Paleontology is the science of the form of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils.
____
Bacteria are ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizmycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera (in some classification systems the plant class Schizmycetes), various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.
Bacteria play major role in decomposition, agriculture and industries.They are a part of human life.There are both beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.In decomposition:
They decompose dead plant and animal wastes, such as fallen leaves, and animal biological wastes.
Production of organic manure:
Manure is created by decomposing animal wastes such as dung and plant wastes.
Treatment of sewage:
Anaerobic decomposition by bacteria is used to convert wastes in sewage water to energy and purify the water.
Production of biogas:
It contributes to biogas plants by converting manure and household wastes to methane, which can then be utilized as fuel.
Nitrogen fixing through biological means
Rhizobium aids in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, whereas Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrococcus aid in nitrogen conversion from one form to another.
Importance in medicine, industry, and biotechnology
Microbes are a source of antibiotics and vaccines in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of infectious illnesses.
Dairy:
Curd and other milk products are mass-produced in factories using Lactobacillus curdling of milk.
Antibiotics:
Antibiotics are microorganism-produced chemicals that kill or inhibit other bacteria and are used to treat infectious illness. Molds like Penicillium and bacteria like Streptomyces and Bacillus create antibiotics in nature.
Vaccines
Vaccines are microorganism-derived compounds used to immunize against illness. Vaccines are often derived from the microorganisms that cause infectious illness. To immunize against diphtheria, a toxoid form of the diphtheria toxin is employed, and portions of Bordetella pertussis cells are utilized to vaccinate against pertussis (whooping cough). Smallpox, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccinations have almost eliminated these illnesses in places of the world where they have been used.
Biotechnology
Microbiology contributes significantly to biotechnology, a branch of science that applies microbial genetics to biological processes in order to produce valuable molecules. Microorganisms are critical components of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Microbial cells, microbial DNA, and microbial enzymes are important technological tools.
Many biological products and biological processes have genetic information that may be introduced into microorganisms to genetically engineer them to produce a chemical or perform an activity. The genes can come from any biological source, including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. This allows for the microbial production of meals, fuels, enzymes, hormones, diagnostic agents, medications, antibiotics, vaccines, antibodies, natural pesticides and fertilizers, and a variety of other chemicals helpful in our civilization and society. Furthermore, the microbial genes that encode for these chemicals, the most of which are unknown, represent a wealth of knowledge for use in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, food science, and biotechnology.
Harmful effects:
Causes diseases to plants and animals. Many human diseases are caused by bacterias.Spoilage of food.Bacteria have numerous ecological and biological importance.
Answer:
Some of the halophilic archaea carry some processes which are economically very important such as biodegradation, bioremediation and environmental processes.
the two type of importance of bacteria
Bacteria are economically very important to people as they are employed in variety of reasons. For example, bacteria are used in the making delicacies like cheese, fudge, vinegar and yogurt. These are just a few things, that use bacteria.
have a great day and mark me brain listIf a population is in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, what is happening to that population? A. It is experiencing a shift in population size. B. It is not evolving. C. The population is migrating. D. Individuals are experiencing variations within the species. If a population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium , what is happening to that population ? A. It is experiencing a shift in population size . B. It is not evolving . C. The population is migrating . D. Individuals are experiencing variations within the species .
Answer:
Its B
Explanation:
Its not going to EVOLVE
After an investigation, Kuri determines that her hypothesis was wrong. What is the best thing for Kuri to do next?
propose a scientific theory that explains what went wrong
write a new hypothesis and conduct new experiments to explore the matter
rewrite a scientific law to better predict the observations she gathered
move on to a different topic because there is no value in a wrong hypothesis
Write a new hypothesis and conduct new experiments to explore the matter. Thus, option "B" is correct.
What is the Hypothesis?Hypothesis
The formulation of hypotheses is one of the key steps in the scientific method.
Hypotheses are usually tested using experiments and are usually accepted or rejected depending on the outcome of the experiments.
If a hypothesis is rejected, it does not mean that the entire subject is abandoned. Rather, new hypotheses may be formed and experiments conducted to further explore the subject.
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How much ATP is produced from the Kreb Cycle?
According to the research, in the Kreb Cycle two ATP molecules are generated.
What is the Kreb Cycle?It is the set of reactions that generates most of the electron carriers (energy) that will be connected in the electron transport chain.
Two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are formed from one glucose molecule (two turns of the cycle).
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, in the Kreb Cycle two ATP molecules are generated.
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How does cell volume affect nutrient exchange between the cell and its external environment.
Answer:
The ratio of cell volume to surface area determines the efficiency of nutrient exchange.
Explanation:
please help i need to turn this in
Answer:
DNA mRNA Amino acidsGCA CGU Arginine
ATG UAC Tyrosine
CAC GUG Valine
After deletion of "G".
DNA mRNA Amino acids
CAA GUU Valine
TGC ACG Threonine
AC UG ---
Answer:
Normal Strand: alanine - methionine - histidine
Mutated Strand: glutamine - cysteine - no third amino acid.
Explanation:
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is the RNA that is used in cells for protein synthesis. It has a single strand made by the transcription of DNA by RNA polymerase. It contains four nucleotides: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U).
Before transcribing, we need to create the complementary strand of the DNA. We're going to write out the nucleotides of the complementary strand by matching the nucleotides in these pairs: (A & T) and (C & G).
Normal Strand: GCA ATG CAC
Complementary Strand: CGT TAC GTG
Next, we can transcribe this to find our mRNA. We're going to do the same thing to the complementary DNA strand, but with Uracils instead of Thymines. So our pairs are: (A & U) and (C & G)
Complementary DNA Strand: CGT TAC GTG
mRNA Strand: GCA AUG CAC
You'll notice that the mRNA strand is almost exactly like the new mRNA strand, but with Uracil instead of Thymine.
Each set of three nucleotides is known as a codon, which encodes the amino acids that ribosomes make into proteins. To read the codons, you need to have a chart like the one I attached. Start in the middle and work your way to the edge of the circle. Some amino acids have multiple codons. There are also "stop" and "start" codons that signify the beginning and ends of proteins.
mRNA Strand: GCA AUG CAC
Amino Acids: Ala Met His
Our sequence is alanine, methionine, and histidine.
A frameshift mutation occurs when a nucleotide is either added or removed from the DNA. It causes your reading frame to shift and will mess up every codon past where the mutation was. This is different than a point mutation, where a nucleotide is swapped because that will only mess up the one codon that it happened in. Frameshift mutations are usually more detrimental than point mutations because they cause wider spread damage.
Let's repeat what we did earlier on the mutated strand to see what changed.
Mutated Strand: CAA TGC AC
Complementary Strand: GTT ACG TG
---
Complementary DNA Strand: GTT ACG TG
mRNA Strand: CAA UGC AC
---
mRNA Strand: CAA UGC AC
Amino Acids: Glu Cys X
---
Our amino acid sequence is glutamine, cysteine, and no third amino acid.
As you can see, removing the first nucleotide of the strand caused every codon to change. The last codon is now incomplete and won't be read at all. If this happened in a cell, the protein that was created from this mutated strand would be incorrect and may not function completely or at all.
During early research in nuclear energy, why were scientists surprised that the products from splitting a uranium
nucleus had less mass than the reactants?
O They expected that the large release of energy of would cause an increase in mass.
• Up to that time, only chemical changes were known to form less mass than they started with.
O All known changes always started and ended with the same amount of mass.
• Other known nuclear changes resulted in the same mass of products as reactants
Answer:
I think the answer is C. All known changes always started and ended with the same amount of mass.
Explanation:
I hope this helps!
Which statement about bones is
INCORRECT?
A. Babies' bones are mostly cartilage.
B. Ossification is the process of bone
development.
C. Blood vessels run around bones and not
through.
D. Bones are made of living tissues.
What does the term angiosperm literally mean?
A. seed leaf
B. enclosed seed
C. open seed
D. seed cone
Answer:
Angiosperm. n., plural: angiosperms. [ˈændʒɪəˌspɜːm] A flowering, fruit-bearing plant or tree known for having ovules (and therefore seeds) develop within an enclosed ovary.
Answer: B. Enclosed seed
Explanation:
4 which two biomolecules are most often
analyzed to establish homologies between
different species?
Answer:
DNA and protein
Explanation:
two biomolecules are most often
analyzed to establish homologies between
different species are DNA and proteins
Which is an abiotic factor that can be found in a rain forest ecosystem?
Answer:
rainfall
Explanation:
there is a high rate of rainfall in rainforest, therefore amount of rain fall being abiotic factor can affect rain forest
Suppose an mRNA consists of 60 nucleotides; it directs a primary polypeptide chain containing __________ amino acids to be synthesized.
An mRNA that consists of 60 nucleotides directs a primary polypeptide chain containing 18 amino acids to be synthesized.
What is the genetic code?The genetic code is a series of instructions by which a cell can synthesize proteins through two sequential processes: transcription (mRNA) and translation (protein).
The translation is produced from messenger RNAs (mRNAs), where triples of nucleotides or codons give rise to specific aminoacids.
In conclusion, an mRNA that consists of 60 nucleotides directs a primary polypeptide chain containing 18 amino acids to be synthesized.
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Climate has changed over geologic time. How does this map provide evidence to support this claim?
Large sources of fossil fuels are found in cold regions shows evidence of climate change.
What this map shows?This map shows that large sources of fossil fuels are found in cold regions because fossil fuels are extracted from the living organisms body so in cold regions once there was a large number of organisms lived there. When they died the fossil fuel sources are formed.
So we can conclude that large sources of fossil fuels are found in cold regions shows evidence of climate change.
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ou add a fluorescent antibody to a cell surface protein to a dish of cells. Looking at an individual cell under the microscope the entire surface of the cell is fluorescent. You then hit the cell with a brief pulse from a laser which bleaches out part of the fluorescence on the cell. Over time you notice that the entire surface of the cell becomes fluorescent again. What is the best explanation for this observation
The best explanation for this observation is that the proteins from parts of the cell membrane that were not bleached with the laser diffuse into regions of the membrane that were bleached.
What is an observation?It should be noted that observation means the active acquisition of information from a source.
In this case, the best explanation for this observation is that the proteins from parts of the cell membrane that were not bleached with the laser diffuse into regions of the membrane that were bleached.
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All parts of the body must work
together to maintain homeostasis.
Which of these help maintain
homeostasis in the body?
A. chloroplasts
C. central vacuoles
ernational Academy of Science. All Rights Reserved.
B. cell walls
D. organ systems
D. organ systems help maintain homeostasis in the body.
What is homeostasis?Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment, despite changes in the external environment. This involves the coordination of various systems and processes within the body, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems.
These organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis by regulating various functions, such as maintaining a consistent body temperature, pH balance, and fluid balance.
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What structure seals the space between two cells and makes it impermeable?
The structure that seals the space between two cells and makes it impermeable is; Occluding or Tight Junction
What is the Cell Junction?
The correct answer to the question is called Occluding junctions or tight junctions. This is because Occluding junctions in cell structures are junctions that create a watertight seal that is like an impermeable or semipermeable barrier in between adjacent cells to prevent the escape of water or other liquids.
Thus, the structure is called an Occluding junction or tight junction.
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In a certain population of rabbits, the allele for brown fur is dominant over the
allele for white fur. If 20 out of 100 rabbits have white fur, what is the allele
frequency for the dominant allele?
How does biodiversity affect ecosystem stability?
A. Not all ecosystems are effected in the same way
B. Biodiversity has no effect on stability
C. More biodiversity increases stability
D. More biodiversity decreases stability
The ecology is absolutely necessary for biodiversity. Ecosystem stability also rises as a result of increased biodiversity.
What do you mean by biodiversity?
The term "biodiversity" is used to describe the variety of species that can be found on earth. It can include things like plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and microbes. The diversity of life on earth is immense; while many species are still waiting to be discovered, many more have already gone extinct. The ecosystem is composed of every single living thing. It also covers their surrounding environment and how people interact with them.
The ecosystem depends heavily on the various species. Therefore, the ecosystem's ideal balance is impacted when a single species goes extinct or is lost. Plants use the energy from the sun as part of the ecosystem's cycle.
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which animals has a better chance of survival fox or leopard. why??
Answer:
Fox has a better chance of survival due to its thinking capacity as smartness.
Answer:
hope it is helpful for you but is very long but it is right way to write this answer if you like this answer please make me brilliant
Explanation:
fox have a server adaptations that allow them to survive their round compact bodies minimise surface area that expose the cold air the muscle years and legs are short which is also conserve heat
leopards are a solitary creatures that only spent time with others when they are making or racing young
they are also nocturnal and spent their nice hunting instead of sleeping leopard spent a lot of their time in trees there spotted comouflages them making template in with the leaves of the three
The small dense region within the
nucleus is called...
A. the chloroplast.
B. the nucleolus.
C. the mitochondria.
Answer:
the nucleolus
Explanation:
i gotchu
A particular plant has two alleles that control the length of its stem. t represents the dominant allele that codes for a tall stem, and t represents the recessive allele that codes for a short stem. based on the punnett squares, which two statements are true about the genotype of the plant’s stem length?
A particular plant has two alleles that control the length of its stem. T represents the dominant allele that codes for a tall stem, and t represents the recessive allele that codes for a short stem. Based on the Punnett squares, which two statements are true about the genotype of the plant’s stem length?
First Generation
__t_ t
T Tt Tt
T Tt Tt
Second Generation
__T_ t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Select all the correct answers.
A) Plants with short stems are homozygous for that trait.
B) Plants with tall stems are always homozygous for that trait.
C) Both parent plants in the second generation are heterozygous.
D) Both parent plants in the second generation are homozygous.
The correct answers are options A and C.
How, explain your answer briefly?The Statement A says that the plants, which have a short stem is homozygous for the trait. According to the question, the allele for the short height is recessive. A recessive trait can only be observed, when the dominant allele is not at all present. Hence, the plant must have tt allele, so, the plant having short stem would be homozygous recessive.
The statement C says that the both parents in second generation are heterozygotes. It is given that the parents in the second generation have aa genotype Tt. In this case, both the alleles are different, hence, the parent plants are heterozygotes.
Thus, this could be the answer.
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If a muscle fiber were to suddenly and permanently stop producing ATP the fiber would no longer be able to actively transport calcium out of the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) and the intracellular calcium concentration would rise. You expect what to happen
No muscle contraction will be observed.
What is the effect of calcium concentration on muscle contraction?The concentration of calcium ions in the muscle cells help in contraction and relaxation of muscles fibers.
Release of calcium ions initiate muscle contraction.
Therefore, there will be no contraction of muscle if calcium ions are not transported out from the sarcoplasm.
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32. 8) What type of solution has an equal concentration of substances on both sides of the membrane?
A. osmosis
B. hypotonic
C. isotonic
D. Otonic
D. hypertonic
Answer:
C. isotonic
What is a isotonic solution?
Two solutions exerting the same osmotic pressure over a semipermeable barrier are said to be in an isotonic solution. Without affecting the concentration of solutes on either side, this condition enables unrestricted passage of water over the membrane.
What is osmosis?The tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane.
Explain in your words the light-dependent
reaction and the light-independent reaction
Answer: In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is converted into stored chemical energy. In light-independent reactions, the chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drives the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
The __________ is also called the gradient and is equal to the change in elevation/distance, which means it changes as the river flows downhill.
A slope is also called the gradient and is equal to the change in elevation/distance, which means it changes as the river flows downhill.
What is the shift in elevation from a different location called?The shift in elevation from a different location is called the Contour interval. The shift in a ridge from one contour line to the next is always exact within the identical map.
A slope is effectively the gradient or inclined part of the land. This part of inclination is easily recognized in a hilly area.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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I need help with this assignment!
learning activity handout: cell respiration summary
Answer:
Cellular respiration is a process that all living things use to convert glucose into energy. Autotrophs (like plants) produce glucose during photosynthesis. Heterotrophs (like humans) ingest other living things to obtain glucose. While the process can seem complex, this page takes you through the key elements of each part of cellular respiration.
Explanation:
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On which part of the maintenance cycle do linux administrators spend the most time?
The part of the maintenance cycle the linux administrators spend the most time is monitoring system.
What is monitoring system?
A system monitor is a hardware or software component used to monitor system resources and performance in a computer system.
This computer hardware can be used by administrators to monitor system resources and performance in a computer system.
Thus, the part of the maintenance cycle the linux administrators spend the most time is monitoring system.
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Consider these versions of The War of the Worlds. Excerpt 1, from H. G. Wells's novel The War of the Worlds: The common round the sand pits was dotted with people, standing like myself in a half-fascinated terror, staring at these creatures, or rather at the heaped gravel at the edge of the pit in which they lay. And then, with a renewed horror, I saw a round, black object bobbing up and down on the edge of the pit. It was the head of the shopman who had fallen in, but showing as a little black object against the hot western sun. Now he got his shoulder and knee up, and again he seemed to slip back until only his head was visible. Suddenly he vanished, and I could have fancied a faint shriek had reached me. Excerpt 2, from Howard E. Koch's script for Orson Welles's radio adaptation: PHILLIPS: Ladies and gentlemen, you've just heard Mr. Wilmuth, owner of the farm where this thing has fallen. I wish I could convey the atmosphere . . . the background of this . . . fantastic scene. Hundreds of cars are parked in a field in back of us. Police are trying to rope off the roadway leading to the farm. But it's no use. They're breaking right through. Cars' headlights throw an enormous spot on the pit where the object's half buried. Some of the more daring souls are now venturing near the edge. Their silhouettes stand out against the metal sheen.
Which statement best describes the similarity between these versions?
A)Both versions impart an urgent tone through a resident’s words.
B)Both versions impart setting details through colorful description.
C)Both versions explain the background of a scientific phenomenon.
D)Both versions use characterization to show the locals' intelligence.
The similarity between the two versions is that both versions impart setting details through colorful description.
What is a setting of an event?The setting of an event or place refers to the overall features or prevailing conditions of a place in which a particular event occurs.
In the two versions of the events occurring, colorful description is used to explain the situation on ground. For example, the first version talks of half-fascinated terror, renewed horror, and a faint shriek which are all colorful words. The second version uses the descriptions; fantastic scene, enormous spot and daring souls.
Therefore, the similarity between the two versions is that both versions impart setting details through colorful description.
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What are the defining characteristics of chondricythyes?
Species in this class have paired fins, hard scales, a two-chambered heart, and a pair of nostrils. Most species have 5-7 gill slits on each side of their body.
Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fishes and are mostly marine with basic fish attributes.
ChondrichthyesThey are a class of fishes known as cartilaginous fishes. They possess all the characteristics of fishes in addition to features such as:
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___________ provide motility to a sperm cell, ___________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells and ____________ Increase a cell surface area
Flagella provide motility to a sperm cell, cilia act as sensory "antennae" in many cells and microvilli Increase a cell surface area
What is flagella, cilia and microvilli?Flagella is a hair-like structure used by cells for locomotion or movement. The sperm makes use of flagella for locomotion.
Cilia is a hair-like structure that is found on the surface of organisms which are sensitive to touch.
Microvilli is a hair-like structure that is richly fortified with blood vessels found in areas for absorption. This is because it increases the surface area.
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Irregular stream flow which causes swirling of water in a specific area and localized erosion causes a deeper section known as a __________.
Irregular stream flow which causes swirling of water in a specific area and localized erosion causes a deeper section known as a deneduation.
What is deneduation?The processes of erosion, leaching, stripping, and diminishing the mainland as a result of material removal from higher to lower locations such valleys, river valleys, lakes, and oceans with a permanent filling of low lands are together referred to as denudation.
The elevation and relief of landforms and landscapes on Earth's surface by flowing water, ice, wind, and waves.
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