically as a result of human activity, which has a detrimental impact on the uses of the water. Lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs, and groundwater are all examples of bodies of water. When contaminants are added to these water bodies, water contamination occurs.
Water bodies, including lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans, as well as groundwater, are all considered to be subject to pollution. It happens when pollutants enter these bodies of water untreated. Water bodies become contaminated as a result of waste entering them from homes, factories, and other buildings.
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To perform reproductive cloning, one must have an enucleated egg cell, a surrogate mother, and a
A. sperm cell
B. diploid nucleus
C. restriction enzyme
D. vector
E. bacterium
(Option B.) The diploid nucleus is the nucleus of a cell that contains both sets of genetic material from the organism, typically from the parents.
Exploring the Effects of Climate Change on Urban EnvironmentsTo perform reproductive cloning, one must have an enucleated egg cell, a surrogate mother, and a:
Option B. Diploid nucleusReproductive cloning requires an enucleated egg cell, a surrogate mother, and a diploid nucleus. The diploid nucleus is the nucleus of a cell that contains both sets of genetic material from the organism, typically from the parents. In the case of reproductive cloning, this nucleus is taken from the organism that is being cloned and is inserted into the enucleated egg cell from the surrogate mother. This nucleus will then be combined with the egg cell to create a new organism that is genetically identical to the donor organism. This process is the foundation of reproductive cloning, and is essential for genetic replication.
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Arrange the following steps of the regulation of the trp operon in order of occurrence.
_The trp repressor protein binds to the operator
_levels of tryptophan rise and more is required
-Tryptophan binds to trp repressor protein and induces a conformational change
_Products of the trp gene synthesize tryptophan
_RNA polymerase binds to the promotor allowing transcription of the trp genes to proceed.
_The trp repressor protein blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promotor.
The correct sequenced steps include 1. Levels of tryptophan in the cell are low, 2.RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, allowing transcription of trp genes to proceed, 3. Products of the trp genes synthesize tryptophan, 4. Levels of tryptophan rise, and no more is then required, 5. Tryptophan then binds to the trp repressor protein and induces a conformational change, 6. The trp repressor then protein binds to the operator, 7. The trp repressor protein blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promote, and 8. Transcription of trp gene stops.
What is prokaryotic gene transcription?Prokaryotic gene transcription requires the DNA sequence (in this case tryptophan gene) which is first synthesized as a single mRNA molecule called an operon and then divided into different sequences that will lead to the generation of diverse proteins by the process of translation in the cytoplasm.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that prokaryotic gene transcription generates an operon by using an RNA polymerase that is finally repressed by the repressor protein.
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Which of the following sequences is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein in eukaryotes?
a. exon
b. silencer
c. enhancer
d. promoter
Answer:
a
Explanation:
due to the capability it have
AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO RECAP SEX-LINKED TRAITSs Sex-Linked Punnett Square Practice! 8. Bob is color blind, but he knows that neither of his parents were color blind. He is wondering if he received the gene for color blindness from his mother, his father, or both of his parents.What would you tell Bob? Show a Punnett square to prove your answer! not Colortlin or blindnest islocated olorbh h Sice his father on hin The mother iJ the Carrier ep.ls л The mother j the Carrie 9. Suzy knows that an individual's sex is determined by sex chromosomes. She knows that females ha two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. She creates the Punnett square cross below to show sex inheritance. She wants to know which parent determines the sex of a baby it the mother, father, or both? Complete this cross. What would you tell Suzy? Why? The fether becase he Carri
Answer:
i rlly don't know srryyyyy
Which of the following scenarios would MOST LIKELY lead to a change in DNA that would increase genetic variation in the individual’s offspring?
A) An A - T base pair changes to a C - G base pair during mitosis in a liver cell of a young man.
B) A G - C base pair changes to an A - T base pair randomly in a young woman's egg cell during meiosis.
C) UV radiation mutates the skin cells of a pregnant mother, changing two G bases to T bases.
D) A virus inserts nine base pairs into a lung cell of an elderly man.
The scenario that would likely lead to a change in DNA that would increase genetic variation in the individual’s offspring is: A G - C base pair changes to an A - T base pair randomly in a young woman's egg cell during meiosis. Option B.
What is meant by genetic variation?Genetic variation is the variance in DNA sequences among members of a population. Germ cells, such as sperm and eggs, as well as somatic (all other) cells, are subject to variation.
Genes take on various shapes, or alleles, as a result of genetic variation. People with blue eyes, for instance, have one allele of the eye color gene, whereas those with brown eyes will have a different allele of the gene.
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which is not true regarding the stomach? question 21 options: the ph is approximately 3. nothing is absorbed here. secretions are regulated by gastrin. food is known as chyme here.
Nothing is absorbed here is a wrong statement
normal volume of stomach fluid is 20 to 100 mL and the pH is acidic (1.5 to 3.5)Absorption of simple sugar, alcohol, some water and medicines takes place in the stomachMaximum water absorption occurs in the large intestine.
Small intestine is major site of digestion and absorption of food.
Gastrin is a peptide hormone primarily responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into stomach.It is present in G cells of the gastric antrum and duodenum.
Chyme is a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in stomach and intestine during digestion.learn more about absorption in stomach at
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The wrong statement about stomach from the following list of options is that nothing is absorbed here.
What is absorption in stomach?
The term "absorption" describes how nutrients, water, and electrolytes flow from the small intestine's lumen into the cell, then into the blood.
The ph of the stomach is nearly 1-3.5 that is acidic. Simple sugar, alcohol, a small amount of water, and some medications can be absorbed in the stomach, but the large intestine is where most water can be absorbed.Food is primarily digested and absorbed in the small intestine.
Hence the wrong statement about stomach from the following list of options is that nothing is absorbed here.
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what triggers ltd? group of answer choices ca 2 influx into the postsynaptic terminal low-frequency stimulation followed by small or slow increase in ca 2 high-frequency stimulation low-frequency stimulation followed by sharp and dramatic increase in ca 2 internalization of ampa receptors
LTD is triggered by 1.ca 2 influx into the postsynaptic terminal low-frequency stimulation followed by small or slow increase in ca.
LTD is known as the main factor for decreasing in postsynaptic receptor density, in many cases a decrease in presynaptic neurotransmitter also play a role. Cerebellar LTD has been hypothesized to be important for motor learning. Despite these reasons, it is likely that other plasticity mechanisms also plays a vital role.
Hence, If postsynaptic Ca2+ levels are high ,this causes LTP to occurs. If postsynaptic Ca2+ levels are low that happens when postsynaptic potential precedes presynaptic activity ,that leads LTD to occurs.
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if you wanted to draw a population of butterflies to show variation in the relative sizes of their forewings and hindwings, which style of drawing would be the most efficient to use?
The most effective drawing method to employ is B - Simple cartoon
What is butterflies ?
Having a small body and huge, frequently colorful wings, butterflies are flying insects. Certain flowers that draw butterflies are planted by some gardeners.
Moths, which have wings that are disproportionately huge to their bodies and antennae like butterflies do, are a near relative of butterflies. The relatively big size and gorgeous, patterned wings of a butterfly make it remarkable. They begin life as caterpillars after hatching, and after creating a chrysalis, they change into butterflies and emerge from it. Though its history is unknown, some believe that some butterflies' pale yellow hues are where the butterfly got its start.
The broad, scaly wings of butterflies make them attractive flying creatures. They have three body components, six jointed legs, a pair of antennae, complex eyes, and an exoskeleton, just like all other insects.
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in a cell-free system, what other components would you have to provide for this virus to express 14) its genes?
Most cell-free expression systems use crude cell lysates, which have many more enzymes than the essential components of gene expression.
Chaperones and the majority of central metabolism are present in modern E. coli lysate-based systems, which boosts protein yields and product titers.
Platforms that allow testing biological systems outside of cells are referred to as cell-free systems. This barrier is not present in a cell-free sensing system, making it possible to detect molecules like viral RNA with relative ease. Not (yet) high-throughput - Cellular platforms, which efficiently package genetic instructions together with their output, are well-suited for high-throughput flow-cytometry and NGS-based genetic characterisation research.
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what does a bacterial rna polymerase produce when it transcribes a protein-coding gene? what does a bacterial rna polymerase produce when it transcribes a protein-coding gene? mrna rrna snrna trna
A bacterial RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA (mRNA) when it transcribes a protein-coding gene.
RNA polymerase connects to a promoter sequence close to the start of a gene to start transcription (directly or through helper proteins). A new, complementary RNA molecule is created by RNA polymerase using a template from one of the DNA strands (the template strand). Termination is the procedure that brings transcription to a conclusion.
RNA polymerase is a multiprotein complex molecule that regulates transcription, the process by which the data contained in a molecule of DNA is replicated into a fresh molecule of messenger RNA. Both the class of RNAs that these polymerases transcribe and the amount and type of subunits that they contain vary among them.
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how concepts support evolution concept: closely related but different
A common ancestor's evolutionary history causes physical characteristics to be homologous.
What fundamental ideas about evolution are there?Variation, heredity, & differential fitness—the three fundamental tenets of evolution that were codified in the 1970s—remain a conceptual yardstick for the idea on natural selection-driven evolution.
How do the similarities between the traits of various species assist evolution?Different species with comparable architecture may be homologous (shared by ancestry) and similar .Similarities at the molecular level are proof that life has a common ancestor.Comparing DNA sequences can reveal the relationships between various species.
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Hfr strains contain the F factor integrated into their ________, rather than in the __________.
Multiple Choice
chromosome; chloroplast
chromosome; mitochondrial DNA
chromosome; cytoplasm
cytoplasm; chromosome
Hfr strains contain the F factor integrated into their chromosome rather than in the cytoplasm.
A bacterium having a conjugative plasmid (such as the F-factor) incorporated into its chromosomal DNA is known as a high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr cell), sometimes known as a Hfr strain. Homologous recombination is how the plasmid is incorporated into the cell's chromosome.the Hfr strains contain the F factor image.The primary distinction between F+ strains and Hfr strains is the presence of F plasmids in the cytoplasm of the former freely without integrating into the latter's bacterial chromosomes.the Hfr strains contain the F factor image.An operon of roughly 30 genes, encoding Tra proteins that promote transfer, is carried by the F factor (Figure 1). Four transposable genetic elements, including two copies of the insertion sequence IS3, one copy of IS2, and one transposon Tn1000 (commonly known as ), are also present in the F factor, which is significant for understanding bacterial genetics.
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are these cells (sperm bind to egg) attaching temporarily to perform a function or semi-permanently to form a tissue?
No, these cells (sperm bind to egg) attaching temporarily to perform a function or semi-permanently to form a tissue but These cells are attaching with the temporary aim which is to fertilize
To what does the sperm adhere?Multiple processes are involved in mammalian fertilization. The zona pellucida is where capacitated sperm with an intact acrosome bond in the majority of animals.
Fertilization can only begin when a sperm and an egg have come into contact. Sperm must first adhere to the zona pellucida, then go through the acrosome reaction, break through the zona pellucida, and finally bind to and unite with the egg plasma membrane. The egg then needs to be activated for zygotic development shortly after.
Therefore, Sperm are discharged into the female reproductive system. They come across numerous cells along the journey, including muscular, uterine, and vaginal cells. They then bind to the glycoprotein receptors on the zona pellucida, which encircles the egg cell membrane.
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See correct question below
Sperm cells are ejected into the female reproductive tract. They encounter many cells along the way, vaginal cells, uterine cells, muscle cells. Finally, they bind to the glycoprotein receptors located on the zona pellucida, which surrounds the cell membrane of an egg cell.
Are these cells attaching temporarily to perform a function or semi-permanently to form a tissue?
what is the name given to the fluid removed from the blood but not yet processed by the nephron tubules? group of answer choices water uretrial fluid glomerular filtrate urine renal plasma
The glomerular filtration process is the initial step in the production of urine.
The process of generating urine starts with glomerular filtration. It is the procedure your kidneys employ to filter extra fluid and waste materials out of the blood and into the kidney's urine-collecting tubules so they may be expelled from your body.
Glomerular filtration- A test called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures how efficiently the kidneys are functioning. In particular, it calculates the volume of blood that flows through the glomeruli each minute. The minuscule kidney filters known as glomeruli remove waste from the blood.
nephron tubules- Your kidneys are each made up of a million nephrons, which are filtering cells. A filter called the glomerulus and a tubule are both parts of a nephron. The glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule restores necessary substances to your blood while removing waste. This is how the nephrons function.
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How much a dna is unique to an individual
DNA is 99.9% identical from person to person as individual although 0.1% difference doesn't sound like a lot it actually represents millions of different locations within the genome where variation can occur.
What is DNA ?DNA is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms the molecule inside cells that contain the genetic information responsible and function of an organism.
DNA is a linear molecule composed of four types of smaller chemical molecules called nucleotide bases such as:
Adenine (A), cytosine (C), Guanine (G), thymine (T).Therefore DNA is 99.9% identical for individual its a hereditary material in human and almost all other organisms.
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