The Laetoli footprints were formed and preserved by a combination of events which are volcanic eruption, a rainstorm, and another ashfall .
The Laetoli footprints were most likely formed by Australopithecus afarensis, an early humans whose fossils were found in the same sediment layer. The entire footprint trail is almost 27 m long and includes impressions of about 70 early human footprints.
The Laetoli Footprints provided convincing evidence of bipedalism in Pliocene hominids based on analysis of these impressions. The footprints and skeletal structure excavated at Laetoli showed clear evidence that bipedalism preceded with enlarged brains in hominids.
fossils were formed 3.6 million years ago in Laetoli, Tanzania, where three early humans walked through wet volcanic ash and When the nearby volcano erupted again, subsequent layers of ash covered and preserved the oldest known footprints of early humans.
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what are essential amino acids?
Answer:
histidine,isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
Explanation:
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet.
Answer:
It's an amino acid that cant be synthesized from scratch by an organism quick enough to supply the demand, it must come from the diet
Explanation:
What kind of vegetation would you most likely expect to find in the chaparral biome? a. deciduous trees b. tall grasses c. hardy shrubs d. tall pine trees please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
In osseous tissue, the narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called.
In osseous tissue, the narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called canaliculi.
Osseous tissue is a form of tissue, right?tissue that supports and binds bones together. Bone is composed of cancellous tissue and compact tissue (the tough outer layer) (the spongy, inner layer that contains red marrow). Osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which break down bone, keep osseous tissue in good condition.
Osseous tissue provides the strength and structure to bone . Bone is made up of compact tissue and cancellous tissue . Oessous tissue is maintained by bone forming called oestooestolastlast .
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What difference do you notice compared to the other the church bio molecules in nucleus acid ?
The most crucial macromolecules for maintaining life are nucleic acids. They contain instructions for a cell's proper operation as well as the genetic code for that cell.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two primary forms of nucleic acids. All living things, from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals, have DNA as their genetic makeup. It is located in the organelle, chloroplasts, and mitochondria as well as the nuclei of eukaryotes. Prokaryotes lack a membranous sheath around their DNA. A cell's genome is its entire genetic makeup, and genomics is the study of genomes. DNA and histone proteins combine to form a complex to create chromatin, the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes, in eukaryotic cells yet not in prokaryotes. There may be hundreds or thousands of genes on a chromosome. Many genes encode for the production of protein molecules, while some genes produce RNA. DNA manipulates the genes to turn on or turn off various biological processes.
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Which of the following are characteristics of living things?
-
A) food, water, stable internal conditions
B) reproduce, respond to stimulus, DNA, cells, metabolism, grow and develop
C) grow and develop, water, stable internal conditions,
D) DNA, homeostasis, food, living space, grow and develop
Answer:
B
Explanation:
All living things get pregnant and give birth to another person and every person is made of cells and they also grow from a baby into a teenager and so on
PLEASE HELPP!!!!
Write a story based on the 10 observations that are listed BELOW that describes what you see and what you think may have happened.
10 OBSERVATIONS
-door
-chair
-bottle
-shoes
-window
-lap
-rug
-person
-cup
-bed
Answer:
The room I'm looking at belongs to one person, and it's a mess. It's possible he and his pals went out for a few drinks to toast a special occasion. For what reason should he be tipsy? Because there was an open bottle of liquor on the rug, a cup on the end table, a chair in an inverted position, the left main door was propped open, and the shower door was open.
The room is a mess, but I could make the case that it was neat and tidy before his after-work drinking spree started because of the condition of some of his items. The shoes he's wearing indicate that it was probably late in the day. I imagined him staggering back to his room and into the bathroom for a cold shower or to freshen up, but the high concentration of alcohol in his system meant he probably dropped asleep as soon as he got there.
Yet, given how the objects are scattered around as if someone were seeking for them, this may constitute foul play. When the individual on the floor became an obstruction, they quickly made plans to have him removed. Assuming they manage to knock him out, he won't remember who they are. Evidence from his bed suggested that his wallet, lap, and other items had been stolen.
Last but not least, I was wondering whether this was a hotel until I saw a "Vacancy" sign in the entryway. Not being from the area, he became confused by the variety of designs everywhere, including the window, and fainted. A single individual wouldn't decorate with things that are a clear distraction.
Explanation:
"Lap" may indicate various things, but in this context, it refers to a pocket or pouch that is lying on the bed.
Mucosal cells make up the mucosa, which lines the lumen. Mucosal cells are in direct contact with food and harsh digestive secretions. How long do the mucosal cells live?.
Answer: The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal tract and interact with the immune system.
Explanation:
Which loss of function would occur if you introduced a chemical that functioned as an inhibitor of the ryanodine receptor channel?
Myosin would not be able to bind to actin in order to cause shortening of the sarcomere.
What is ryanodine receptor ?In both cardiac and skeletal muscle, ryanodine receptors (RyRs), which are found in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum membrane, are in charge of releasing Ca2+ from intracellular reserves during excitation-contraction coupling.
Millimolar doses of caffeine activate RyRs. RyR sensitivity to Ca2+ increases noticeably (from micromolar to picomolar) in the presence of high (more than 5 mmol/L) caffeine concentrations, making baseline Ca2+ concentrations activatory.Learn more about Receptors here:
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A heterotropic effector that activates an enzyme will have what effect on the sigmoidal kinetic plot (v vs. [s])?
An enzyme that is activated by a heterotropic effector will have The sigmoidal kinetic plot will show a shift in the curve to the left.
What exactly are enzymes?Enzymes, which are proteins, speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. Enzymes are essential for several activities, including digestion and liver function. Possessing too much or too little of a certain enzyme might cause health problems. The enzyme in our blood can also be used by medical personnel to check for wounds and infections.
What are the five purposes of enzymes?Numerous biological processes, including development, blood clotting, disease treatment, respiration, digestion, reproduction, and many more, are aided by enzymes.
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A specialized protein in saliva breaks up starch molecules in food into smaller chains of simple sugars. In this reaction, which molecule is the enzyme, which is the substrate, and which is the product? one of the four answer choices will not be used.
A specialized protein in saliva breaks up starch molecules in food into smaller chains of simple sugars. In this reaction, the specialized protein is the enzyme, the starch molecules are the substrate and the small chains of simple sugars are the product.
In the field of science, we describe enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. All enzymes are proteins hence the specialized protein in saliva that breaks starch molecules into simple sugars is an enzyme.
The substrate is the molecule that fits into the active side of the enzyme and forms the products. The reactants are the substances on which enzymes work. In the case above, starch is the compound that is broken down by enzymes hence it is the substrate.
The products are the substances formed after the catalytic activity has been performed by the enzyme on the substrate. In the case above, the small chains of simple sugars are the product.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
A specialized protein in saliva breaks up starch molecules in food into smaller chains of simple sugars. In this reaction, which molecule is the enzyme, which is the substrate, and which is the product? One of the four answer choices will not be used.
-the specialized protein
-the small chains of simple sugars
-the starch molecules
-the saliva
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True or False: There is one universal scientific method.
Answer:
False.Explanation:
There is no such unique standard method.. Scientific progress requires many methods bit students in introductory science courses are taught that 'the scientific method is a straightforward procedure involving testing hypotheses derived from theories inorder to test those theories.An area that is between two solid,
impervious rock layers and can form
an artesian well is called a(n)
aquifer.
A. confined
B. surface
C. downhill
An area that is between two solid, impervious rock layers and can form an artesian well is called a(n) aquifer. The correct answer is option A.
What is the process of formation of artesian wall ?It is mostly formed by the rocks that are permeable in nature and when it receives water level higher than its the level of aquifier at that time confined artesian wall is formed.
If a confined aquifer is given by tapping by a well then in this case water will cross the the top of the aquifer and might also flow from the well onto the land surface which is beneficial for the situation of formation of subject.
The source of Water confined in this way is said to be under artesian pressure, and the aquifer is called an artesian aquifer.
Therefore, the wall that is formed between two solid, impervious rock layers and can form an artesian well is called a(n)aquifer that is confined in nature.
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Protein structure is usually not affected by changes in the temperature, ph, or ionic concentration of the surrounding solution.
a. true
b. false
The protein structure is affected by changes in temperature, pH, and ionic concentration of the surrounding solution. Hence, the answer is False.
The protein structure gets highly modified when exposed to changes in pH, temp, etc. as these changes affect the bonding forces present between the linear protein structure forming its 3D state and thus it gets deformed.
The internal relationships between the protein's amino acids will modification if it's exposed to chemicals, changes in temperature, pH, or the other environmental factors. this might modify the protein's kind.
The protein's form could alter to the purpose wherever it becomes dysfunctional, within which case the macromolecule is alleged to be changed, even whereas the organic compound sequence, usually called the protein's core structure, doesn't modification.
Only at extraordinarily low pH scale levels will enzyme, the catalyst that digests macromolecule within the abdomen, work. The conformation of enzyme, or however its peptide chain is rolled-up in 3 dimensions, starts to change with increasing pHs. to ensure that enzyme continues to digest macromolecule and doesn't denature, the abdomen maintains a very low pH scale.
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I need help on my homework.
Considering the case of the gray and albino mice;
the probability of getting gray offspring is 75%the probability of getting albino offspring is 25%the possible genotypes among the offspring are GG, Gg, and ggthe possible phenotypes among the offspring are gray and albinothe probability of getting heterozygous offspring is 50%the probability of getting homozygous offspring is 50% the genotype of the female is Gg since it is gray and its father is albino.What is genotype of an organism?Genotype refers the sum of the alleles or variant forms of a gene, that an organism possesses.
The genotype of an organism may either be heterozygous of homozygous for a particular trait.
Considering the case of the gray and albino mice; albino mice have a homozygous recessive allele while gray mice may have hom0zygous or heterozygous allelic pairs.
Let the two allele be G and g.
GG genotype = gray phenotype
Gg genotype = gray phenotype
gg genotype = albino phenotype
The father of the gray female mice is albino, hence its genotype is Gg
The male mice is heterozygous, hence its genotype is Gg.
The offspring of the cross is given below:
Gg x Gg = GG, Gg Gg, ggthe probability of getting gray offspring = 3/4 or 75%
the probability of getting albino offspring = 1/4 or 25%
the possible genotypes among the offspring are 3; GG, Gg, and gg
the possible phenotypes among the offspring are 2; gray and albino
the probability of getting heterozygous offspring is 2/4 or 50%
the probability of getting homozygous offspring is 2/4 or 50%
the genotype of the female is Gg since its father is albino and it is gray.
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[ Brainliest ]
Which of the following statements BEST describes a negative feedback loop using the example of body temperature?
A. When you shiver, your body is telling you that you need to eat more food because your blood sugar levels are low.
B. When your body temperature gets too high, you sweat to help you increase your
body temperature.
C. When your body temperature moves higher or lower than the "normal state," your body systems work to return the body back to the ideal temperature.
D. When the body's temperature moves below the set amount, your body works to raise the core temperature back to the ideal temperature.
C. When your body temperature moves higher or lower than the "normal state," your body systems work to return the body back to the ideal temperature.
A school’s cafeteria kitchen has a large, walk-in refrigerator where food is stored for lunch later in the week. Which cell organelle has a function that is similar to the refrigerator?.
Vacoule has a function that is similar to the refrigerator
What is Vacoule ?A membrane-bound cell organelle known as a vacuole. Animal cells typically have tiny vacuoles that aid in the sequestration of waste. Vacuoles in plant cells aid in preserving the equilibrium of water. A single vacuole may occasionally occupy the majority of a plant cell's inner volume.
Maintaining cell acidity and turgor pressure, controlling the storage and movement of substances, regulating the transport and localization of crucial proteins via the endocytic and lysosomal-vacuolar transport pathways, and responding to biotic and abiotic stresses are among the primary roles of vacuoles.Learn more about Vacoule here:
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When maintaining homeostasis, negative feedback loops are more common in the human body than positive feedback loops
A. True
B. False
Answer:
The answer might be True
Explanation:
The lissencephalic individual in the chapter's opening vignette had a brain that lacked ______.
Reactive astrocyte responses with increased number (variables), length and complexity of cellular processes.
In the central nervous system, astrogliosis promotes post-injury repair processes such as inflammation and necrosis. Axonopathy, Distal CNS and PNS - Axonal degeneration affecting distal portions of peripheral nerves and long axons of the CNS (spinal cord). PNS Distal Axonopathy - Neuropathy with degeneration of peripheral nerve endings and anterior terminal axons. Axonal rupture – Axonal injury of peripheral nerves degenerates distal to the site of injury, leaving the scaffold intact, increasing the potential for regeneration and enabling effective reinnervation. CNS blood-brain barrier – barrier to the free movement of certain substances from brain capillaries into CNS tissues. It relies on tight connections between capillary endothelial cells and selective transport systems for these cells.
The basement membrane of endothelial cells and the foot processes of astrocytes adjacent to the basement membrane may play a role in barrier function.
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A number of different mutations can alter structure, including __________. (check all that apply.)
A number of different mutations can alter structure, including _____inversions, deletions, translocations, duplications_____.
What is inversions, deletions, translocations, duplications ?The transfer of a chromosomal segment to another chromosome is known as chromosomal translocation. When a piece of a chromosome separates, spins 180 degrees, then reattaches to the same chromosome, this process is known as chromosomal inversion.
The primary distinction between chromosome deletion and duplication is that although chromosome deletion results in the loss of genetic material, chromosome duplication results in the addition of extra copies of genetic material. The genetic makeup of an organism is carried on chromosomes.Learn more about Mutation here:
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What are the current biological models for the origins of biological macromolecules?
Biological models for the origins of biological macromolecules
1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. joining of these molecules into macromolecules
3. packaging of these molecules into protobionts
4. self replication
Macromolecules promote structural integrity, serve as a reservoir for stored energy, have the capacity to store and retrieve genetic data, and can speed up metabolic processes. Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four main categories of macromolecules that perform these crucial roles in a cell's life.Large non-polymeric molecules like lipids, nanogels, and macrocycles, as well as biopolymers (proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids), are the most prevalent macromolecules in biochemistry. In addition to synthetic fibers, macromolecules can also be found in research materials like carbon nanotubes.To know more about macromolecules visit:
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Answer:
Macromolecules promote structural integrity, serve as a reservoir for stored energy, have the capacity to store and retrieve genetic data, and can speed up metabolic processes. Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four main categories of macromolecules that perform these crucial roles in a cell's life.
Large non-polymeric molecules like lipids, nanogels, and macrocycles, as well as biopolymers (proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids), are the most prevalent macromolecules in biochemistry. In addition to synthetic fibers, macromolecules can also be found in research materials like carbon nanotubes.
Explanation:
Plant species make glucose molecules in a process called __________________. They then use these molecules as a source of energy.
A. Carbon Dioxide
B. Photosynthesis
C. Chemical Energy
D. Protein Synthesis
Answer:
Photosynthesis!
Explanation:
This is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide in order to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
Enzymes are specialized chemicals that enable chemical reactions to proceed using a minimal amount of energy.
true
false
Answer:Your answer is true
Explanation:
Could someone help me out with this question please?
The available hydrogen bond donors and acceptors of guanine and cytosine pair with one another in space to form a nitrogenous base pair.
Define guanine.One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, along with adenine (A), cytosine (C), and thymine, is guanine (G) (T). Guanine nucleotides on one strand pair with cytosine bases on the other strand in a double-stranded DNA molecule. Information in DNA is encoded by the four nucleotide bases' order.
Define cytosine.Along with adenine, guanine, and thymine, cytosine is one of the four nucleobases that can be found in DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative with two attached substituents and a heterocyclic aromatic ring. Cytidine is the nucleoside of cytosine. It creates three hydrogen bonds with guanine during the Watson-Crick base pairing process.
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After a brain operation, a laboratory rat no longer displays fear when placed in a cage with a snake. which part of the rat's brain was most likely lesioned during the operation?
The present study sought to distinguish the independent contributions of the amygdala and hippocampus to fear expression.
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with bilateral excitotoxic amygdala lesions (n=4), bilateral excitotoxic hippocampal lesions (n=8), and non-operated controls (n=9) reach for junk-neutral objects or fear is ready. Trigger a stimulus (rubber snake or jumping rubber spider) for a food reward. The monkey was exposed to each stimulus for 30 seconds. On each trial, the monkey's latency to receive the food reward was recorded and the monkey's systemic response to the object was assessed. Confirming previous studies, both manipulated groups exhibited shorter latencies to feed and less defensive and approaching behavior when exposed to anxiety-inducing stimuli compared with controls. understood. However, only monkeys with amygdala lesions showed abnormal and exaggerated visual interest in snakes and spiders. In contrast, monkeys with hippocampal lesions exhibited behaviors unrelated to the presence of fear stimuli, indicating a lack of interest and emotional response to snakes and spiders.
These data indicate that the hippocampus and amygdala independently contribute to the global expression of defensive responses.
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If a hypothesis is not testable, is the hypothesis wrong?
Ion channel opens within 1 millisecond:________
a. ligand-gated
b. enzymereceptor
c. g-protein coupled receptor
d. enzyme receptor or g-protein coupled receptor
e. all three
Ion channel receptors are an important part of signal transduction in the nervous system and can rapidly and directly convert neurotransmitter messages into electrical currents.
In the past decades, it has become clear that ionotropic receptors are regulated through protein-protein interactions with other ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and intracellular proteins. These other proteins can also be regulated through their interaction with ion channel receptors. This bidirectional functional crosstalk is critical for key cellular functions such as excitotoxicity in pathological and disease states such as stroke, and for the fundamental dynamics of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Thus, protein interactions with ion channel receptors can enhance the computational capacity of neuronal signaling cascades and also represent new targets for therapeutic intervention in neuropsychiatric disorders.
In this review, we highlight several examples of ion channel-receptor interactions and their potential clinical utility in neuroprotection.
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According to eastwick & finkel, ________ competitors evoke more jealousy in both men and women than do homely rivals.
Men and women are more likely to feel jealous of attractive rivals than of unattractive ones.
Paul Eastwick's study focuses on the psychological processes that enable romantic partners to establish and maintain committed and connected relationships.
We know that men regard a woman's physical attractiveness because it is tied to her fertility, but women value a man's dominance because it is related to his capacity to offer resources.
In a vignette-based study, it was discovered that women were more sensitive to a rival's appearance than men were, but males were more sensitive to the rival's superiority. This is because when a rival exhibits qualities that are seen to be significant to the other sex, jealousy is triggered.
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Approximately how many atoms thick is a cell membrane, assuming all atoms there average about twice the size of a hydrogen atom?.
The diameter of a hydrogen is 10^−10m. Thickness of a cell membrane is 10^8 m.
The thickness in terms of atoms us,
The thickness in terms of atoms us, = d membrane/ 2* d(H-atom)
Substitute 10^−8 m for d(membrane) and 10^−10 m for d(H−atom)
Thickness in terms of atoms = 10^−8 m/2x10^-10 m
= 50 atoms
Hence, thickness of a cell membrane is equal to the combined thickness of 50 atoms
What are Cell membrane ?It is also called the plasma membrane. It protects the cell from the outer environment. It is a thin shell between the interior of all the cells and the environment.
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A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a:_________
A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a species.
In the field of ecology, species can simply be described as organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. In the taxonomic classification system, the category of species comes below the category of the genus.
Organisms of a species, living together at the same time, in the same place are referred to as a population. The population of a species in an area depends on the biotic and abiotic factors of an area. If the conditions of an area are suitable, then a species will be more adaptable and hence reproduce in a greater number in such an area.
For example, a camel species is more adapted to live in a desert rather than a grassy area.
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How is carrying capacity related to an ecosystem's limiting factors?
Carrying capacity is related to an ecosystem's limiting factors because the same limiting variables may be present in many habitats and may have an impact on the populations of both plant and animal species. Finally, the carrying capacity of the habitat—the largest population it can sustain—is determined by limiting variables.
Carrying capacity is the largest population that an ecosystem can sustain. It is determined by limiting variables. The environment is a limiting element that lowers population levels. Limiting variables determine the number of species that can coexist in an ecosystem. Food, oxygen, water, and space are all limiting constraints. Temperature and precipitation in an ecosystem are influenced by its climate, which has an impact on the species that can survive there.
Only an overpopulated area can support an ecology. Carry power is also impacted by the presence of decomposers. In an ecosystem, a species' population will grow until its carrying capacity is reached. The population size then remains constant. The carrying capacity alters when abiotic or biotic factors change. It may also change as a result of the loss of resources and people.
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